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ASU Soc 101 Final Exam

Terms in this set (366)

Voting patterns
This is the tendency of voter to vote a particular way. Many believe that they will stick to their party no matter what and most states always tend to go one way or the other.
Pluralism & the Power Eilte
Pluralism is a theory that centers on the idea of how power is distributed. The pluralist model indicates that power is distributed among many groups. These groups may include coalitions of like-minded people, unions, professional associations and business lobbyists
transfer of authority
Elect a new president, religious leaders, pope resigning, etc.
why countries go to war
power, unity, revenge, prestige, leaders, ethnicity, beliefs
legitimate power
the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization
illegitimate power
a form of authority that relies on force or coercion to generate obedience
The different types of authority
Traditional, Rational-Legal, Charismatic
Monarchy
a form of government with a monarch at the head.
Republic
A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.
Democracy
A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Dictatorship
A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.
Oligarchy
a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
Totalitarianism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Authoritarianism
A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.
Lobbyist
A person who is employed by and acts for an organized interest group or corporation to try to influence policy decisions and positions in the executive and legislative branches.
special interest group
an organization of people with some common interest who try to influence government decisions
Revolutions
...
Terrorism
Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of capital
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Child Workers
half the nations industrial workers were children under 10 starved emotionally and sometimes whipped in whipping rooms
Primary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
Secondary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
Tertiary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
blue collar
member of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage
white collar
a description characterizing lower-level professional and management workers and some highly skilled laborers in technical jobs
preindustrial economy
economy that is based on agriculture and raw material development through activities such as mining, oil production, and harvesting timber
industrial economies
major exporters of manufactured goods, services, and investment funds
postindustrial economy
an economic phase in which manufacturing no longer plays a dominant role
Stagnant Paychecks
the productivity of US workers has increased, yet inflation and cost of living has affected the value of a paycheck
global superclass
the top members of the capitalist class, who, through their worldwide interconnections, make the major decisions that affect the world
New World Order
A description of the international system resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union in which the balance of nuclear terror theoretically no longer determined the destinies of states.
Education vs. Schooling
Edu: THE SOCIAL INSTITUTION GUIDING A SOCIETY'S TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE, INCLUDING BASIC FACTS, JOB SKILLS, AND CULTURAL NORMS AND VALUES, TO ITS MEMBERS
Schooling: FORMAL INSTRUCTION UNDER THE DIRECTION OF SPECIALLY TRAINED TEACHERS
Manifest and Latent Functions of Education
Cultural Innovation: EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS CREATE AS WELL AS TRANSMIT CULTURE
Social Integration: BRINGING DIVERSE NATIONS TOGETHER
Social Placement:THE ENHANCEMENT OF MERITOCRACY
Education and Industrialization
before education was for those who could afford it as industrialization progresses its considered essential to well being of society
Gate keeping (tracking)
ASSIGNMENT TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS
PERPETUATING PRIVILEGE?
BEST TEACHERS FOR THE BEST STUDENTS?
Credentialism
a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications
hidden curriculum
the informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in school
Tilting the Tests
discrimination by IQ, questions in IQ tests contain cultural biases
school violence
anything that physically or psychologically injures schoolchildren or damages school property
The different ways the 3 main sociological perspectives view education
Functionalist: -manifest function of education is cultural transmission of values
-social placement(gatekeeping)
-to forge a national identity is to stabilize the political system Conflict Perspective: -the educational system reproduces the social class structure
-hidden curriculum
-tilting the tests: discrimination by IQ
-stacking the deck: unequal funding
-family background is more important than test scores in predicting who attends college
Religion
the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.
sacred and profane
All societies make a distinction between the sacred, anything considered special or holy, and the profane, the everyday and ordinary
Religion and Scientific Explanation
SCIENTIFIC SOCIOLOGY IS INTERESTED IN THE CONSEQUENCES OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF RATHER THAN A DIRECT CRITIQUE OF THE BELIEF SYSTEMS
The differences between Sects, Cults, "Church" & Ecclesia
Sect: A TYPE OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION THAT STANDS APART FROM THE LARGER SOCIETY
THE AMISH PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF A NORTH AMERICAN SECT
Cults: RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE SUBSTANTIALLY OUTSIDE A SOCIETY'S CULTURAL TRADITIONS Church: ORGANIZATION THAT IS WELL INTEGRATED INTO SOCIETY
CHURCH AND COMMUNITY OFTEN FORM A DUALITY
Ecclesia: A CHURCH FORMALLY ALLIED WITH THE STATE
High-tech & Religion
ELECTRONIC CHURCHES
INCREASE IN NUMBERS LATELY, ESPECIALLY AMONG FUNDAMENTALIST ORGANIZATIONS
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
Fertility rates
the average number of births per 1,000 people in the population
mortality rate
number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.
sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Population Pyramids
Visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group (generally five-year increments) is represented by a horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population. The males in each age group are represented to the left of the center line of each horizontal bar; the females in each age group are represented to the right of the center line
Malthusian theory of population growth
Population would increase in a geometric progression, illustrated by the series of numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and so on.
Food production would increase only in an arithmetic progression (as in the series 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and so on).
Hence, people would reproduce beyond what the planet could feed, leading ultimately to widespread starvation and war over what resources were left.
demographic transition theory
Links population growth to the society's use of technology, describing sequential stages of change in birth and death rates. AKA tech is what keeps population size in check
Modernity
social relations characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity—as well as individuality created by nonconcentric, but overlapping, group affiliations.
4 models of urban growth
COLONIAL SETTLEMENT (1624-1800)
CAPITALISM'S IMPACT UPON SMALL VILLAGES ENSURED TRANSFORMATION
URBAN EXPANSION (1800-1860)
TOWNS SPRINGING UP ALONG TRANSPORTATION ROUTES
THE GREAT METROPOLIS (1860-1950)
IMPACT OF CIVIL WAR (FACTORY GROWTH) USHERED IN GROWTH
ONE-FIFTH OF THE POPULATION LIVED IN CITIES
URBAN DECENTRALIZATION (1950- TO PRESENT)
DESERTION OF DOWNTOWN AREAS FOR OUTLYING SUBURB
Urban Patterns: Urban, Suburban and Rural living
1. From Country to City
2. From City to City
3. "Between Cities" or edge cities
4.Within the City
5. From City to Suburb and Back
a metropolis / a megalopolis
metropolis: a very large and densely populated industrial and commercial city.
megalopolis: a very large, heavily populated city or urban complex.
Alienation & Community in the City
is the feeling of not belonging and that no one cares about you; THE PRICE TO LIVE IN THE CITY
Rural rebound
population increase in rural counties that adjoin urban centers or possess rich scenic or amenity values
mechanical and organic solidarity
Mechanical Solidarity arises when individuals feel bonded by their similarity (shared values & bonds)

Organic Solidarity arises when individuals are bonded through their division of labor
Blasé Attitude & Non-Involvement
A STRATEGY FOR SOCIAL SURVIVAL
(ABSOLUTE BOREDOM AND LACK OF INVOLVEMENT)
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
Theory that distinguishes between two groups; communities (Gemeinschaften), which share beliefs, ancestry, or geography; and society (Gesellschaften), which work together toward a common goal.
social change
the transformation of culture and social institutions over time
Reasons & Theories for Social Change (Including Ogburn's theory)
SOCIAL CHANGE HAPPENS EVERYWHERE, ONLY THE RATE OF CHANGE VARIES
IT IS OFTEN INTENTIONAL, BUT CAN ALSO BE UNPLANNED
CHANGE ALMOST ALWAYS GENERATES CONTROVERSY
SOME SOCIAL CHANGES MATTER MORE THAN OTHER CHANGES
collective Behavior
ACTIVITIES INVOLVING A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE, OFTEN SPONTANEOUS, AND TYPICALLY IN VIOLATION OF ESTABLISHED SOCIAL NORMS
- Weber and Rational Society
SOCIAL CHANGE IS NOTHING MORE THAN THE PROGRESSIVE REPLACEMENT OF TRADITIONAL SOCIETY WITH A MORE RATIONAL WAY OF THINKING
EFFICIENCY IS A MODERN SOCIAL
Communitarianism
Social reform movement of the nineteenth century driven by the belief that by establishing small communities based on common ownership of property, a less competitive and individualistic society could be developed.
5 types of crowds
- A CASUAL CROWD: PEOPLE ON A BEACH
LOOSE COLLECTION OF PEOPLE WHO INTERACT VERY LITTLE
- A CONVENTIONAL CROWD: A COLLEGE CLASSROOM
RESULTS FROM DELIBERATE PLANNING NORMALLY CONFORMING TO CULTURAL NORMS
AN EXPRESSIVE CROWD: A CHURCH SERVICE
AROUND AN EVENT WITH EMOTIONAL APPEAL
- AN ACTING CROWD: PEOPLE FLEEING FROM A FIRE
COLLECTIVITY FUELED BY AN INTENSE, SINGLE-MINDED PURPOSE
- A PROTEST CROWD: A COLLEGE STUDENT SIT-IN
PEOPLE ENGAGE IN A VARIETY OF ACTIONS, INCLUDING STRIKES AND BOYCOTTS
Social Movements
ORGANIZED ACTIVITIES THAT ENCOURAGE OR DISCOURAGE SOCIAL CHANGE
impact of the automobile
In the 1920s, this product had the largest impact on society. It caused a growth of cities and suburbs, and workers no longer needed to live near their factories. It provided job opportunities and was a much more efficient way of transportation. (p. 479)
Environmental Problems and Industrialization
...
Environmental Sociology
the study of the interaction between society and the natural environment, including the social causes and consequences of environmental problems
ecosabotage
actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment
Panic and Mass Hysteria
- Panic: A FORM OF LOCALIZED COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR BY WHICH PEOPLE REACT TO A PERCEIVED THREAT OR OTHER STIMULUS WITH IRRATIONAL, FRANTIC, AND OFTEN SELF-DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR
- Mass Hysteria: A FORM OF DISPERSED COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR BY WHICH PEOPLE RESPOND TO A REAL OR IMAGINED EVENT WITH IRRATIONAL, FRANTIC, AND OFTEN SELF-DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR
fashions and fads
Cultural objects or practices that are distinct from tradition because of their
impermanence.
Biotechnology
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.
Sex
Refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females
Gender
Refers to behaviors, personal traits and social positions that society attributes to being male or female
sexuality
Refers to a persons capacity for sexual feelings
sexual orientation
A person's _____ is her/his physical, mental, emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex.
continuum rather than a strict dichotomy of gay or straight
Alfred Kinsey was among the first to conceptualize sexuality as a/an
homosexuality
Functionalists believe that ___ Would be dysfunctional for a society if it was the orientation of most of it's members
Conflict theorists
For ____ there are both ideological and economic dimensions to the debate over same-sex marriage
Queer theory
Focuses on mismatches between anatomical sex, gender identity and sexual orientation
The sex of someone's desired partner.
Queer theorist Eve Kosofsky Sedwick argues against U.S. society's reduction of sexuality to a single factor, i.e
homosexual youths
The center of disease control reports ____ who experience high levels of social rejection are eight times more likely to have attempted suicide
Two or three
Cross cultural studies reveal that children are aware of gender roles by age
Gender stereotypes
Form(s) the basis of sexism
Control their own property

1809 - Women could not execute a will

1920 - women were not permitted to vote

1963 - employers could legally pay women less than a man for the same work

1973 - women did not have the right to a safe a legal abortion
There is a long history of gender stratification in the U.S. for examples, women could not ____ until 1840
Feminist theory
Uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of traditional gender roles and inequalities
doing gender
Interactionists use the phrase "_____" to refer to an individuals performance of tasks and/or display of characteristics that are consistent with the gender role that has been assigned to her/him
Children
On the basis of the responses received by the faculty of the university of Indiana to their 2010 survey, it appears that _____ is/are the key indicator in establishing "family" status
functionalists
The _____ perspective suggests there are four universal residual functions of the family: sexual, reproductive, educational and economic functions
institutionalized sexism
We can see an example of ___ in the way that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with certain kinds of mental disorders
Conflict Theory
Highlights the role of power in family life and contends that the family is often not a haven but rather an arena where power struggles can occur
Homogamy.
Is mate selection on the basis of similarity to oneself in regard to social characteristics and perceived attractiveness
.
According to Dr. Whitaker in one of her video lectures for this week, friendships differ from romantic relationships in ____
Emotionally expressive
Of the four styles described by dr Whitaker in one of this weeks video lectures, the style that yields the richest emotional experience and the least security is the ____ couple style
Friendship
As explained by dr Whitaker in one of this weeks lectures, ________ is defined as a "voluntary, personal relationship; typically providing intimacy and assistance, in which the two parties like each other and seek each others company"
residential proximity
First year college students form friendships on the basis of ______
Conflict minimizing couple style
Couples who 'do' their relationship using the "______" couple style often follow traditional religious or gender norms so that there is less conflict, less need for negotiation and more stability in the relationship.
equality, acceptance, respect, loyalty, responsiveness, support, commitment, and capitalization are all rules of friendship
Which of the following is NOT one of the universal rules of friendship mentioned by dr whitaker in one of this weeks video lectures
The third stage: Attachment
In ____ stage of love, your love life has become so intertwined with your mates life that you can't imagine life without them
Complimentary style
The most popular couple style is the:
Endogomy
The term "_____" refers to selecting a mate within your own social group
cisgender
______ persons are individuals whose gender identity - the gender they feel they are- matches the gender they were assigned at birth
queer
"______" refers to a person who is questioning (uncertain) about what his/her gender is, or is an adjective of self-descriptiioin for individuals who have reclaimed the word as a source of pride and/or identity, to proclaim who they are.
GLSEN
The acronym "_____" stands for Gay Lesbian Straight Education Network
Asexuality
_____ Individuals are those who don't experience sexual attraction at all, or who experience limited feelings of sexual attraction, or who experience romantic feelings for others without also experiencing a physical-attraction component.
eradicate bullying, discrimination, and harassment from high schools
The primary objective of Seans organization's work in k-12 schools, win particular their work in high school, is to _____
Students who identify as students of color
As Sean explained in his interview with Dr Whitaker, in K-12 schools, trans students and _____ are the ones who experience the most discrimination.
Attacks or assaulting, targeted violence.
As Sean explained in his interview with dr Whitaker, in the k-12 schools, LGBTQIA students are discriminated against by _______
People who are born with ambiguous sex characteristics. Also known as hermaphrodites
Intersex children are children who?
Is it a boy or a girl?
As noted in the video "intersex Children", the first question parents tend to ask once their baby is born is "______?"
2,000
As noted in the video "Intersex Children" each year roughly one in every _____ babies are born intersex.
Desperate to have their child fixed surgically turned into a boy or girl as fast as possible.
As noted in the video "intersex Children" when interviewed for this video, pediatric urologist Terry Hensle state that the new parents of an intersex baby are often ______
Brain, the heart, and the spirit
As noted by "Saifa" in the video "Intersex Children", "gender is not the genetalia; its in the _____"
A tomboy
In the video "growing up Trans", Daniel's (formerly Naimas's) parents related that when they noticed their daughter did not look comfortable wearing a dress, initially they thought their daughter was
Go through puberty of their biological sex
As explained in the video "Growing up Trans", through the use of hormone blockers it's now possible for gender-nonconforming kids to never have to
Grow up to be transgender adolescents or adults
As explained in the video " Growing up trans", most gender-dysphoric children will not
The more likely it is to persist
As explained in the video "Growing up Trans", there is a growing consensus among professionals in the field that the more intense gender dysphoria is in childhood, ________
Are irreversible
As explained in the video "Growing up Trans", once physical changes in a child occur through puberty, those changes
Social Capital
According to the video "love, lust & Marriage" A baby constitutes "_______" for a family because the baby is connected to society through both sets of kinsmen
Rather than expressing or appetites as an animal would, humans regulate and formalize them.
According to John Gottman in the video "love lust and Marriage" The "appetites" of humans and animals differ in that _______
...
According to the video "Love Lust and Marriage" the way for couples to make their marriages last is to _______
When theres no contempt
According to John and Julie Gottman in the video "Love, Lust & Marriage: Why We Stay & Why We Stray", under what circumstances is it healthy for a couple to have a "loud, screaming" fight?
Learn to live with
According to the video "Love, Lust & Marriage: Why We Stay & Why We Stray", in order to make your relationship last, you must ______ the little things your partner does that irritate you and aren't going to go away.
Defensiveness
According to the video "Love, Lust & Marriage: Why We Stay & Why We Stray", the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" are: criticism, contempt, ______ and emotional withdrawal.
A freight train
In the video, "Consent on Campus: A Nightline Event", participants in the discussion note the idea in our culture that "male sexuality is like _____ - it just doesn't stop."
Cannot give consent
In the video, "Consent on Campus: A Nightline Event", when talking about alcohol consumption and consent to have sex, participants in the discussion noted that if a woman is tipsy, she _______ (can she give consent?).
Their freshman year of college
In the video, "Consent on Campus: A Nightline Event", a participant in the discussion noted that according to a recent survey, 15% of female college students were raped while incapacitated by drugs or alcohol during ____.
Go into freeze mode
In the video, "Consent on Campus: A Nightline Event", a participant in the discussion noted that many women ____ during a rape, as a survival tactic.
Body language
In the video, "Consent on Campus: A Nightline Event", a participant in the discussion noted that according to a recent study, most men look for signs of consent in a woman's ____, but few women actually give consent that way.
Get consent verbally
In the video, "Consent on Campus: A Nightline Event", a participant in the discussion noted that the clearest, easiest way to get consent is to _______.
Formal education
The term "_____" refers to the learning of academic facts and concepts through a formal curriculum
Socialization
According to the functionalists, one of the latent functions of the us education system is _______
Cultural Capital
The term "_______" refers to cultural knowledge that serves as sort of currency, figuratively speaking, which helps those who have it to navigate the culture they are in and attain upward social mobility.
Hidden curriculum
The term "_____" refers to the type of non-academic knowledge that students in the us education system lean informally and through cultural transmission.
outsourcing
"_____" is the contracting of a job or set of jobs to an outside source
Automation
"______" is the replacement of workers with technology in a workplace
Polarization
With respect to the job market "_____" refers to the situation where most employment opportunities are at the highest and lowest skill levels, with relatively few jobs available for those with mid-level skills and education.
Structural unemployment
With respect to the us employment statistics, the term "_____" refers to the disconnect between the number of people looking for jobs and the number of jobs actually available.
The working poor
The bureau of Labor Statistics defines the "______" as those who have spent at least 27 weeks working or looking for work but still remain below poverty line
Conflict Theorists
______ who study sociology of health and illness might focus on disparities in the quality of or access to healthcare as varies by race, ethnicity, gender and/or age
The social construction of what illness is
______ Is/are major research topic within medical sociology
Contestable
Some medical conditions are "_____", meaning there is disagreement within the medical profession about whether or not certain conditions are "illnesses"
The sick role
"______" refers to the process by which previously normal aspects of life are re-defined as deviant and in need of medical attention to remedy.
...
As you can see from Kinda Abujbarah's description of her life experiences in "Life on Wheels", stigmatization of a person because he/she is 'different' is a ____.
A wheelchair
The incident at a restaurant that Kinda Abujbarah describes in "Life on Wheels", in which she goes to a restaurant with her family and the hostess who seats them refers to her as "_____," shows how stigmatized individuals are sometimes treated as non-human objects, as if they did not exist at all.
Addicts
According to the author of "Against School," the two groups of people who can be convinced to buy stuff they don't really need are children and ______.
Be leaders and adventurers
To prevent your own kids from being turned into mindless automatons by the U.S. public school system, the author or "Against School" recommends you teach your kids to: ___________.
Fix habits of reaction to authority.
According to "Against School," the "adaptive" or "adjustive" function of public education is to: _________________.
Make children as alike as possible
According to "Against School," the "integrating" function of public education is to make students ________________.
Determine each students proper social role
According to "Against School," the "diagnostic" or "directive" function of public education is to ___________.
Once their social role has been diagnosed, children are to be sorted by role and trained only so far as their destination in the social machine merits, not one step further.
According to "Against School," the "differentiating" function of public education is to __________.
Refers to Darwin' s theory of natural selection "the favored races. tag the unfit, with poor grades, remedial placement, and other punishments
According to "Against School," the "selective" function of public education is to ___________.
A small fraction of kids will be silently taught how to manage this continuing project of over watching the population
According to "Against School," the "propaedeutic" function of public education is to ________.
An informally agreed upon policy about how information travels through the organization or what protocols you have to follow to talk to one of the higher ups.
Communication style:
Are employees all at the same status level, or are there many different levels of authority
Status Hierarchy
How decisions are made about who does what, the extent to which work is done
Teamwork
Your boss will have one person that they are more comfortable with. It's important to know how your boss' style may differ from your own
Leadership
Dress code.
Appearance standard
What workplace arrangements will you receive?
Work Space
Are you expected to socialize with your coworkers outside of the office?
Friendship norms
Rule about formality
Client relationship
Speech that is used within the perimeters that are understandable mainly to employees
Vocabulary
Creativity
.In the video "Do Schools Kill Creativity?", Ken Robinson asserted that ____ is as important as literacy and we should treat it as such.
Frank sent this
In the video "Do Schools Kill Creativity?", Ken Robinson related an anecdote about a kids' school play, where the children reenacted the Nativity, in particular the scene wherein the three wise men bring gold, frankincense and myrrh to the baby Jesus. During the play performance, the kids playing the wise men each approached Mary with their gifts. The child playing the first wise man told Mary, "I bring you gold." The child playing the second wise man told her, "I bring you myrrh". The child playing the third wise man approached Mary and said, "____".
Children don't notice their shortcomings
In the video "Do Schools Kill Creativity?", Ken Robinson related an anecdote about a kids' school play, where the children reenacted the Nativity, in particular the scene wherein the three wise men bring gold, frankincense and myrrh to the baby Jesus. The point of the anecdote was to emphasize the idea that ___________.
meet the needs of industrialism
In the video "Do Schools Kill Creativity?", Ken Robinson related that the public education system as we know it today was invented in order to _______.
Hierarchy
In the video "Do Schools Kill Creativity?", Ken Robinson asserted that our entire education system was a/an "_____".
What people say about you. A promise wrapped up in experience.
In the video, "Building Your Personal Brand", Sadhana Smiles explained that to her, a personal brand is __________.
...
In the video, "Building Your Personal Brand", Sadhana Smiles explained that having a personal brand is good for your career because __________.
...
In the video, "Building Your Personal Brand", Sadhana Smiles explained that it's important to compete for and receive professional awards because competitions ____________.
Biologically
As explained by Christina Scribner in her interview with Dr. Whitaker, all eating disorders are ______-based.
Anorexia, bulimia, binge eating
As explained by Christina Scribner in her interview with Dr. Whitaker, clinically-defined eating disorders include _____.
females
As explained by Christina Scribner in her interview with Dr. Whitaker, ______ have the highest vulnerability to eating disorders.
20
.As explained by Christina Scribner in her interview with Dr. Whitaker, about ______ percent of the young women we meet have some type of eating disorder.
older people, adults.
As explained by Christina Scribner in her interview with Dr. Whitaker, binge eating disorder and compulsive overeating disorder are more likely to strike _____.
Is a perfectionist.
Likes control.
Goes to the bathroom right after a meal.
Excuses to not eat.
Pushes food around on plate.
As explained by Christina Scribner in her interview with Dr. Whitaker, if a person _____, that may indicate he/she has an eating disorder.
129
As noted in the video, "Breaking Point: Heroin in America," every day ____ people die from drug use.
Prescription pain pills
As noted in the video, "Breaking Point: Heroin in America," the vast majority of people who die from drug use have been using _____ and/or heroin.
Guns
As noted in the video, "Breaking Point: Heroin in America," drug overdoses are now more deadly than car accidents and ___ in the U.S.
Fentanyl
As noted in the video, "Breaking Point: Heroin in America," heroin sold in the U.S. these days is often laced with _____.
High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and surpasses functions of immune system
As explained in the video, "Why We All Need to Practice Emotional First Aid," loneliness causes ____.
Gain control over the situation. Treat yourself with the same compassion you would expect from a good friend. Practice emotional hygiene
As explained in the video, "Why We All Need to Practice Emotional First Aid," when you get rejected in some way, the first thing you should do is ___________.
Rumination
As explained in the video, "Why We All Need to Practice Emotional First Aid," one of the most unhealthy psychological habits any of us can get into is _____.
Alcoholism, eating disorders, depression, cardiovascular disease
As explained in the video, "Why We All Need to Practice Emotional First Aid," by spending too much time focused on upsetting and negative thoughts, you are putting yourself at significant risk for developing _____.
Take action by changing your response to failure
As explained in the video, "Why We All Need to Practice Emotional First Aid," the way to build your emotional resilience is to _____.
Power
______ Is the ability to exercise one's will over others
Authority
_____ is power that people have agreed is appropriate for a certain person, persons or covering body to have
Traditional
People comply with _______ authority because they are invested in the past and feel obligated to perpetuate it.
rational-legal authority
________ authority is power made legitimate by laws, written rules and regulations
Conformity
______ is going along with the crowd
Obedience
_____ Is compliance with the directives of an authority figure
A legitimate authority figure
upon analyzing the results of his obedience experiments, milligram found his research subjects were overwhelmingly willing to perform acts that directly conflicted with their consciences when directed to do so by ______
Wanting to be liked
Upon analyzing the results of his conformity experiments, Asch concluded that there were two main causes of conformity 1) people believe their group members are better informed than they are and 2) people are _______
"bad"
_____. deviance consists of words and/or actions that depart from society's norms in a way that is disapproved of by society's members.
Control
The underlying goal of social ____ is to maintain order, an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives
Sanctions
The means of enforcing rules are known as _______
Positive
_______ sanctions are rewards given for conforming to norms
Negative
______ sanctions re punishments for violating norms
Charismatic
_____ leaders usually emerge in times of crisis and offer innovative or radical solutions
"good"
____ deviance consists of departures from the norm that are approved of, and/or applauded, by society's members
"Default"
In the case of _____ deviance, some characteristic of or action by an individual constitutes an involuntary departure from the norm: the individual cannot 'help' that (s)he looks or acts 'different'
Labeling
According to _____ theory, what is considered deviant is determined by the reactions of others to an individual's actions.
Differential association
_______theory suggested that individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them, who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.
Stigma
_____ is a taint, a stain applied to an individual or his/her character, on the basis of some act(s) of wrongdoing, unwholesome lifestyle or radical departure of his/her person or presentation-of-self from what society considers physically or psychologically "normal."
The discredited
________ are persons who disclose their own deviance, who have it disclosed by others, or who deviate from the norm in a way that cannot be concealed.
Disidentifiers
_______ refers to techniques "the discredited" can use - for example, joking about their deviance with non-deviants - to suggest they are not so different from 'normal' persons and thus, can be treated as normal for all intents and purposes.
Deviance disavowal
_______ occurs when a so-called 'normal' person interacts with a stigmatized individual while ignoring the source of the latter's stigmatization; thereby suggesting it does not exist.
normlessness
During periods of rapid social change, when it is no longer clear to the average citizen what the rules are, or when it seems the rules have been suspended, the society can be said to be in a state of _____.
Boundary maintenance
According to the functionalists, deviance performs a(n) _______ or rule- reinforcing function for society.
Neutralization
Techniques of _____ such as "condemnation of the condemners" can be used to either legitimate a future rule violation or justify a just-committed violation.
excuses/justifications
After-the-fact rationalizations of rulebreaking behavior are known as _____.
Excuse
.Individuals who use the ______ form of accounts to rationalize their behavior are admitting to breaking the rules, while denying they intended to do so.
Justifications
Individuals who use the _____ form of accounts to rationalize their behavior are acknowledging they violated the rules deliberately, while claiming special circumstances existed at the time which made their actions legitimate.
"good" deviance
_____ is behavior that departs from the norm in a socially approved, positive direction.
"bad" deviance
______ is behavior that departs from the norm in a way that is criticized or condemned by society.
Default deviance
_____ pertains to physical functioning or characteristics of appearance that departs from the norm in a way that the average person would regard as substantially undesirable.
discreditable
______ are persons whose deviance is concealable, who manage to keep it concealed.
Disidentifiers
_______ are props, actions or verbalizations "the discreditable" can use to hide their deviance.
Crime
______ is behavior that has been defined as illegal by the government.
functionalist
According to the _______, (bad) deviance is behavior that departs from what is defined as good, right and appropriate by the general public consensus.
Functionalists
According to _______, (bad) deviance is conduct that threatens the interests of the powerful persons in society, who have the clout to get laws made that prohibit such conduct and to see that those laws are enforced.
Functionalists and conflict theorists
Structural views of deviance and crime, such as the _______ perspective(s), say deviance and crime result from some sort of problem with the system as a whole.
Interactionists
Process conceptions of deviance and crime, such as the _______ perspective(s), say deviance and crime arise out of social interaction.
Influential
Natural born leaders have an _________ ability to encourage others to do
what the leader directs
Influential or monarchy
Being born into an _____________ family or ______________ leads to an
automatic position of power
Belief, behavior, and attitudes
Parts, or a subset, of the subculture of a power structure include
_________, ________ and ____________
Occupational practice
Creating groups with specific cultures in a workplace is defined as
__________________.
Would do as they were told by an authoritative figure
The results of the "Obedience" experiment were "disturbing" to Milgram because they indicated that a majority of persons _________.
Emergent norm theory
According to _____ theory, people perceive and respond to a crowd situation with their own particular set of norms, which may change as the crowd experience evolves
Assembling perspective
According to ______ theory, the important phenomenon for researchers to focus on is collective action based on shared interest
New Social Movement
______ theory that revolves around understanding movements as they relate to politics, identity, culture and social change
Reform
______ movements seek to change something specific about the social structure
Weak-tie
Use of social media is a _____ phenomenon
Resource mobilization theory
According to ______ theory, the success of a social movement is contingent upon its leaders ability to acquire resources and mobilize members.
Social movement
(A/an) ______ is a purposeful, organized group of people who strive to work towards a common social goal
Revolutionary
______ movements seek to completely change every aspect of society
Alternative
________ movements are focused on each individual's self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior.
Resistance
_______ movements seek to prevent or undo specific changes in the social structure
Religious/redemptive
______ movements are focused on provoking inner change or spiritual growth in individuals.
"strong-tie"
High-risk activism is a _____ phenomenon.
Frame
Sociologists have developed the concept of ____ to explain how individuals identify and understand social norms and which norms they should follow in any given situation.
Personal problems
________ are problems that have to do with the individual and his/her immediate milieu.
Social Problems
_______ are located at the social-structural level of society and are thus problems within major social institutions.
Something has to be done
The social change process begins when a subset of the society's members interact and decide a problem exists, such that "________."
Social movement, Collective behavior
(A) _______ is a more organized and stable type of group than is (a) _______.
Social Movement
(A) _____ is a relatively organized and stable group whose 'mission' is to cause change in one or more areas of society
Collective; Collective behavior
A relatively short-lived and unorganized group of persons who temporarily come together to respond to an emergent social need or transitory event is called a _____. What they do, as a group, is called _______.
Collective
A crowd of spectators at a sporting event is one example of (a/an) ___________.
Collective behavior
Fads and fashions are examples of (a/an) ____________.
Who are my people?
According to the information presented in the video, "How People Power Generates Change", if you want to organize a social movement, the first question you have to ask yourself is '_____?'
Give them a sense of the values shared between you both
According to the information presented in the video, "How People Power Generates Change", in order to motivate people to join your social movement, you need to _____.
Constructive contention
According to Marshall Ganz in the video, "How People Power Generates Change", at the heart of democracy is a system of ______.
Organizing and contributing to change, volunteering, joining unions, money, educating your family ETC
According to Rachel LaForest and Madeline Janis in the video, "How People Power Generates Change", ordinary individuals like us can become part of a change process by __________.
Movements previously had to rely on face to face interaction and printed messages to build their base and organize their activities, but this gave them a viable structure that today's movements, organized through social media, do not have
In the video, "Online Social Change: Easy to Organize, Hard to Win", sociologist Zeynep Tufekci notes an important difference between today's social movements, which are organized through social media, and social movements that were built before the invention of computers and social media. That difference is _________.
work and thin together collectively
In the video, "Online Social Change: Easy to Organize, Hard to Win", sociologist Zeynep Tufekci notes that what enables movements to succeed is their members' capacity to _________.
With their friends
In the video, "Online Social Change: Easy to Organize, Hard to Win", sociologist Zeynep Tufekci asserted it was not true, as was claimed by Malcolm Gladwell, that today's protesters from weaker ties with each other. To support her assertion, Tufekci pointed out that today's protesters come to protests ____________.
Sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term, "________" to refer an awareness of the relationship between a person's behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person's choices and perceptions.
the sociological imagination
According to Becker in "Culture: A Sociological View", the most important consequence of the fact that people are constantly making and remaking culture is:
It enables people to get through their daily lives without necessarily knowing each other very well
________ believe people actively shape their social world; they are not simply acted upon.
interactionists
(A/an) ______ is an extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting.
ethnography
Language - both verbal and nonverbal - is a part of every culture and subculture, including the Juchitán subculture you learned about from segments of the video, "Blossoms of Fire". In that subculture, what nonverbal gesture signified "stingy"?
patting right elbow with palm of left hand
As shown in video segments from "Blossoms of Fire", members of the Zapotec culture recognize and accept a third sex, the "muxe", comprised of ______.
men with some female traits
As shown in the video "Quiet Rage: The Stanford Prison Experiment", Doug Korpi ("Prisoner 8612") was so affected by his participation in the experiment that he ended up
becoming a psychologist and working in a prison
According to Dr. Whitaker, in one of her video lectures for this week, a social _______ is a network of persons whose coordinated, interdependent actions accomplish essential tasks for society's members.
institution
______ means your subject has agreed to participate in your research knowingly, willingly and intelligently.
informed consent
Laud Humphrey's "Tearoom Trade" study yielded the finding that most men who engaged in gay sex in public bathrooms were _____.
Well-educated, married to women and had children, middle class
According to Dr. Whitaker, in one of her video lectures for this week, _______ is the stock of knowledge that a resident of or traveler within the society must know and use, in order to 'do' daily life without attracting unwanted forms of attention, such as public ridicule or police contact.
Culture
In social science research, the potential for harm to our human subjects typically comes NOT so much out of what we do to them as what we _____.
find out about them
In field research terminology, a _______ is an individual from whom you must get permission, in order to study the members of certain types of groups or organizations.
gatekeeper
Institutional Review Board guidelines give patients the right to _____.
be protected from harm during the research, be fully informed about research before consenting, remain anonymous
Researchers who use _____ methods begin their research process with a theory about how things work and from it, deduce hypotheses to test.
non-qualitative
"Anomie" means "______."
normlessness
According to the Conflict theorists, ____ is a condition in which the beliefs, ideals or ideology of a person are not in his/her own best interests.
false consciousness
_____, predictability, control and calculability are the characteristics of McDonaldization as conceptualized by sociologist George Ritzer.
efficiency
According to the Functionalists, industrial societies are held together by _____.
organic solidarity
Communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society exist as its:
collective conscience
Marx believed that capitalism led to "____".
The dictatorship of the bourgeoisie
The overlapping of the upper-class social club network with corporate boards of directors shows how the upper class and the corporate community are ________.
intertwined
In her TED talk, Alice Goffman noted the following: Because police and the courts did not hesitate to criminalize the acts of kids from the disadvantaged neighborhood where she lived, it seemed necessary for those kids to undergo a special type of socialization and learn a special set of skills, including:
how to spot undercover cars, how and when to hide from police, how to negotiate a late-night police raid
One of the women who spoke during the "Mastering Social Media" video clip noted that research done by faculty of Rutgers University in conjunction with the Pew Research Center yielded the finding that women who frequent social media:
feel more connected to their friends, feel better about themselves, feel more connected to their families
In her TED talk, Alice Goffman noted the U.S. crime rate rises and falls irrespective of _______.
incarceration rates
During the "Mastering Social Media" video clip, a man and woman who were conversing noted it was wise to keep work and private lives separated by:
Not adding coworkers/work friends to your social media
The sociological term for organizations that house and control every aspect of their residents' existence is:
total institutions
College students who have declared a major and are taking courses in their major field are engaging in a form of:
anticipatory socialization
The _____ of bureaucracies refers to the fact that employees are expected to leave their emotions out of their interaction with each other and with clients, so as to conduct business objectively.
impersonal orientation
The _______ feature of bureaucracies refers to the fact that organizational rules and regulations are written-down
formalized rules and regulations
A/an _____ is a/an oversimplified generalization about a group of people based on a single characteristic they share such as race, age, or sexual orientation.
stereotype
Using World Systems terminology, ____ is an example of a semi-peripheral nation.
mexico
According to ______ theory, global inequality is primarily caused by core nations exploiting semi-peripheral and peripheral nations; thereby creating a cycle of dependence.
dependency
According to ______ theory, low-income countries can improve their economic standing by (1) an adjustment of their cultural values and attitudes toward work and (2) industrialization and other forms of economic growth.
modernization
According to ____ theory, each individual's unique set of personal characteristics - including his/her gender, race, class, sexual orientation, profession, etc. - all affect the way (s)he experiences his/her race.
intersection
_______ is the categorization and rank-ordering of people into socioeconomic tiers based on factors such as income, profession, level of education or amount of political power.
stratification
When studying social stratification, interactionists note that people often engage in ______ to make a statement about their social status.
conspicuous consumption
As explained by Dr. Steve Neuberg in his interview with course staff, _____ are (negative) feelings about the members of a particular group.
prejudices
From the video, "The Worst Job in the World: The Bhangis of India": To which caste do the Bhangis belong?
they do not belong to any caste
As explained by Dr. Steve Neuberg in his interview with course staff, an "extremist" might become a "terrorist" because:
(S)he lives in a community of persons who value terrorist acts, (S)he identifies very strongly with his/her group and strongly believes his/her group is being threatened by some out-group, (S)he believes in a God that rewards terrorist acts in eternity
The video, "Confronting Discrimination and Prejudice" contains video footage of a field experiment wherein a male bakery clerk verbally abuses and refuses to serve to a woman wearing traditional Muslim clothing while other, naïve customers witness the scenario. The experiment yielded the finding that a majority of the bystanders:
did nothing, did not get involved
Historically, our education system has perpetuated inequality along gender and racial lines through the use of:
tracking systems
________ is acting on an unfavorable assessment of a person by unfairly treating, maybe outright abusing, the disfavored person in some way.
discrimination
The categorization and rank-ordering of people, according to the amount of some valued personal attribute, social characteristic or material resource each has, relative to others in the society, is called social ________.
stratification
The ______ of our culture support(s) the unequal distribution of rewards earned by those in different occupations; e.g. the difference in earnings between a physician and a day laborer.
norms and values
Functionalists believe that _____ would be dysfunctional for a society if it was the orientation of most of its members.
homosexuality
For ______, there are both ideological and economic dimensions to the debate over same-sex marriage.
conflict theorists
We can see an example of _____ in the way that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with certain kinds of mental disorders.
institutionalized sexism
Cross-cultural studies reveal that children are aware of gender roles by age ____.
2 or 3
Interactionists use the phrase "______" to refer to an individual's performance of tasks and/or display of characteristics that are consistent with the gender role that has been assigned to her/him.
doing gender
As explained by Dr. Whitaker in one of this week's video lectures, the term "_____" refers to selecting a mate within your own social (religious, ethnic, socioeconomic, etc.) group.
endogamy
As explained by Dr. Whitaker in one of this week's video lectures, first-year college students form friendships on the basis of:
residential proximity, availability, degree of shyness/outgoingness of the individuals involved
Among the couple styles described by Dr. Whitaker in one of this week's video lectures, the most popular style is the _____ style.
complimentary
According to Dr. Whitaker in one of her video lectures for this week, friendships differ from romantic relationships in:
Degree of exclusivity,
Degree of emotional intensity,
Stringency of standards of conduct
As Sean explained in his interview with Dr. Whitaker, _______ persons are individuals whose gender identity - the gender they feel they are - matches the gender they were assigned at birth.
cisgender
According to the video "Love, Lust and Marriage: Why We Stay and Why We Stray", the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" are: criticism, contempt, ______ and emotional withdrawal.
defensiveness
In the video, "Consent on Campus: A Nightline Event", a participant in the discussion noted that the clearest, easiest way to get consent is to:
get consent verbally
Intersex children are children who:
are born with both male and female genitalia
In the video, "Consent on Campus: A Nightline Event", when talking about alcohol consumption and consent to have sex, participants in the discussion noted that if a woman is tipsy, she:
is not capable of giving consent
As Sean explained in his interview with Dr. Whitaker, in the K-12 schools, LGBTQIA students are discriminated against by _______.
peers, their own parents, parents of peers
The term "_____" refers to the type of non-academic knowledge that students in the U.S. education system learn informally and through cultural transmission.
hidden curriculum
According to the author of "Against School," the two groups of people who can be convinced to buy stuff they don't really need are children and ______.
adducts
_______ who study the sociology of health and illness might focus on the way that other people treat an individual once she or he has been labeled as being "ill" in some way.
interactionists
According to "Against School," the "adaptive" or "adjustive" function of public education is to:
get students to obey authority figures unquestioningly
_____ believe the U.S. education system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities that arise from differences in class, gender, race and ethnicity.
conflict theorists
As you can see from Kinda Abujbarah's description of her life experiences in "Life on Wheels", and as you learned in a previous week of the course about the phenomenon of stigma, stigmatization of a person because he/she is 'different' is a ____.
process
The Bureau of Labor Statistics defines the "_____" as those who have spent at least 27 weeks working or looking for work but still remain below the poverty line.
working poor
The ______ element of workplace culture refers to the fact that each workplace may also have rules, either formal or informal, about the types of relationships that employees are and aren't allowed to have with clients, or customers.
client-relationship norms
The ___________ element of workplace culture refers to the fact that employees within each workplace use some words or phrases that are unique to their organization or to specific tasks, types of work, types of employees, types of customers, or types of routine processes within the organization.
vocabulary
The ______ element of workplace culture refers to the fact that _____ is a given in all organizations, regardless of size; though companies will vary in the extent to which work is done through teams, and about the usual makeup of teams - number of members, how decisions are made about who does what, etc. [Single word fills both blanks.]
teamwork
The _______ aspect of workplace culture refers to the organization's dress code, including standards for all employees' hair, makeup, shoe types, clothing and uniforms, jewelry, and so on.
appearance standards
As noted in the video, "Breaking Point: Heroin in America," every day ____ people die from drug use.
129
In the video, "Building Your Personal Brand", Sadhana Smiles explained that to her, a personal brand is:
What people say about you,
How you make people feel,
A promise wrapped up in an experience
As explained in the video, "Why We All Need to Practice Emotional First Aid," loneliness causes ____.
High blood pressure,
High cholesterol,
Suppression of the immune system
As noted in the video, "Breaking Point: Heroin in America," drug overdoses are now more deadly than car accidents and ___ in the U.S..
guns
_____ deviance consists of departures from the norm that are approved of, and/or applauded, by society's members.
good
The means of enforcing rules are known as _____.
sanctions
According to _____ theory, what is considered deviant is determined by the reactions of others to an individual's actions.
labeling
According to _____, bad deviance serves a "boundary maintenance" function for society as it serves to remind everyone what the rules are - where the limits to acceptable behavior are, beyond which no one should go.
functionalists
______ view government and politics as means of enforcing norms and regulating conflict.
functionalists
_____deviance consists of words and/or actions that depart from society's norms in a way that is disapproved of by society's members.
bad
_____ is a taint, a stain applied to an individual or his/her character, on the basis of some act(s) of wrongdoing, unwholesome lifestyle or radical departure of his/her person or presentation-of-self from what society considers physically or psychologically "normal."
stigma
________ are persons who disclose their own deviance, who have it disclosed by others, or who deviate from the norm in a way that cannot be concealed.
the discredited
_______ refers to techniques "the discredited" can use - for example, joking about their deviance with non-deviants - to suggest they are not so different from 'normal' persons and thus, can be treated as normal for all intents and purposes.
deviance avowal
_______ occurs when a so-called 'normal' person interacts with a stigmatized individual while ignoring the source of the latter's stigmatization; thereby suggesting it does not exist.
deviance disavowal
The results of the "Obedience" experiment were "disturbing" to Milgram because they indicated that a majority of persons:
Do what they are told to do as long as they perceive the command to come from a legitimate authority figure
Within a power structure, a subculture often forms among those charged with the authority. Part of the subculture may include:
subset of beliefs, behaviors and attitudes
According to the functionalists, deviance performs a(n) _______ or rule-reinforcing function for society.
boundary maintenance
Leaders who are born in to positions of power are considered:
Members of a monarchy or influential family
After-the-fact rationalizations of rulebreaking behavior are known as _____.
accounts
(A/an) _____ is a purposeful, organized group of people who strive to work toward a common social goal.
social movement
Sociologists have developed the concept of ____ to explain how individuals identify and understand social norms and which norms they should follow in any given situation.
framing
Use of social media is a _____ phenomenon.
weak-tie
________ movements are focused on each individual's self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior.
alternative
_____ theory that revolves around understanding movements as the they relate to politics, identity, culture and social change.
new social movement
________ movements are focused on provoking inner change or spiritual growth in individuals.
religious/ redemptive
According to _____ theory, people perceive and respond to a crowd situation with their own particular (individual) set of norms, which may change as the crowd experience evolves.
emergent norm
_______ are located at the social-structural level of society and are thus problems within major social institutions.
social problems
According to the information presented in the video, "How People Power Generates Change", in order to motivate people to join your social movement, you need to _____.
Give them a sense of the values you and they share as a community
(A) _______ is a more organized and stable type of group than is (a) _______.
social movement, collective behavior
According to the information presented in the video, "How People Power Generates Change", if you want to organize a social movement, the first question you have to ask yourself is '_____?'
who are my people?
The social change process begins when a subset of the society's members interact and decide a problem exists, such that "________."
something has to be done
In the video, "Online Social Change: Easy to Organize, Hard to Win", sociologist Zeynep Tufekci notes an important difference between today's social movements, which are organized through social media, and social movements that were built before the invention of computers and social media. That difference is:
Movements previously had to rely on face to face interaction and printed messages to build their base and organize their activities, but this gave them a viable structure that today's movements, organized through social media, do not have
________ are problems that have to do with the individual and his/her immediate milieu.
personal problems
In the video, "Online Social Change: Easy to Organize, Hard to Win", sociologist Zeynep Tufekci notes that what enables movements to succeed is their members' capacity to:
Figure out how to take steps politically and relate them to leverage,
Think collectively, create consensus,
Develop strong policy proposals
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