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Research Final

Terms in this set (193)

CH 3 According to the text, which of the following is among the weaknesses of detecting fraud in research through peer review and replication?
All of the answers represent such weaknesses.
CH 3 "Ethical absolutists" would call for the elimination of which of the following?
deception in research
CH 3 Which of the following issues was cited as being a crucial ethical concern when conducting research on vulnerable groups, such as those with few social, psychological, or financial resources with which to protect their own interests?
voluntary and informed consent
CH 3 "The ability to control when and under what conditions others will have access to your beliefs, values, or behavior" is the ethical issue of
privacy.
CH 3 The group from which some treatment is withheld is called:
a control group.
CH 3 Which of the following might threaten the confidentiality of participants in a research project?
a court request to see all of the data that a researcher has collected, and an effort by a sponsor of research to identify research participants
CH 3 An important ethical objection to conducting research on prison inmates is:
the inmates are not really free to give consent.
CH 3 Certificates of confidentiality are generally awarded only for:
sensitive research.
CH 3 In research that involves deception, the purpose of the debriefing is
to inform research participants of any deceptions that were utilized in the research.
CH 3 In the study of sex offenders described in the Research in Practice 3.1, the researchers were directed to have unlisted personal telephone numbers and to never reveal their home address to the research subjects. These precautions were focused on the ethical issue of:
protecting the safety of the research staff.
CH 4 Since 1970, there has been a growing amount of social science research on spouse abuse. Among the reason(s) for this increase is/are that
more women have chosen to pursue careers as social science rese
CH 4 If a research project collected data from heads of households about the characteristics of the household, the unit of analysis would be:
the group.
CH 4 One social researcher was interested in conducting research on battered women because she had been abused by her husband. This most clearly exemplifies selecting a research problem based on:
personal interest.
CH 4 Based upon a review of the literature, a researcher should:
learn from other's experiences and avoid pitfalls in earlier research.
CH 4 In a literature review, a systematic search is conducted for which kinds of information?
all of the answers represent information sought in a literature review.
CH 4 Qualitative research would probably be chosen over quantitative research when:
a researcher believed that the aspects of the human experience being studied cannot be meaningfully reduced to numbers and measures.
CH 4 Which of the following is the unit of analysis that is LEAST LIKELY to be used in human service research?
artifacts
CH 4 One of the major weaknesses of cross-sectional research is that:
you cannot observe changes in the same people over time.
CH 4 According to the text, the best kind of research to achieve the goals of longitudinal research is:
a panel study.
CH 4 The text states that only concepts that are ( ) can be used in the research process.
measurable
CH 7 The method of initially contacting respondents for an interview that has the LOWEST rate of refusal is:
to contact them in person.
CH 7 When contacting respondents on their cell phones, researchers sometimes ask them whether they are in a safe and relaxed environment where they can adequately respond to the questions. A downside of doing this is:
it gives the respondent a ready-made excuse to refuse to participate.
CH 7 One of the limitations of telephone surveys is:
they must be quite short in duration.
CH 7 Which of the following was stated as an advantage of using slang to ask questions when the slang is used by the group being surveyed?
It can increase rapport.
CH 7 The term "Qualtrics" refers to:
an online survey organization that can be used by researchers doing surveys.
CH 7 If a respondent in a survey gives more than one answer to an open-ended question, this can be handled in data analysis by:
either accepting all of the respondent's answers or accepting only the respondent's first answer as data
CH 7 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a problem with online surveys?
interviewer falsification
CH 7 Which of the following is NOT one of the ways of conducting online surveys?
doing a telephone survey
CH 7 In general, which of the following is NOT good advice regarding the wording of questions in surveys?
Complex statements containing more than one idea should be used.
CH 7 Which of the following is NOT one of the special techniques possible with computer-assisted telephone interviewing?
all of the answers represent such special techniques
CH 8 The Inter-University Consortium of Political and Social Research at the University of Michigan is used in the text as an example of:
a data archive.
CH 8 When using the single word as the unit of analysis in content analysis, it is often helpful to make use of a "context unit," which refers to:
the words surrounding the single word that help modify it and explain its meaning.
CH 8 One reason that available data analysis is often less costly than other research methods is that:
the major expense of data gathering is usually borne by people other than the researcher.
CH 8 The Eye on Ethics section discusses how modern information technologies impact on ethical issues in research based on available data. In this context, the ethical issue that the text discusses as most affected by these technologies is:
privacy.
CH 8 The most commonly used assessments of validity in content analysis are based on
content validity.
CH 8 Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which validity problems can arise in the use of available statistical data?
All of the answers represent ways in which validity problems can arise.
CH 8 The Information Technology in Research section suggests that, for most research purposes, it is most desirable to have:
access to the complete raw data set.
CH 8 The re-analysis of data that was collected by someone else for some other research project is called
secondary analysis.
CH 8 In content analysis, which of the following sampling procedures could be inappropriate?
all of the answers identify sampling procedures that could be appropriate
CH 8 Which of the following is most clearly NOT a source of available statistical data?
the field notes prepared by a participant observer
CH 9 The "big man bias" in field research most accurately refers to:
the tendency for more powerful or assertive individuals to come to the attention of ethnographers.
CH 9 All of the following would be recorded in field notes EXCEPT:
a description of the research design
CH 9 Qualitative research stresses the idea that:
knowledge emerges from an understanding of the full context in which people behave.
CH 9 Which of the following statements is true regarding grounded theory methodology?
It can involve both induction and deduction.
CH 9 The verstehen approach in the study of human behavior emphasizes:
the importance of the subjective experiences of people in understanding human behavior.
CH 9 According to the text, which of the following statements is true about sampling in field research?
Nonprobability samples are widely used.
CH 9 In observational research, the recording of field notes is most problematic for:
observers whose status as observer is disguised.
CH 9 Which of the following has the greatest face validity as a measure of behavior and events?
observational techniques
CH 9 Which of the following would be most likely to agree that objective and quantitative measurement techniques can be used to discover what is important in the social world?
positivists
CH 9 Which of the following is NOT a qualitative research method as discussed in the text?
available data
CH 9 Which of the following research methodologies most clearly takes the stance that theory should be developed by letting it emerge from the data in a somewhat inductive fashion?
grounded theory
CH 9 In participant observation, rapport between researcher and informants is likely to be improved by all of the following EXCEPT:
the informants agree with the research goals of the investigation.
Response Feedback:
PG: 230-231
CH 9 Qualitative researchers would be more likely than quantitative researchers to use ( ) in recording observations.
field notes
CH 9 According to the text, all of the following terms characterize an appropriate attitude for field researchers to have toward the people being studied EXCEPT:
detachment.
CH 9 In field research, the term "informant" refers to:
a group insider who can introduce you to others in the group.
CH 9 In participant observation research, one danger is that the observer may become an involved participant of the scene being observed. This is a problem because:
the researcher may lose his or her objective, scientific perspective.
CH 9 The text states that the research technique called "participant observation" involves gaining knowledge from two distinct sources:
participation and observation.
CH 10 Which of the following variables would be considered nominal variables at the theoretical level?
sex and ethnicity
CH 10 In experimental research, the experimental group:
is exposed to the experimental stimulus
CH 10 Which of the following statements would be consistent with the nonpositivist critique of measurement?
Social science measurement often involves the construction of something that we believe exists in the world.
CH 10 The term "level of measurement" refers to:
the rules that define permissible mathematical operations on a measuring device.
CH 10 A research project asks people to state the number of times that they have been arrested. This variable would be considered at which level of measurement?
ratio
CH 10 An "indicator" in both research and practice is best defined as:
an observation that is assumed to be evidence of the attributes or properties of something.
CH 10 Which of the following is NOT classified as a true experimental design?
the one-group pretest-posttest design
CH 10 Which of the following would be the best demonstration of the validity of a scale for the measurement of suicide potential?
Correlate the scale results with the actual occurrence of suicides.
CH 10 The major reason for using a scale for measurement rather than a single item is that:
scales enable us to measure variables in a more precise and accurate fashion.
CH 10 What most clearly distinguishes experiments from other types of research is that:
experiments involve controlled observation and the manipulation of the value of variables.
CH 10 According to Research in Practice 5.2, which of the following statements is true regarding measurement in human service practice?
Practitioners need to assess the validity and reliability of the tools they use to measure things.
CH 10 Which of the following levels of measurement will permit us to make statements about proportions and ratios?
ratio
CH 10 In experimental research, the independent variables:
are the same as the experimental stimulus.
CH 10 The text refers to "measurement" as the process of:
operationalizing concepts.
CH 10 Nominal measures classify observations in which of the following ways?
into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories
CH 10 Researchers should strive for the highest level of measurement possible because:
higher levels of measurement are generally more precise.
CH 10 Which of the following is a quasi-experimental design?
the time series design
CH 10 Which of the following are the two methods used in experiments to ensure that the experimental and control groups are equivalent?
random assignment and matching
CH 15 In statistical hypothesis testing, a Type II error is the same as:
beta error
CH 15 The statistical procedure called chi-square:
is an inferential statistic for nominal data
CH 15 If a statistic is designed for nominal level of measurement, then it would be appropriate to use that statistic on data at all these levels of measurement EXCEPT:
all of the answers are levels of measurement upon which it would be appropriate to use a statistic designed for nominal level
CH 15 The function of inferential statistics is to:
allow generalizations from sample data to populations.
CH 15 If the null hypothesis is true and we set the alpha level at .05, then we will make type I errors:
5 times out of 100
CH 15 A researcher applies measures of association to five sets of variables. Which of the following indicates the strongest relationship?
-.76 (Whatever number is closest to 1 or -1)
CH 15 A scattergram is:
a table with the scores of two variables plotted on it.
CH 15 A sampling distribution is:
used to test the null hypothesis, and a theoretical distribution of statistics from an infinite number of samples.
CH 15 Probability theory tells us:
the likelihood with which certain events or outcomes will occur.
CH 15 In inferential statistics, type II or beta error is:
failing to reject null hypotheses that are actually false.
CH 3 Why is it that asking for people's written and informed consent to participate in a research project reduces the likelihood that they will agree to participate?
because it appears that confidentiality might be violated
CH 3 Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the text's discussion of the historical development of ethical standards for research?
Unethical research is likely to occur if there are not guidelines to prevent it.
CH 3 The "risk-benefit" approach to requiring informed consent is that:
questionable practices such as deception can be used if they are essential to the research and will bring no harm to participants.
CH 3 The "chameleon strategy" used by Richard Leo in his study of police interrogations refers to:
how he presented a particular personality to the police to gain their cooperation.
CH 3 The preeminent ethical obligation of researchers in terms of disclosing research results is to:
not publish inaccurate, deceptive, or fraudulent research results.
CH 3 According to the text, the danger of scientists becoming advocates for certain applications of their research is that:
it might hamper the objective collection and analysis of data.
CH 3 Which events in this century served as major catalysts for efforts to codify a set of ethical standards for scientific research?
the Nazi experiments on people in concentration camps and the U.S. Public Health Service study of syphilis
CH 3 Confidentiality refers to:
not publicly linking any particular information to any specific individual who has participated in a study.
CH 3 In criminal cases, the courts have generally ruled that:
the right of the public to be protected from criminal activity supersedes any assurance of confidentiality in research
CH 4 What is the significance of the acronym "PICO" for problem formulation?
It refers to an evidence-based practice principle for framing search questions.
CH 4 Which of the following is true of reactivity?
It is a problem for virtually all sciences.
CH 4 Inferring something about groups, or other higher levels of analysis, based on data collected from individuals is referred to as:
the reductionist fallacy.
CH 4 Since 1970, there has been a growing amount of social science research on spouse abuse. Among the reason(s) for this increase is/are that:
more women have chosen to pursue careers as social science researchers.
CH 4 Research on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was delayed in the early 1980s because:
both the Reagan Administration was cutting social programs, and the disease first appeared in groups for whom they powers-that-be felt little sympathy.
CH 4 The elements whose characteristics we wish to describe or explain and about which data will be collected are called:
units of analysis.
CH 4 In addition to the behavior or characteristics of clients, human service practice research has also focused on this area as an important source of research problems:
the mode and process of human service practice itself.
CH 7 The interview with the LEAST structure is the:
un-standardized interview.
CH 7 Which of the following has research shown to occur when an interviewer and a respondent differ in terms of race or social distance?
More socially acceptable answers are obtained.
CH 7 When using a mailed questionnaire, research has shown that, after ________ follow-up letter(s), additional follow-ups will generate relatively few additional responses.
2
CH 7 "Our community needs more recreational programs for its youth, and taxes should be raised to finance them." If this statement were used to measure attitudes in a survey, what error or problem does it suffer from?
It is two questions in one.
CH 7 Which of the following is true of surveys?
They only measure what people say about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
CH 7 In general, open-ended questions would be most appropriate to use in a survey when:
conducting an exploratory study with little theoretical development.
CH 7 When contacting respondents on their cell phones, researchers sometimes ask them whether they are in a safe and relaxed environment where they can adequately respond to the questions. A downside of doing this is:
it gives the respondent a ready-made excuse to refuse to participate.
CH 7 Which of the following is a disadvantage of questionnaires as a survey research technique in contrast to interviews?
There is no opportunity to probe for further information.
CH 7 When we say that the research interview is a "secondary" relationship, we mean that:
the interviewer has a practical, utilitarian goal.
CH 8 Coding the more objective or surface content of a document is called:
manifest coding.
CH 8 In selecting a sample of articles from a daily newspaper for content analysis, suppose articles are taken from every 14th issue of the newspaper. Such a sample would contain a problem because of:
periodicity
CH 8 When combining available statistical data from a number of different agencies or states, the best way to protect people's privacy, according to the text, would be:
to use a "de-identified" data set.
CH 8 The Eye on Ethics section discusses how modern information technologies impact on ethical issues in research based on available data. In this context, the ethical issue that the text discusses as most affected by these technologies is:
privacy
CH 8 A research project needs to measure the social power of each character in a television situation comedy. Each coder must rank each character on a seven-point scale from "low social power" to "high social power." This is an illustration of which type of coding?
latent coding
CH 8 Data archives would be most clearly associated with which type of research?
secondary analysis of data
CH 8 The most complex and difficult rating system in content analysis is:
measures of intensity of expressions in documents.
CH 8 In content analysis, a measure that yields consistent results each time that it is used is called:
a reliable measure.
CH 10 The variation in the dependent variable that is produced by the independent variable is called:
experimental variability.
CH 10 One inherent weakness of concurrent validity is that:
it assumes that the existing measures used for comparison purposes are valid.
CH 10 One of the advantages of experiments over other research designs is that experiments:
offer researchers the most advantageous position from which to infer causal relationships between variables.
CH 10 Which of the following is NOT a potential threat to the internal validity of experiments?
multiple-treatment effects
CH 10 A double-blind experiment is one in which:
neither the subjects nor the experimenter know who is in the control group.
CH 10 When testing the reliability of a measuring device, a solution to the problem of multiple-testing effects is to:
divide the test group into two groups, one that is tested twice and one that is tested only once.
CH 10 The example of the horse Clever Hans is used by the text to illustrate which phenomenon?
experimenter's expectations
CH 10 Which of the following is NOT one of the threats to the external validity of experiments discussed in the text?
statistical regression
CH 14 __________ refers to deriving some meaning from the observation that have been made during a research project.
Data analysis
CH 14 The skewness of a frequency distribution could not be determined if the distribution:
involved a variable measured at the nominal level.
CH 14 If you find data cast into a contingency table, then which of the following statements is true?
the analysis may be bivariate, or the analysis may be multivariate.
CH 14 You could do all of the following with a variable at the nominal level of measurement EXCEPT
determine the skewness of the distribution.
CH 14 A questionnaire is printed in a layout that includes spaces along the border for writing the code. Researchers refer to this design as:
edge coding
CH 14 Table elaboration is most clearly a part of:
multivariate analysis.
CH 14 Which of the following is NOT one of the forms of graphical display of data presented in the text?
grouped frequency distributions
CH 14 A skewed data distribution is:
asymmetrical.
CH 14 According to the text, bar graphs are especially useful for representing data that:
is at the nominal or ordinal level of measurement.
CH 14 The graphing procedure in which a line graph is used to connect the midpoints of each category of the variable is called:
a frequency polygon.
CH 15 Several measures of association can be interpreted as indicating proportional reduction in error. What does this mean?
how much knowing the value of the independent variable helps to reduce error in predicting values of the dependent variable
CH 15 The semi-interquartile range indicates the deviation of a set of scores from the:
median.
CH 15 Of the following kinds of statistics, which one does the text suggest is most likely to be beyond the comprehension of audiences without some prior knowledge of statistics?
multivariate statistics
CH 15 The function of descriptive statistics is to:
aid in organizing, summarizing, and interpreting sample data.
CH 15 One of the weaknesses of the mean as a measure of central tendency is that:
it is less stable than the median.
CH 15 The central limit theorem tells us that:
sampling distributions based on large samples approximate a normal distribution.
CH 15 Measures of association are used to indicate:
the strength of a relationship between two variables.
CH 15 When choosing statistics and considering the level of measurement, one may:
apply a statistic designed for a lower level of measurement to higher level data.
CH 15 Of the following measures of association for ordinal data, a positive value for this statistic allows the researcher to conclude only that "as X increases, Y does not decrease" rather than that "as X increases, Y also increases."
gamma
CH 15 Which of the following is NOT one of the considerations described in the text that are important in choosing appropriate statistics?
the size of the population
CH 15 According to the conventions discussed in the text, social researchers would be least inclined to reject a null hypothesis if a test showed which of the following alpha levels?
.10
CH 15 Indicating that a given result is "statistically significant" means:
the null hypothesis was rejected.
CH 3 According to the text, most communication between a client and which of the following professionals is NOT protected from judicial subpoena?
social science researchers
CH 3 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as an area of particular ethical concern in sponsored research?
maintaining confidentiality or anonymity
CH 3 The "chameleon strategy" used by Richard Leo in his study of police interrogations refers to:
how he presented a particular personality to the police to gain their cooperation.
CH 3 Regarding scientific misconduct, the text concludes that:
although the number of cases of scientific misconduct appear to be small, they still can damage the credibility of all research.
CH 3 The opportunity for the researcher to alleviate the impact of any distress research participants might experience occurs during:
the debriefing.
CH 3 When he published his study of men having impersonal sex in public rest rooms, Laud Humphreys was accused of violating which of the following ethical issues?
violating the privacy of individuals
CH 3 Which of the following is NOT one of the major criteria applied to decide whether deception is acceptable in a research project?
The deception will reduce the economic costs of the research.
CH 3 In research that involves deception, the purpose of the debriefing is:
to inform research participants of any deceptions that were utilized in the research.
CH 3 "Ethical absolutists" would call for the elimination of which of the following?
deception in research
CH 4 The type of research that is intended to provide a single "snapshot" in time of some phenomenon is:
cross-sectional research.
CH 4 As a general rule, the _______________ are the data in a research project, the _______________ will be needed to analyze them.
less structured...more time.
CH 4 Which of the following is NOT included in the text as a possible source of research problems?
units of analysis
CH 4 Which of the following would best illustrate the "program" as the unit of analysis in research?
evaluation of the effectiveness of boot camps in comparison with other sentencing options such as traditional incarceration or probation
CH 4 Which of the following is NOT one of the factors mentioned in the text that can influence the allocation of research funds?
the occurrence of an ecological fallacy in relation to a unit of analysis
CH 4 Qualitative research would probably be chosen over quantitative when:
our knowledge of a topic is sketchy and the research exploratory.
CH 4 Which of the following would BEST illustrate the use of prior research as a source of a research topic?
a research project that will use a sample of urban minority children to replicate a study that found abuse prevention training to be effective with suburban white children
CH 4 When a research topic is selected on the basis of personal interest in a particular problem, the main purpose of the research should be to:
advance scientific knowledge.
CH 4 Which of the following would be LEAST LIKELY to be classified as a research problem selected on the basis of program evaluation?
a study conducted to determine whether the propositions of exchange theory could predict which marriages would fail
CH 4 a study conducted to determine whether the propositions of exchange theory could predict which marriages would fail
it is not sufficiently specific
CH 4 In regard to theories, the text states that nearly all research should, at a minimum:
have some implications for verifying existing theory.
CH 4 If you wanted to study changes in the ways in which children who were born deaf adapt to their handicap at different ages, the preferred research method to use would be:
longitudinal research.
CH 7 Regarding the order of questions in a questionnaire:
opinion questions should be placed before factual questions.
CH 7 Research interviews are different from practice interviews in that:
the content of the practice interview is often determined by the client or the client's needs.
CH 7 The highest response rate for questionnaires is for those sponsored by:
government agencies.
CH 7 Which of the following is NOT true regarding online surveys in comparison to other survey methods?
All of the answers are true.
CH 7 Which of the following is an advantage of interviews over questionnaires as a survey research technique?
Interviews allow more control over factors such as who answers the questions.
CH 7 When an interview involves topics of sexual behavior, research suggests that more valid responses can be gained from respondents when:
interviewer and respondent are of the same gender.
CH 8 In available data research, the hypotheses derived are often revised and modified in order to take into account the kind of data that is available. This means that the research tends to:
be inductive in nature.
CH 8 Which of the following would most clearly be a form of available data?
documents.
CH 8 In content analysis, "validity" most clearly refers to:
whether the coding categories are meaningful indicators of what they are intended to measure.
CH 8 In the analysis of available data, a deductive approach is often impossible to use because:
the data necessary to measure the variables derived from a theory were not included when the original data were collected.
CH 8 In terms of a full accounting of criminal activity, about what percentage of all violent crimes are actually included in the Uniform Crime Reports, as discussed in Research in Practice 8.2?
45%
CH 10 A problem with using random assignment to produce equivalence between an experimental and a control group is that:
it can yield nonequivalent groups on occasion.
CH 10 The major advantage of true experimental designs over pre-experimental designs is the former's ability to:
control the threats to internal validity.
CH 10 In order to improve the validity and reliability of measurement devices, the text recommends all of the following techniques EXCEPT:
use a lower level of measurement.
CH 10 Which of the following levels of measurement possess mutually exclusive categories, a fixed order to the categories, and equal spacing between the units of measurement?
interval and ratio
CH 10 Measurement is a part of the scientific process that involves moving from _______________ to _______________.
the theoretical...the concrete
CH 10 As it relates to experimental research, "gender insensitivity" refers to:
the failure of researchers to treat the effects of gender as a variable.
CH 10 A research study measures height by having observers judge people's heights and classify them into one of three categories: tall height, medium height, and short height. The resulting measure would most clearly be at which level of measurement?
ordinal
CH 14 A grouped frequency distribution might be constructed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
when you want to achieve a higher level of measurement.
CH 14 Suppose that in a multivariate analysis the zero-order table shows a strong relationship between two variables while one partial table shows a strong relationship, and another partial table shows no relationship. This outcome is called:
specification.
CH 14 In table elaboration, a "test variable" could be best described as:
a control variable.
CH 14 In data analysis, the term graph refers to:
a visual representation of a frequency distribution.
CH 14 In addition to designating a variable as string or numeric, statistical software will also often enable you to specify subtypes of string or numeric variables. Such subtypes would include all of the following EXCEPT:
name of respondent.
CH 14 When the zero-order relationship is all or partly spurious and the test variable is temporally located before either the independent or the dependent variables, the situation is referred to as:
antecedent variable relationship.
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