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Chapter 8: Securing the Republic
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Terms in this set (45)
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
Political Parties
groups that help elect people and shape policies, an element of our current political system that the founding fathers hoped to avoid
Washington D.C.
the decided location of our government in which most of the public buildings around 1800 were built by slave labor
Bank of the United States (1791)
Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional.
Democratic-Republican Party
favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution (NOT the modern-day Republican Party)
Newspapers and pamphlets
The two mediums through which most political debates took place in the early republic
Benjamin Banneker
African-American scientist who taught himself calculus and trigonometry, helped design the capitol in Washington D.C., and became a civil rights activist
strict constructionist
A person who believes the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution.; Thomas Jefferson (in theory, at least)
loose constructionist
A person who interprets the Constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.
Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain
Jefferson would accept Hamilton's plan in exchange for the permanent settlement of the nation's capital on the Potomac River.
Twelfth Amendment
An amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1804, that specifies the separate election of the president and vice president by the electoral college.
Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)
Election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party; a deciding factor being that Hamilton advocated for rival Thomas Jefferson
Impressment
British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)
government-sponsored and well-documented expedition of Merriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the vast wilderness of the west soon after the signing of the Louisiana Purchase
Embargo Act of 1807
Law that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships; only hurt the US economy and not the French or British
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. The army, led by Washington (the only time a sitting president commanded the army in the filed), put down the rebellion without a single shot fired.
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war was not a military success and ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.
Democratic-Republican Societies (1790s)
criticized the Washington administration
Judith Sargent Murray
Female rights activist following the revolution who wrote "On the Equality of Sexes" and argued for equal educational opportunities for women; society, not nature, is responsible for the apparent superiority of men over women.
Washington's Farewell Address
Ended his term to keep president from being a lifelong position, warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances.
Address of the Democratic-Republican Society of Pennsylvania (1794)
focused on freedom of expression as the foundation of a strong democracy
XYZ Affair (1797)
Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States, France asked US to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister; created animosity between US and France
Alien Act (1798)
gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US
Sedition Act
made it a crime to write, print, or publish criticism of the president; targeted the Republican press
Pennsylvania Abolition Society
Organization founded in Philadelphia during the revolutionary period that advocated expansion of the state's 1780 act for gradual abolition and provided legal counsel to African Americans to defend their liberty; Benjamin Franklin served as president
Marbury vs. Madison
Established judicial review after Adams's "midnight judges" were not appointed by James Madison as secretary of state
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River; stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
Sacajawea
A Shoshone woman who served as a guide and interpreter for Lewis and Clark on their expedition.
Barbary Wars
President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay tribute to protect American ships from the Barbary pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations that lasted for years.
War Hawks
Republicans during Madison's presidency who pressed for war with Britain and also wanted to annex Canada; Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
Tecumseh
A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.
Speech to the Osage (1810)
speech given by Tecumseh to win the military support of the Osage in a war against the white people, who are greedy, untrustworthy, and determined to destroy all Indians
Madison's Declaration of War (1812)
approved by the smallest margin of any war declaration in U.S. history.
Battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans after the war had officially ended, but word had not yet reached the U.S.
The Star-Spangled Banner
The national anthem of the United States written by Francis Scott Key, inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry
Reasons for the War of 1812
-Impressment
-Indigenous uprisings
-British still in forts in Ohio River Valley
-National pride
Queenston Heights
The US army was badly beaten at Fort Niagara and forced to retreat out of Canada; General Brock killed
Battle of York
American victory in modern-day Toronto, looted and burned the town
Burning of Washington (1814)
British forces occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg
Paul Jennings
witnessed the Burning of Washington and wrote the first White House memoir, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides).
Effects of the War of 1812
-Monroe elected
-Surge in nationalism
-Judicial Nationalism
-Economic nationalism (Clay's American System)
-Foreign Policy Nationalism (Monroe Doctrine)
Jay's Treaty (1794)
Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain
-British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels
-United States to repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France.
Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas.
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