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Memory Midterm 3

Terms in this set (527)

What bias was shown in the study when people at a college reunion were asked to recall their college grades?

What bias was shown in the study of ballplayers predicting where the virtual ball would go after they hit it?

When Joseph Bogen discusses his translation of the French term that he translated as "alien hand," he says he should have translated it as:

autonomous hand

How did Jill Bolte Taylor find her office phone number after her stroke?

on her business card

If you showed Joe, the split-brain patient, the following picture on the right side of the screen, which word would he choose?

vegetables

When Joe, the split-brain patient, sees a figure on the ___________ side of the screen, he cannot name it, but he can draw it with his __________ hand.

left;left

If you perform a lexical decision task which is interrupted by a prospective memory task how does the specification specificity affect the results?

the well-specified tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the ill-specified tasks; the event-based
tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the time-based tasks

In the video clip we viewed, Mark McDaniel and Gilles Einstein discuss their prospective memory studies and describe the age differences. What did they find?

no age difference on the event-based task, large age difference on the time-based task

Why is it surprising that Mahzarin Banaji shows a strong implicit association man and career and a much lower association between woman and career?

because she if a professor at Harvard

What did Betsy Sparrow find about memory when she studied how people use the internet to handle information?

people are very good at indicating which file they put information into

Thomas reminds himself that he needs to go to the bank after work to take out cash. This is an example of:

Prospective Memory

In real life, older adults typically perform ___________ compared to younger adults on time-based prospective memory tasks.

Better

What did Martin et al. find in their study on the impact of the complexity of a distractor task has on prospective memory?

High complexity tasks led to a more severe drop off in performance for older adults, than in younger adults.

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Asperger's syndrome?

short stature relative to family

What did Ramachandran have Tammet do to check his imagery for consistency?

create models of numbers out of modeling clay

When Stephen Wiltshire begins his drawing of Rome, which building does he draw first?

the Church of St. Peter

What language did Daniel Tammet learn to speak in one week for the television documentary?

Icelandic

In the video on autism, which of the following captures one of the differences between autistic children and normal children?

Autistic children struggle to imitate others.

Stephen Wiltshire is an unique case of a savant because:

He has more than one specialized skill—he also has extraordinary musical skills.

Clive Wearing has suffered from almost complete anterograde and fairly complete retrograde amnesia since about 1985. Which types his memories are surprisingly intact?

memories related to music

Jon has suffered from anterograde amnesia from infancy on. Which of these cognitive deficits does he have?

impaired episodic learning and recall

What is the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test used to assess?

practical memory problems

What is the term for a deficit in encoding, storing, or retrieving new events occurring after a trauma?

anterograde amnesia

What is the term for a loss of access to events that happened in the past?

retrograde amnesia

What procedure was involved in the potential new Alzheimer's test found in 2009 by Leslie Shaw and shown in a news video?

testing of spinal fluid

What sport was Chris Nowinski participating in when he sustained his worst head injuries and concussions?

wrestling

How did Dave Duerson, former NFL star, die after developing CTE?

he shot himself in the chest

What job does Mike, the amnesic from the video Living with Amnesia, hold?

injection molding operator

In the video on amnesia, we are introduced to Mike. Damage to his hippocampus caused him to have ____________.

Anterograde amnesia

Lindsay has no memories of ever going to Disneyland; however, she has a strong sense of familiarity when she looks at
pictures of the theme park. This best illustrates:

Remembering vs knowing

James suffered brain damage in a car accident and has memory deficits. During an examination, he is asked a series of questions like "What did you do on your birthday last year" and "Tell me about a time when did a favor for a friend". These questions are designed to investigate if James has ___________.

Retrograde amnesia

In addition to memory impairments, the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease requires at least two other deficits. Which of the following are deficits that would contribute to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease?

all of the above

Which of the following are warning signs of Alzheimer's Disease?

All of the above

What diagnostic criteria for PTSD was clearly lacking in the patient with the elevator experience as described by Dr. Metloff of the San Diego VA ?

social isolation

to activate stress hormones

According to the video on PTSD from the UCSD group that featured a psychologist and social worker from the Veterans Administration in San Diego, what percentage of men who are raped experience PTSD?

over 60%

In the video The Memory Pill, Beatrice was treated in the emergency room by Dr. Roger Pitman using a pill to help her with PTSD. What trauma had she experienced?

a man jumped in front of her subway train

Jarob Walsh was wounded in an ambush in Iraq and was diagnosed with PTSD when he returned to the US. How did he describe his symptoms of PTSD?

irritability and impatience

All of the following statements are true of PTSD EXCEPT

In the United States, men are more likely to develop PTSD than women.

Propranolol is a drug that is being considered as a potential treatment for people with PTSD. Which of the statements best capture the rationale of administering this drug to effectively treat PTSD?

Decreasing adrenaline will weaken memory consolidation.

In Dr. Roger Pitman's experiment, half of the participants received the drug Propranolol and the other half received a placebo. In addition, Dr. Pitman did not know if the patients were in the experimental group or the control group. This type of experimental method is called

Double-blind procedure

What did Bernsten and Rubin (2008) find in their study on involuntary memories?

Valence and intensity of recurrent memories increase with age, but frequency decreases as people get older.

In the video, Why Memories Last, Dr. McGaugh placed rats in a water maze and they had to explore the maze to find a platform. Rats that received an injection to stimulate their _____________ were significantly faster at finding the platform

Amygdala

What insight did Minsky, a founder of artificial intelligence, gain from Bartlett's book?

that memory includes top-down patterns

What is was Bartlett's most significant contribution to memory?

the notion of a schema

Which of these is not a name for the game that inspired Bartlett's memory study?

Categories

Bartlett found that when participants were asked to repeat the story "War of the Ghosts", they tended to:

All of the above

According to Penfield's homunculus, which of the following body parts would be drawn largest in size?

Lips

The tendency for people to recall information that is consistent with their own views better than inconsistent information is known as:

Consistency bias

Which of the following is a limitation of schema theories?

Schema theories underestimate the complexity of memory representations.

According to the Hierarchical Network Model, which of the following items would be highest in the network?

Animal

According to the Spreading Activation Model, which of the following would receive the least amount of activation after
hearing the word "RED"?

Street

According to Socrates, which Egyptian god was the inventor of writing?

Theuth

Who invented punctuation marks?

Aristophanes, the director of the Library of Alexandria

Which of the following was not a characteristic of scriptio continua?

capital letters and lower case letters were intermixed

When did silent reading become common?

ninth century A.D.

What was the form of written texts in the time of Socrates?

scrolls

What was the title of a fifteenth-century Italian book on memory training?

Phoenix

Who tried to build a real wooden building that would be a "Theater of Memory"?

Giulio Camillo

Who wrote Physiological Memory: The Instantaneous Art of Never Forgetting?

Professor Alphonse Loisette

What is lifelogging?

archiving all of one's life in an external memory

For many years, the four-minute mile was an immovable barrier. How long after Roger Bannister ran a sub-four minute mile did another runner accomplish the same feat?

six weeks

Which of the following is NOT one of the strategies used by top-achievers to keep out of the autonomous stage while practicing?

avoid failure

Which of the following is a part of the PAO, the technique used by most mental athletes?

object

Why don't mammographers improve with time like surgeons do?

the feedback they receive is weeks or months later

Which of the following is NOT a stage of skill acquisition described by Fitts and Posner?

manual stage

According to the Major System, what is the translation of the number 530?

LMS

Who gave the diagnosis of Asperger's Syndrome to Daniel Tammet ?

Simon Baron-Cohen

Which part of the brain does Snyder use TMS to turn off in order to induce temporary savant-like artistic skills in normal people?

the left frontotemporal lobe

According to Foer's coach Ed Cooke, how much off his best performance should he expect to be when he was in a public competition?

20%

When Daniel Tammet described his synesthesia for numbers, how did each number up to 10,000 map onto his senses?

all of the above

In spite of this amazing store of knowledge, what was Kim Peek's IQ?

Which was the only savant skill that Daniel Tammet was will to perform in front of Foer?

calendar calculating

The word "savant" originally meant

man of learning, expert.

The new event introduced at the 2006 U.S. Memory Championship, which actually resembled a test of real world memory skills was __________________.

Three Strikes and You're Out of the Tea Party

How did Foer prepare for the event involving people giving personal information about themselves?

All of the above

How did Foer spend his last week before the championship?

He tested himself and replaced weak images with stronger associations.

What did Maurice Stoll say that the enemy of memory is?

lack of sleep

In which event did Foer set a U.S. record at the U.S. Memory championship in 2006?

Speed Cards

What is the trophy for the U.S. Memory Championship?

a silver hand with gold nail polish

In the twenty-year longitudinal study of wives' feelings about marriage by Kearney and Coombs, when wives reflected back over their first ten years of marriage, what type of bias did they show?

change

Remembering our own past triggers a variety of processes which may distort memory. Which of the following is not related to egocentric memory biases?

telescoping effect

Which of the memory biases show how our theories about ourselves can lead us to reconstruct the past to be overly similar or different from the present?

consistency and change

Which of the memory biases reveal that recollections of past events are filtered by current knowledge?

hindsight

Which of the memory biases illustrate the powerful role of the self in orchestrating perceptions and memories of reality?

egocentric

Which of the memory biases demonstrate how generic memories shape interpretation of the world, even when we are unaware of their existence or influence?

stereotypical

When patients who experience chronic pain are experiencing high levels of pain in the present, they are biased to recall similarly high levels of pain in the past. What bias does this illustrate?

consistency

When students complete a program designed to enhance their study skills and are asked to remember their initial level of skill, they tend to report it as being lower that they had said before they began the program. What memory bias
does this illustrate?

change

What is the term for the psychological discomfort that results from conflicting thoughts and feelings?

cognitive dissonance

When a Lakers fan thought at the beginning of the playoffs in 2011 that the Lakers would win the playoffs for a three peat, then after the playoffs said that she had expected them to be eliminated in the second round of the playoffs, she is
showing __________________________.

hindsight bias

The song "I Remember It Well" illustrates ________________________.

egocentric bias

When college students attempt to remember high school grades, they are much more accurate in remembering grades of A than grades of D.

egocentric bias

Generating alternative scenarios of what might have been or should have been is _________________________.

counterfactual thinking

Damage to what part of the brain disrupts fear conditioning?

the amygdala

What did Wegner show about attempts to suppress unwanted thoughts?

it can have a rebound effect

What is the term for obsessive recycling of thoughts and memories regarding one's current mood or situation?

rumination

When a bystander to a crime has a weak memory for the face of the criminal but a strong memory for the gun he was
holding, it is an example of ________________.

weapon focus

A chronic perception of oneself as an inadequate or flawed individual is the result of _________________

a negative self-schema

Schacter ties the various sins of memory to processes of evolution. Which of the following is NOT one of the types of evolutionary development he uses to describe features of the human mind?

vestigiality

What is the term for features that now enhance fitness, but were not built by natural selection for their current role?

exaptation

What scientist imprinted just-hatched goslings onto himself?

Konrad Lorenz

On average, how much more negative than positive material do depressed patients recall?

10%

What is the type of memory test in which you are asked to recall stimulus words in any order some time after their presentation?

free recall

Which of the following is NOT a mood induction technique?

mirror-writing

Angelica was laughing and talking to friends after getting off a ride at the fair when she received a text that her dog had been killed by a coyote. A year later, she out having a great time with friends and suddenly had a series of memories of hearing about her dog's death. What phenomena is this related to?

mood dependence

The study in which divers either learned words underwater or on land and were tested either underwater or on land was concerned with which memory phenomenon?

encoding specificity

What term is used for a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing?

stereotype

What were the critical trials for the IAT for gender stereotypes? (These are the trials that were compared in your results.)

trials pairing woman with career (man with family) and trials pairing man with career (woman with family)

If you held stereotyped beliefs about men having careers and women being responsible for families, what response times would you have?

you would respond more quickly when man was paired with career and woman was paired with family

What did research using the IAT reveal about associations between high-fat food words and positive/negative words?

they showed faster response time when high-fat food words were paired with negative words

What is the term for a person's conscious views toward people, objects, or concepts?

explicit attitude

Our class data on the Implicit Association Test (Race) showed that

on average, we responded more quickly to the stereotype congruent condition.

What type of process is word recognition?

automated

When the Stroop test is given to English-Spanish bilinguals, which combination produces the longest response time?

the word azul, written in red, and named as "rojo"

In the original Stroop effect study (as described in lecture), what did Stroop use as control conditions?

color words written in black and colored boxes

Stroop interference is asymmetrical implies which of the following?

reading the word "cat" when posted over the image of a dog will not be slower than reading the word "cat" when
posted over the image of a cat

What is the term for the processing of meaning of a word?

semantic activation

A single visit to a new place is easier to remember than a particular visit to a place we go to often because of

distinctiveness

The type of search we use when locating an item in short-term memory is _______________________.

serial exhaustive

A task in which a participant is asked to spontaneously retrieve material is a ______________________

free recall

What is the term for the process of acquiring and storing information in memory?

encoding

After studying a list of paired words, in which stick-dog is a pair, stick is a better cue for dog, even though cat is more closely associated with dog. What does this reflect?

the encoding specificity principle

You are presented with the word pair "sofa-horse" to remember. During the recall task, which of the following would serve as the best memory cue for the word HORSE?

sofa

You are presented with the word pair "car-truck" to remember. During the recall task, which of the following would serve as the best memory cue for the word TRUCK?

car

What is the term for trials that are inserted between the trials you are studying to prevent response bias?

filler trials

What did Godden and Baddeley find in their experiment with scuba divers learning words on land and in the water?

there was no difference in recognition no matter where learning and recognition occurred

Words encoded in a happy mood are better remembered in a happy mood, words encoded in a sad mood are better remembered in a sad mood. This is known as __________________.

the mood-congruency effect

Where is our knowledge of categories stored?

long-term memory

In a network, what is the term for applying a feature to all levels below it in a hierarchy?

principle of inheritance

According to the typicality effect, which of these sentences will produce the quickest response?

a chair is furniture

Which of these statements will have the longest response time?

a rose is a tulip

What is the semantic distance in "a fish breathes?"

In the ZAP on Memory Bias, what was the independent variable?

the mood that was induced

Why were there two dependent variables in the Memory Bias ZAP?

because there was a distracter task separating the stimuli from the responses

What are the two levels of the independent variable in the Implicit Association Task?

both b and c

What is the dependent variable in the Implicit Association Task?

response time

For the IAT (Race) would a plot of the Congruent Response Times (y-axis) against the Incongruent Response Times (xaxis) look like if people in the class had no biases (or their implicit associations were the same for both conditions)?

Response times would fall along a straight line that is drawn so that x=y.

For the Implicit Association Task (Race) study, the results of which explicit measure of attitude conflicted with the results of the IAT?

Preference

What is the independent variable in the form of the Stroop experiment that we used in ZAP 17?

whether the color of the word matched the actual word or not

In any experiment with two independent variables, such as ZAP 19 Encoding Specificity, how many scientific hypotheses would an experimenter make about the results?

Which of the following contributors to the field of memory has not had a direct affiliation with UCI?

Gordon Bower

Why are false trials included in an experiment such as Sentence Verification?

to prevent the subjects from rehearsing the material

B) egocentric

What bias was shown in the study when people at a college reunion were asked to recall their college grades?

A) hindsight
B) egocentric
C) consistency
D) stereotype

A) hindsight

What bias was shown in the study of ballplayers predicting where the virtual ball would go after they hit it?

A) hindsight
B) consistency
C) change
D) egocentric

B) autonomous hand

When Joseph Bogen discusses his translation of the French term that he translated as "alien hand," he says he should have translated it as:

A) ambidextrous hand
B) autonomous hand
C) defiant hand
D) diffident hand

D) on her business card

How did Jill Bolte Taylor find her office phone number after her stroke?

A) she had written it on her hand
B) on her cellphone
C) in the phonebook
D) on her business card

C) vegetables

If you showed Joe, the split-brain patient, the following picture on the right side of the screen, which word would he choose?

A) face
B) smile
C) vegetables
D) he could not identify it at all

B) left; left

When Joe, the split-brain patient, sees a figure on the ___________ side of the screen, he cannot name it, but he can draw it with his __________ hand.

A) right; right
B) left; left
C) left; right
D) right; left

C) the well-specified tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the ill-specified tasks; the event-based tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the time-based tasks

C) no age difference on the event-based task, large age difference on the time-based task

In the video clip we viewed, Mark McDaniel and Gilles Einstein discuss their prospective memory studies and describe the age differences. What did they find?

A) no age differences on either the time-based or event-based tasks
B) large age difference on the event-based task, no age difference on the time-based task
C) no age difference on the event-based task, large age difference on the time-based task
D) large age differences on both the time-based and event-based tasks

A) because she if a professor at Harvard

Why is it surprising that Mahzarin Banaji shows a strong implicit association man and career and a much lower association between woman and career?

A) because she if a professor at Harvard
B) because she has been able to practice on the task
C) because she is an activist for home-schooling
D) because she only works with other women

A) people are very good at indicating which file they put information into

What did Betsy Sparrow find about memory when she studied how people use the internet to handle information?

A) people are very good at indicating which file they put information into
B) people are getting better and better at locating information on the internet
C) easy access to so much information is causing us to store much more trivia in our memories
D) people are becoming much more efficient at typing things into computers

B) Prospective memory

Thomas reminds himself that he needs to go to the bank after work to take out cash. This is an example of:

A) Retrospective memory B) Prospective memory C) Procedural memory D) Implicit memory

A) Better

In real life, older adults typically perform ___________ compared to younger adults on time-based prospective memory tasks.

A) Better
B) Worse
C) About equal
D) Prospective memory cannot be tested

D) High complexity tasks led to a more severe drop off in performance for older adults, than in younger adults.

What did Martin et al. find in their study on the impact of the complexity of a distractor task has on prospective memory?

A) Low complexity tasks had more severe effects on younger adults.
B) Complexity had devastating effects on older adults, while they did not impact performance for the younger adults.
C) Complexity did not significantly impact performance on prospective memory.
D) High complexity tasks led to a more severe drop off in performance for older adults, than in younger adults.

D) short stature relative to family

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Asperger's syndrome?

A) socially inappropriate behavior
B) peculiarities of speech
C) repetitive behaviors
D) short stature relative to family

C) create models of numbers out of modeling clay

What did Ramachandran have Tammet do to check his imagery for consistency?

A) paint pictures of what he visualized when he thought about numbers
B) performed a fMRI on him while he thought about certain numbers
C) create models of numbers out of modeling clay
D) asked him to perform calculations while flashing pictures at him to create interference

D) the Church of St. Peter

When Stephen Wiltshire begins his drawing of Rome, which building does he draw first?

A) the Forum
B) the Pantheon
C) the Roman Colosseum
D) the Church of St. Peter

C) Icelandic

What language did Daniel Tammet learn to speak in one week for the television documentary?

A) Chinese
B) Russian
C) Icelandic
D) French

C) Autistic children struggle to imitate others.

In the video on autism, which of the following captures one of the differences between autistic children and normal children?

A) Normal children are not inclined to imitate.
B) Autistic children find it more natural to imitate others compared to normal children.
C) Autistic children struggle to imitate others.
D) Normal children need more encouragement and direction to imitate.

C) He has more than one specialized skill—he also has extraordinary musical skills.

Stephen Wiltshire is an unique case of a savant because:

A) Not many savants have a specialized skill of drawing.
B) His social development started much later in life.
C) He has more than one specialized skill—he also has extraordinary musical skills.
D) All of the above

A) memories related to music

Clive Wearing has suffered from almost complete anterograde and fairly complete retrograde amnesia since about 1985. Which types his memories are surprisingly intact?

A) memories related to music
B) memories for the geography of the town he grew up in
C) memories for images
D) memories for faces

C) impaired episodic learning and recall

Jon has suffered from anterograde amnesia from infancy on. Which of these cognitive deficits does he have?

A) great difficulty with implicit memory
B) below average intelligence
C) impaired episodic learning and recall
D) impaired semantic memory skills

B) practical memory problems

What is the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test used to assess?

A) the memory component of the IQ Test
B) practical memory problems
C) the presence of Alzheimer's disease
D) the beginnings of senile dementia

B) anterograde amnesia

What is the term for a deficit in encoding, storing, or retrieving new events occurring after a trauma?

A) retrograde amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) agnosia
D) apraxia

A) retrograde amnesia

What is the term for a loss of access to events that happened in the past?

A) retrograde amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) transient global amnesia
D) post-traumatic amnesia

A) testing of spinal fluid

What procedure was involved in the potential new Alzheimer's test found in 2009 by Leslie Shaw and shown in a news video

A) testing of spinal fluid B) testing of blood
C) performing a fine needle biopsy on hippocampal brain tissue
D) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A) wrestling

What sport was Chris Nowinski participating in when he sustained his worst head injuries and concussions?

A) wrestling
B) football
C) rugby
D) soccer

A) he shot himself in the chest

How did Dave Duerson, former NFL star, die after developing CTE?

A) he shot himself in the chest
B) he suffered a fatal brain injury during a game
C) he wandered in front of a train while hallucinating
D) he died from a drug overdose

D) injection molding operator

What job does Mike, the amnesic from the video Living with Amnesia, hold?

A) outboard motor repairman
B) postal sorting clerk
C) wiring technician
D) injection molding operator

A) Anterograde amnesia

In the video on amnesia, we are introduced to Mike. Damage to his hippocampus caused him to have ____________.

A) Anterograde amnesia
B) Retrograde amnesia
C) Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
D) Post traumatic amnesia

B) Remembering vs knowing

Lindsay has no memories of ever going to Disneyland; however, she has a strong sense of familiarity when she looks at pictures of the theme park. This best illustrates:

A) Implicit vs explicit memory
B) Remembering vs knowing
C) Anterograde amnesia vs retrograde amnesia
D) Encoding specificity vs recall

D) Retrograde amnesia

D) All of the above

Which of the following are warning signs of Alzheimer's Disease?

A) Difficulty performing familiar tasks
B) Changes in personality
C) Problems with abstract thinking
D) All of the above

C) experience outside normal human experience

What diagnostic criteria for PTSD was clearly lacking in the patient with the elevator experience as described by Dr. Metloff of the San Diego VA ?

A) irritability, hyper-vigilance, or hyper-arousal
B) flashbacks or other re-experiencing
C) experience outside normal human experience
D) social isolation

A) to activate stress hormones

In the video, Why Memories Last, Dr. Larry Cahill of UCI is shown in a lab where a woman is being shown emotional images. Following the exposure, her hand and forearm are plunged into ice water. What is the purpose of the ice water?

A) to activate stress hormones
B) to distract her from rehearsal
C) to lower her body temperature and thus her response rate
D) to condition her to avoid remembering the images

D) over 60%

According to the video on PTSD from the UCSD group that featured a psychologist and social worker from the Veterans Administration in San Diego, what percentage of men who are raped experience PTSD?

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) over 60%

D) a man jumped in front of her subway train

In the video The Memory Pill, Beatrice was treated in the emergency room by Dr. Roger Pitman using a pill to help her with PTSD. What trauma had she experienced?

A) she witnessed her family being murdered
B) she was riding a bus that was taken over by terrorists
C) she was tied up and raped by a stranger
D) a man jumped in front of her subway train

D) irritability and impatience

Jarob Walsh was wounded in an ambush in Iraq and was diagnosed with PTSD when he returned to the US. How did he describe his symptoms of PTSD?

A) depression and sadness
B) confusion and hallucinations
C) obsessions and compulsions
D) irritability and impatience

A) In the United States, men are more likely to develop PTSD than women.

All of the following statements are true of PTSD EXCEPT:

A) In the United States, men are more likely to develop PTSD than women.
B) Not all people who experience trauma will develop PTSD.
C) Reminders can trigger memories of the trauma.
D) All statements are true.

B) Decreasing adrenaline will weaken memory consolidation.

Propranolol is a drug that is being considered as a potential treatment for people with PTSD. Which of the statements best capture the rationale of administering this drug to effectively treat PTSD?

A) Increasing adrenaline will weaken memory consolidation.
B) Decreasing adrenaline will weaken memory consolidation.
C) PTSD patients need to confront their trauma and the drug increases the emotional impact of memories.
D) Decreasing adrenaline will completely remove all memory traces of the original trauma.

D) Double-blind procedure

C) Valence and intensity of recurrent memories increase with age, but frequency decreases as people get older.

What did Bernsten and Rubin (2008) find in their study on involuntary memories?

A) The intensity of recurrent memories declines as age increases.
B) Frequency and intensity of recurrent memories increase with age.
C) Valence and intensity of recurrent memories increase with age, but frequency decreases as people get older.
D) Valence, intensity, and frequency of recurrent dreams all increase as age increases.

B) Amygdala

B) that memory includes top-down patterns

What insight did Minsky, a founder of artificial intelligence, gain from Bartlett's book?

A) that memory is malleable
B) that memory includes top-down patterns
C) that culture has effects on memory
D) that even professors can forget things

C) the notion of a schema

What is was Bartlett's most significant contribution to memory?

A) the mathematics for describing two-item forced choice tests
B) connecting the hippocampus with memory
C) the notion of a schema
D) developing an associative model

A) Categories

Which of these is not a name for the game that inspired Bartlett's memory study?

A) Categories
B) Russian scandal
C) Telephone
D) Chinese whispers

D) All of the above

Bartlett found that when participants were asked to repeat the story "War of the Ghosts", they tended to:

A) Omitted unfamiliar details of the story.
B) Preserved a few trivial details for no apparent reason.
C) Adjusted or added in details to make the story more logical and rational.
D) All of the above

B) Lips

According to Penfield's homunculus, which of the following body parts would be drawn largest in size?

A) Shoulder
B) Lips
C) Toes
D) Hip

C) Consistency bias

The tendency for people to recall information that is consistent with their own views better than inconsistent information is known as:

A) Hindsight bias
B) Egocentric bias
C) Consistency bias
D) Change bias

C) Schema theories underestimate the complexity of memory representations.

Which of the following is a limitation of schema theories?

A) Unable to explain why memories can be distorted.
B) Little evidence to demonstrate we even have schemas.
C) Schema theories underestimate the complexity of memory representations.
D) All of the above

B) Animal

According to the Hierarchical Network Model, which of the following items would be highest in the network?

A) Shark
B) Animal
C) Halibut
D) Fish

A) Street

According to the Spreading Activation Model, which of the following would receive the least amount of activation after hearing the word "RED"?

A) Street
B) Fire truck
C) Cherries
D) Green

B) Theuth

According to Socrates, which Egyptian god was the inventor of writing?

A) Thamus
B) Theuth
C) Phaedrus
D) Xenophon

D) Aristophanes, the director of the Library of Alexandria

Who invented punctuation marks?

A) Pyrrhus, the Greek general
B) St. Augustine, the Christian theologian
C) Socrates, the Greek philosopher
D) Aristophanes, the director of the Library of Alexandria

B) capital letters and lower case letters were intermixed

Which of the following was not a characteristic of scriptio continua?

A) words were not separated by spaces
B) capital letters and lower case letters were intermixed
C) there was no punctuation
D) each letter signified a sound

C) ninth century A.D.

When did silent reading become common?

A) second century B.C.
B) fourth century A.D.
C) ninth century A.D.
D) twelfth century A.D.

C) scrolls

What was the form of written texts in the time of Socrates?

A) clay tablets
B) wax tablets
C) scrolls
D) books

D) Phoenix

What was the title of a fifteenth-century Italian book on memory training?

A) Da Romano
B) Phaedrus
C) Scriptio Continua
D) Phoenix

B) Giulio Camillo

Who tried to build a real wooden building that would be a "Theater of Memory"?

A) King Francis I of France
B) Giulio Camillo
C) Titian
D) Giordano Bruno

A) Professor Alphonse Loisette

Who wrote Physiological Memory: The Instantaneous Art of Never Forgetting?

A) Professor Alphonse Loisette
B) G. S. Fellows
C) Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain)
D) Campo dei Fiori

A) archiving all of one's life in an external memory

What is lifelogging?

A) archiving all of one's life in an external memory
B) writing a detailed history of one's life
C) keeping track of the number of people alive at any instant in history
D) one of the many memory techniques introduced by Mark Twain

C) six weeks

For many years, the four-minute mile was an immovable barrier. How long after Roger Bannister ran a sub-four minute mile did another runner accomplish the same feat?

A) two years
B) one year
C) six weeks
D) three days

B) avoid failure

Which of the following is NOT one of the strategies used by top-achievers to keep out of the autonomous stage while practicing?

A) stay goal-oriented
B) avoid failure
C) get constant and immediate feedback on performance
D) focus on technique

A) object

Which of the following is a part of the PAO, the technique used by most mental athletes?

A) object
B) place
C) odor
D) anthromorphic

C) the feedback they receive is weeks or months later

Why don't mammographers improve with time like surgeons do?

A) surgeons tend to be at the top of their classes in medical school
B) the technology in mammography progresses at such a rate, mammographers are constantly changing their skill set
C) the feedback they receive is weeks or months later
D) each case is so different, they cannot extract a pattern

B) manual stage

Which of the following is NOT a stage of skill acquisition described by Fitts and Posner?

A) cognitive stage
B) manual stage
C) associative stage
D) autonomous stage

A) LMS

According to the Major System, what is the translation of the number 530?

A) LMS
B) MNR
C) FAD
D) RLN

B) Simon Baron-Cohen

Who gave the diagnosis of Asperger's Syndrome to Daniel Tammet?

A) K. Anders Ericsson
B) Simon Baron-Cohen
C) Darold Treffert
D) V. S. Ramachandran

D) the left frontotemporal lobe

Which part of the brain does Snyder use TMS to turn off in order to induce temporary savant-like artistic skills in normal people?

A) the dorsal parietal peritoneum
B) the hippocampus and amygdala
C) the occipital regions
D) the left frontotemporal lobe

C) 20%

According to Foer's coach Ed Cooke, how much off his best performance should he expect to be when he was in a public competition?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
E) none of the above

E) all of the above

When Daniel Tammet described his synesthesia for numbers, how did each number up to 10,000 map onto his senses?

A) shape
B) color
C) texture
D) emotional tone
E) all of the above

C) 87

In spite of this amazing store of knowledge, what was Kim Peek's IQ?

A) 52
B) 66
C) 87
D) 100

A) calendar calculating

Which was the only savant skill that Daniel Tammet was will to perform in front of Foer?

A) calendar calculating
B) mental mathematical calculation
C) using his left and right eyes separately to simultaneously read different pages of a book
D) reciting the prime numbers to 100,000

B) man of learning, expert.

The word "savant" originally meant

A) idiot, person with a mental disability.
B) man of learning, expert.
C) employee, underling.
D) napkin, handkerchief.

A) Three Strikes and You're Out of the Tea Party

The new event introduced at the 2006 U.S. Memory Championship, which actually resembled a test of real world memory skills was __________________.

A) Three Strikes and You're Out of the Tea Party
B) Moonwalking with Einstein
C) Let's Play Las Vegas Card Sharks
D) Fly Me to the Moon and Walk Me Back

D) All of the above

How did Foer prepare for the event involving people giving personal information about themselves?

A) He constructed five new imaginary buildings.
B) He made family and friends make up fictional biographies.
C) He had his girlfriend adopt different characters over dinner.
D) All of the above

C) He cleaned out his memory palaces.

How did Foer spend his last week before the championship?

A) He trained extra hard on his weakest event.
B) He meditated.
C) He cleaned out his memory palaces.
D) He tested himself and replaced weak images with stronger associations.

C) lack of sleep

What did Maurice Stoll say that the enemy of memory is?

A) inattention
B) alcohol consumption
C) lack of sleep
D) weak visualization

D) Speed Cards

In which event did Foer set a U.S. record at the U.S. Memory championship in 2006?

A) Names and Faces
B) Speed Numbers
C) Random Words
D) Speed Cards

D) a silver hand with gold nail polish

What is the trophy for the U.S. Memory Championship?

A) a deck of cards in Lucite
B) a scale model of Buckingham Palace
C) an elephant with a string tied around its leg
D) a silver hand with gold nail polish

C) change

In the twenty-year longitudinal study of wives' feelings about marriage by Kearney and Coombs, when wives reflected back over their first ten years of marriage, what type of bias did they show?

A) consistency
B) egocentric
C) change
D) hindsight

C) telescoping effect

Remembering our own past triggers a variety of processes which may distort memory. Which of the following is not related to egocentric memory biases?

A) deprecating past selves
B) selective recall
C) telescoping effect
D) exaggerating past difficulties

A) consistency and change

Which of the memory biases show how our theories about ourselves can lead us to reconstruct the past to be overly similar or different from the present?

A) consistency and change
B) hindsight
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical

B) hindsight

Which of the memory biases reveal that recollections of past events are filtered by current knowledge?

A) consistency and change
B) hindsight
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical

C) egocentric

Which of the memory biases illustrate the powerful role of the self in orchestrating perceptions and memories of reality?

A) consistency and change
B) hindsight
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical

D) stereotypical

Which of the memory biases demonstrate how generic memories shape interpretation of the world, even when we are unaware of their existence or influence?

A) consistency and change
B) hindsight
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical

A) consistency

When patients who experience chronic pain are experiencing high levels of pain in the present, they are biased to recall similarly high levels of pain in the past. What bias does this illustrate?

A) consistency
B) hindsight
C) egocentric
D) stereotypical

B) change

C) cognitive dissonance

What is the term for the psychological discomfort that results from conflicting thoughts and feelings?

A) hindsight bias
B) buyer's remorse
C) cognitive dissonance
D) adaptive bias

D) hindsight bias

When a Lakers fan thought at the beginning of the playoffs in 2011 that the Lakers would win the playoffs for a three-peat, then after the playoffs said that she had expected them to be eliminated in the second round of the playoffs, she is showing __________________________.

A) change bias
B) consistency bias
C) stereotypical bias
D) hindsight bias

A) egocentric bias

The song "I Remember It Well" illustrates ________________________.

A) egocentric bias
B) change bias
C) hindsight bias
D) consistency bias

D) egocentric bias

When college students attempt to remember high school grades, they are much more accurate in remembering grades of A than grades of D. This reflects __________________ .
A) hindsight bias
B) cognitive dissonance
C) change bias
D) egocentric bias

C) telescoping effect

B) weapon focus

When a bystander to a crime has a weak memory for the face of the criminal but a strong memory for the gun he was holding, it is an example of ________________.

A) facial feature blending
B) weapon focus
C) distinctiveness heuristic
D) cryptomnesia

A) counterfactual thinking

Generating alternative scenarios of what might have been or should have been is _________________________.

A) counterfactual thinking
B) daydreaming
C) magical hallucinations
D) social ascription

C) the amygdala

Damage to what part of the brain disrupts fear conditioning?

A) prefrontal cortex
B) the hippocampus
C) the amygdala
D) cerebellum

B) it can have a rebound effect

What did Wegner show about attempts to suppress unwanted thoughts?

A) it is effective over time in completely forgetting the thoughts
B) it can have a rebound effect
C) it can result in repression, where the thoughts only appear as dreams
D) it can create a habituation to the suppression

C) rumination

What is the term for obsessive recycling of thoughts and memories regarding one's current mood or situation?

A) hyperfocus
B) cognitive dissonance
C) rumination
D) mental magnification

A) counterfactual thinking

Generating alternative scenarios of what might have been or should have been is _________________________.

A) counterfactual thinking
B) daydreaming
C) magical hallucinations
D) social ascription

B) weapon focus

A) a negative self-schema

A chronic perception of oneself as an inadequate or flawed individual is the result of __________________.

A) a negative self-schema
B) egocentric bias
C) post-traumatic stress disorder
D) depressive ruminations

B) vestigiality

Schacter ties the various sins of memory to processes of evolution. Which of the following is NOT one of the types of evolutionary development he uses to describe features of the human mind?

A) adaptations
B) vestigiality
C) exaptations
D) spandrels

A) exaptation

What is the term for features that now enhance fitness, but were not built by natural selection for their current role?

A) exaptation
B) alternation of generations
C) coadaptation
D) molecular mimicry

D) Konrad Lorenz

What scientist imprinted just-hatched goslings onto himself?

A) Jean Van de Velde
B) Marc Hauser
C) Steve Pinker
D) Konrad Lorenz

A) 10%

On average, how much more negative than positive material do depressed patients recall?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) more than 30%

B) free recall

What is the type of memory test in which you are asked to recall stimulus words in any order some time after their presentation?

A) serial recall
B) free recall
C) cued recall
D) yes-no recall

C) mirror-writing

Which of the following is NOT a mood induction technique?

A) Music Mood Induction Procedure
B) hypnosis
C) mirror-writing
D) Velten Mood Induction Procedure

C) mood dependence

D) encoding specificity

The study in which divers either learned words underwater or on land and were tested either underwater or on land was concerned with which memory phenomenon?

A) mood congruence
B) emotional contagion
C) mood induction
D) encoding specificity

D) stereotype

What term is used for a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing?

A) prejudice
B) patterned paradigm
C) cliche
D) stereotype

C) trials pairing woman with career (man with family) and trials pairing man with career (woman with family)

What were the critical trials for the IAT for gender stereotypes? (These are the trials that were compared in your results.)

A) trials in which you selected between male and female for various names
B) trials in which you selected either family or career for various items
C) trials pairing woman with career (man with family) and trials pairing man with career (woman with family)
D) all of the above

B) you would respond more quickly when man was paired with career and woman was paired with family

If you held stereotyped beliefs about men having careers and women being responsible for families, what response times would you have?

A) you would respond more quickly when woman was paired with career and man was paired with family
B) you would respond more quickly when man was paired with career and woman was paired with family
C) you would respond more quickly when you were presented with male names than with female names
D) you would respond more quickly to names than to career terms

A) they showed faster response time when high-fat food words were paired with negative words

What did research using the IAT reveal about associations between high-fat food words and positive/negative words?

A) they showed faster response time when high-fat food words were paired with negative words
B) they showed slower response times when high-fat food words were paired with negative words
C) they showed faster response times when high-fat food words were paired with positive words
D) there was no difference in their response times between pairing high-fat food words with positive or negative words

D) explicit attitude

What is the term for a person's conscious views toward people, objects, or concepts?

A) prejudice
B) stereotype
C) implicit attitude
D) explicit attitude

A) on average, we responded more quickly to the stereotype congruent condition.

Our class data on the Implicit Association Test (Race) showed that

A) on average, we responded more quickly to the stereotype congruent condition.
B) there was a significant difference between students of different ethnicities in the difference in their reaction times for stereotype congruent and stereotype incongruent conditions.
C) there was a significant difference between male and female students in the difference in their reaction times for stereotype congruent and stereotype incongruent conditions.
D) all of the above are true.

D) automated

What type of process is word recognition?

A) controlled
B) subliminal
C) effortful
D) automated

B) the word azul, written in red, and named as "rojo"

When the Stroop test is given to English-Spanish bilinguals, which combination produces the longest response time?

A) the word rojo, written in green, and named as "green"
B) the word azul, written in red, and named as "rojo"
C) the word blue, written in blue, and named as "azul"
D) the word green, written in red, and named as "rojo"

A) color words written in black and colored boxes

In the original Stroop effect study (as described in lecture), what did Stroop use as control conditions?

A) color words written in black and colored boxes
B) color words written in black and color words written in the corresponding color
C) color words written in incongruent colors and colored boxes
D) color words written in incongruent colors and color words written in black

A) reading the word "cat" when posted over the image of a dog will not be slower than reading the word "cat" when posted over the image of a cat

Stroop interference is asymmetrical implies which of the following?

A) reading the word "cat" when posted over the image of a dog will not be slower than reading the word "cat" when posted over the image of a cat
B) identifying a cat when the word above it is "dog" will take a different amount of time than identifying a dog when the word above it is "cat"
C) identifying a cat when the word above it is "dog" will the same amount of time as identifying a cat when the word above it is "cat"
D) reading the word "cat" when posted over a dog will take longer than reading the word "dog" when posted over a cat

C) semantic activation

What is the term for the processing of meaning of a word?

A) interference phenomena
B) automaticity
C) semantic activation
D) syntactic representation

A) distinctiveness

A single visit to a new place is easier to remember than a particular visit to a place we go to often because of ____________________.

A) distinctiveness
B) episodic retrieval
C) distractions
D) decay

C) serial exhaustive

The type of search we use when locating an item in short-term memory is _______________________.

A) parallel
B) serial self-terminating
C) serial exhaustive
D) hierarchical

D) free recall

A task in which a participant is asked to spontaneously retrieve material is a ________________________.

A) Sternberg search
B) serial recall
C) forced choice recognition
D) free recall

D) encoding

What is the term for the process of acquiring and storing information in memory?

A) learning
B) retrieval
C) storage
D) encoding

B) the encoding specificity principle

After studying a list of paired words, in which stick-dog is a pair, stick is a better cue for dog, even though cat is more closely associated with dog. What does this reflect?

A) semantic priming
B) the encoding specificity principle
C) the availability heuristic
D) the information processing approach

A) sofa

You are presented with the word pair "sofa-horse" to remember. During the recall task, which of the following would serve as the best memory cue for the word HORSE?

A) sofa
B) saddle
C) cowboy
D) coarse

B) car

You are presented with the word pair "car-truck" to remember. During the recall task, which of the following would serve as the best memory cue for the word TRUCK?

A) camper
B) car
C) wheels
D) train

C) filler trials

What is the term for trials that are inserted between the trials you are studying to prevent response bias?

A) clinical trials
B) critical trials
C) filler trials
D) screening trials

D) there was no difference in recognition no matter where learning and recognition occurred

What did Godden and Baddeley find in their experiment with scuba divers learning words on land and in the water?

A) words learned on land were always recalled better
B) words learned underwater were always recalled better
C) words learned on land were better recalled underwater
D) there was no difference in recognition no matter where learning and recognition occurred

B) the mood-congruency effect

Words encoded in a happy mood are better remembered in a happy mood, words encoded in a sad mood are better remembered in a sad mood. This is known as __________________.

A) state dependence
B) the mood-congruency effect
C) empathetic memory
D) the framing effect

A) long-term memory

Where is our knowledge of categories stored?

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) iconic memory
D) implicit memory

B) principle of inheritance

In a network, what is the term for applying a feature to all levels below it in a hierarchy?

A) typicality effect
B) principle of inheritance
C) spreading activation
D) semantic distance effect

C) a chair is furniture

According to the typicality effect, which of these sentences will produce the quickest response?

A) a pillow is furniture
B) a wastebasket is furniture
C) a chair is furniture
D) an oven is furniture

D) a rose is a tulip

Which of these statements will have the longest response time?

A) a rose is a dog
B) a rose is a palm
C) a rose is a trout
D) a rose is a tulip

B) 1

What is the semantic distance in "a fish breathes?"

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

D) the type of word to study

In the ZAP on Memory Bias, what was the independent variable?

A) the distracter task
B) the mood that was induced
C) the response time
D) the type of word to study

D) because a researcher would be interested in studying the interaction as well as the main effects

Why were there two dependent variables in the Memory Bias ZAP?

A) because there was a distracter task separating the stimuli from the responses
B) because there were two independent variables
C) because there were actually two tasks
D) because a researcher would be interested in studying the interaction as well as the main effects

A) stereotype congruent and stereotype incongruent

What are the two levels of the independent variable in the Implicit Association Task?

A) stereotype congruent and stereotype incongruent
B) man and woman
C) career and family
D) both b and c
E) none of the above

B) response time

What is the dependent variable in the Implicit Association Task?

A) items matched
B) response time
C) number of errors
D) number of words recalled

C) Response times would fall along a straight line that is drawn so that x=y.

For the IAT (Race) would a plot of the Congruent Response Times (y-axis) against the Incongruent Response Times (x-axis) look like if people in the class had no biases (or their implicit associations were the same for both conditions)?

A) Response times would be below a straight line drawn so that x=y.
B) Response times would be above a straight line drawn so that x=y.
C) Response times would fall along a straight line that is drawn so that x=y.
D) Response times would show no pattern as they vary depending on the individual.

B) Bias

For the Implicit Association Task (Race) study, the results of which explicit measure of attitude conflicted with the results of the IAT?

A) Prejudice
B) Bias
C) Warmth
D) Preference

A) whether the color of the word matched the actual word or not

What is the independent variable in the form of the Stroop experiment that we used in ZAP 17?

A) whether the color of the word matched the actual word or not
B) which color the word was written in
C) which color word was used
D) the number of letters in the actual word displayed
E) none of the above

C) 3

In any experiment with two independent variables, such as ZAP 19 Encoding Specificity, how many scientific hypotheses would an experimenter make about the results?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

B) Gordon Bower

Which of the following contributors to the field of memory has not had a direct affiliation with UCI?

A) Elizabeth Loftus
B) Gordon Bower
C) George Sperling
D) Ross Quillian

A) to force the subjects to actually read the sentences

Why are false trials included in an experiment such as Sentence Verification?

A) to force the subjects to actually read the sentences
B) to make the statistical analysis easier
C) to prevent the subjects from rehearsing the material
D) to generate data about the typicality of examples of a category

images and places

What are 2 components of artificial memory?

she-male

How did Ed cooke suggest to Joshua Foer that he make the word "email" concrete?

What is the point of memory techniques?
a)to exercise our memories so that they are more fit
b) to allow us the hyper focus on material we are trying to learn
c) to transform memories into forms that we easily can remember
d) to create new synaptic connections bw neurons in our cortices

memory

Long ago, which of the following were NOT considered centerpieces of the classical education in the lang arts?

memoria verborum

What is the latin term for word-for-word memory?

adjectives

Metrodorus of Scepsis devised a system to see the unseeable as an aid in memorizing. His shorthand system contributed ways to image all of the following except

chunks

What do actors call the units that they break their lines into?

Theuth

According to Socrates, which Egyptian god was the inventor of writing?

St. Augustine

Who invented punctuation marks?

capital letters and lower case letters were intermixed

Which of the following was not a characteristic of script continua?

ninth century A.D.

When did silent reading become common?

scrolls

What was the form of written texts in the time of socrates?

Phoenix

What was the title of a fifteenth century Italian book on memory training?

Guilio Camillo

Who tried to build a real wooden building that would be a "Theater of Memory?"

Professor Alphonse Loisette

Who wrote Physiological Memory: The Instantaneous Art of Never Forgetting?

archiving all of one's life in an external memory

What is life logging?

deja vu

What is the term for the feeling of already having experienced an event?

memory binding

What is the term used by psychologists for the linking process of gluing together the various components of an experience into an unitary whole?

memory conjunction error

What is the type of misattribution that can result in combining two words, such as spaniel and varnish, into Spanish?

distinctiveness heuristic

What explanation did Schacter give for the improved performance on the DRM paradigm when pictures of each of the words in the list were shown?

inadvertant plagiarism

What is cryptomnesia?

Ten months after the event, what percentage of the participants in a Dutch study falsely remembered watching tapes of a cargo plane crashing into an apartment building?

suggestibility

When Alan Alda falsely remembered some scenes from the picnic after viewing photographs, he experienced the sin of

they claimed they saw a weapon

When participants viewed a security video of a man entering a store, then were asked to identify him from photos, in what ways were those who received confirming feedback NOT different from those who received disconfirming or no feedback?

through hypnosis

How was the critical information that led to the identification of the criminals that perpetrated the Chowchilla school bus kidnapping obtained?

visual imagery

According to Hyman, what is the part of our cognition that is the culprit in suggested memories?

some of them had reported events to their parents

Which of these is NOT true of the Fells Acres children, who made accusations of horrible abuse?

change

In the 20yr longitudinal study of wives' feelings about marriage by Kearney and Coombs, when wives reflected back over their first ten years of marriage, what type of bias did they show?

telescoping effect

Remembering our own past triggers a variety of processes which may distort memory. Which of the following is not related to egocentric memory biases?

consistency and change

Which of the memory biases show how our theories about ourselves can lead us to reconstruct the past to be overly similar or different from the present?

hindsight

Which of the memory biases reveal that recollections of past events are filtered by current knowledge?

egocentric

Which of the memory biases illustrate the powerful role of the self in orchestrating perceptions and memories of reality?

stereotypical

Which of the memory biases demonstrate how generic memories shape interpretation of the world, even when we are unaware of their existence or influence?

consistency

When patients who experience chronic pain are experiencing high levels of pain in the present, they are biased to recall similarly high levels of pain in the past. What bias does this illustrate?

change

cognitive dissonance

What is the term for the psychological discomfort that results from conflicting thoughts and feelings?

hindsight bias

When a Lakers fan though at the beginning of the playoffs in 2011 that the Lakers would win the playoffs for a three-peat then after the playoffs said that she had expected them to be eliminated in the second round of the playoffs, she is showing

consistency bias

The song "I remember it well" illustrates

egocentric bias

When college students attempt to remember high school grades, they are much more accurate in remembering grades of A than grades of D. This reflects

telescoping effect

Remembering our own past triggers a variety of processes which may distort memory. Which of the following is not related to egocentric memory biases?

weapon focus

When a bystander to a crime has a weak memory for the face of the criminal but a strong memory for the gun he was holding, it is an example of

counterfactual thinking

Generating alternative scenarios of what might have been or should have been is

In the video on Ronald Cotton, we saw that Jennifer Thompson's error misattribution was reinforced when she was told that the man she chose in the physical lineup was the same man in the photo lineup. Which of the following was suggested to eliminate this reinforcement?
a) present the photos and individuals simultaneously
b) have an independent person who doesn't know who the suspect is administer the lineups
c) make sure that the eyewitness spends equally long studying the individuals in the physical lineup as they do in the photo lineup
d) all of the above

You are selected to serve on a jury for a case where a man is being convicted of stealing the UCI mascot and throwing it into a pit filled with countless fire ants. Because you have taken psych 46A, you know that before accepting eyewitness testimony truth, we should remember that
a)eyewitness testimony is frequently unreliable and very persuasive to jurors
b) eyewitness testimony alone is the best tool the justice system has for determining an individuals innocence or guilt
c) memory functions like a videotape and we need to assess if the eyewitness can accurately "replay" the scene in their mind before we accept their testimony
d) although memory can be malleable, witnessing traumatic events produces precise memories of the scene

Which of the following factors was not suggested as contributing to Jennifer Thompson mistakenly identifying Ronald Cotton as her attacker?
a) during the photo lineup the pictures were presented sequentially rather than simultaneously
b) the police officers present provided reinforcing feedback when Jennifer picked Ronald out of a lineup

According tot the theory of unconscious transference, Joe is likely to incorrectly identify a person in police lineup as being the culprit of a crime when: a) the person happened to be at the scene of the crime
b) the interviewing police officer provides feedback that they have chosen correctly
c) the person's body lang implicates their guilt
d) the individuals in the lineup are wearing clothing similar to that of the culprit

Eyewitness recognition of culprits in a police lineup has been shown to be aided if:
a) he individuals int he lineup are presented simultaneously
b) the individuals int he lineup are presented sequentially
c) the eyewitness is told that the culprit is in the lineup
d) the eyewitness is told to carefully study each individual before making a decision

When using the cognitive interview technique one should avoid:
a) asking follow up questions
b) sticking to predetermined questions
c) asking the subject to recall the events in reverse chronological order
d) asking then subject to recall unusual aspects of events

The presence of violence during an incident has been shown to
a) enhance memory of both peripheral and central aspects of the event
b) reduce memory of tooth peripheral and central aspects of the event
c) enhance memory peripheral aspects of the event
d) enhance memory of central aspects of the event

Which of these is NOT a difference between laboratory settings and real-life settings in studying eyewitness testimony?
a) inaccurate info in the lab carries little weight of penalty
b) in the lab, the eyewitness is not the victim
c) lab settings provide a single, passive perspective
d) lab settings are more stressful than real-life settings

Given the list of words(bed rest awake tired dream wake snooze) a person is likely to recall the word "sleep" bc of the _______illusion.
a) missing word
b) Deese-Roediger-McDermott
c) Russel-Jenkins
d) cryptomnesia

Some individuals believed theta the Beach Boy's hit song "Surfin' USA" too closely resembled Chuck Berry's song "Sweet Little Sixteen". This may be an example of _________.
a) hindsight bias
b) cryptomnesia
c) aphasia
d) memory conjunction error

According to the video clip, Schacter used a PET scan to show that true memories differed from false memories in that false memories did NOT show any activation in the _________while true memories did.
a) visual cortex
b) hippocampus
c) amygdala
d) auditory cortex

Among adults that recall being sexually abused as children, research suggests that the least trustworthy accounts come from individuals that:
a) continuously remembered the abuse
b) spontaneously remembered the abuse
c) spontaneously remembered the abuse during therapy
d) spontaneously remembered the abuse in a dream

Geraerts et al. (2007) study demonstrated that we should be very careful and suspect of class of childhood sexual abuse when they were:
a) recovered in therapy
b) recovered spontaneously
c) corroborated by other witnesses
d) abused by one of their own parents

The stories of Paul Ingram, Nadean Cool, and Meredith Maran stress which of the following facts about false memories?
a) the damage false memories can have on a person's life
b) the power and danger of guided imagery, hypnosis, and other suggestive techniques
c) the significance of the method in which the person recovers these forgotten memories
d) all of the above

doctored photos

How did Wade, Garry, Read, and Lindsay implant false memories in their participants in their hot air balloon study?

declarative

Six month old Zachary has learned to kick when his leg is attached to a mobile positioned over his head. Psychologists would suggest that this demonstrates the development of _______ memories

implicit

What type of memory can infants display immediately after birth?

older infants can grab the mobile

Why does Rovee-Collier change the task from the movie to the train with older babies?

social incompetence

Which of these does not cause suggestibility of young children as witnesses?

infantile amnesia

Ryan fell down a step and broke his leg when he was 2 years old, but he has no memories of it happening. This is best described as:

Natalie wants to make sure the memory she studying for her experiment is declarative and not implicit. Which of the following tats would you recommend her running to ensure she is measuring declarative memory?
a) if she runs patients with anterograde amnesia in the study and if they successfully do the task, then it is declarative
b) if she tries reducing the retention interval and performance on the task improves, it is evidence it is declarative
c) if she extends the time for studying and performance decreases, the task is probably declarative
d) if she adds more context cues and the performance does not improve, then the task is declarative

Which of the following best explains why younger children commit less false recall errors in the DRM paradigm than older children?
a) younger children are not as good at semantic processing and thus the related words do not produce as much activation of the target (category) word
b) younger children are good at categorizing the words int he list and thus the target word becomes highly active
c) younger kids have more developed declarative memories and thus are able to recall most words on the list causing them to make very few false recall errors
d) older children commit less false recognition errors while younger children commit less false recall errors

In the video on autobiographical memory in infancy, what did they conclude from the study that had kids look into mirrors and later tested if they could remember where a stuffed animal lion was placed?
a) the age range in which a child develops a sense of self varies greatly
b) infants lacked the cognitive ability to store memories of events, such as the lion being placed in the cabinet

egocentric

What bias was shown in the study when people at a college reunion were asked to recall their college grades?

hindsight

What bias was shown in the study of ballplayers predicting where the virtual ball would go after they hit it?

defiant hand

When Joseph Bogen discusses his translation of the French term that he translated as "alien hand" he says he should have translated it as

business card

How did Jill Bolte Taylor find her office phone number after her stroke?

vegetables

If you showed Joe, the split-brain patient, the following pic on the right side of the screen which word would he choose?

right; left

When Joe the split brain patient, sees a figure on the ____side of the screen he cannot name it, but he can draw it with his __________hand.

essence

What does the word gist mean as it was used in referring to memory?

What is a schema?
a) plan or program of action
b) a study of the meaning or sig particularly involving signs
c) a knowledge structure that contains info about a familiar concept or event
d) an abbreviated account of a particular occurrence

smashed

In Loftus' experiment involving a car crash, which question prompted the participants to give the highest estimate of car speed?

created by suggestions by therapist

How does Loftus account for recovery of some memories of childhood sexual abuse?

In zap on false memory, how many groups were responses classified for purposes of displaying data?

by meaning

What is most likely way that our mental lexicon loop is arranged?

activation of related words when a word and its meaning are activated

What is semantic priming?

light

Based on Meyer and Schvaneveldt's work, which of these words would you expect to show the quickest lexical decision time when preceded by the word "dark"?

introduce syntactically related words

What is a way to increase semantic priming of other meanings of word in a lexical decision task?

conceptual model

What is term for psychological experiment that serves as a model for type of studies needed to examine certain phenomena in cognitive psych and that is the basis for a diff expos devised from variants on orig. experiment

miss

in terms of Signal detection theory, saying the suspect is absent when he is present is a

miss

using signal detection theory terminology, if a dr views a x-ray photo and fails to see the tumor, it is a

false alarm

in terms used in signal detection theory, saying an enemy plane is on the radar screen when it isn't is a

correct rejection

you are trying to find date for cousin's wedding. you see attractive potential dates but decide not to flirt bc they look attached. you later find that they are in a relationship. in terms of signal detection theory, this was a

noise

term for irrelevant stimuli is

phonemic restoration effect

name for context effect found in hearing which can be demonstrated by tendency of people to fill in missing phonemic info with a sound that makes a word consistent with the meaning of the rest of phrase