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Anatomy Chapter 11

Terms in this set (94)

3 types of muscle tissue
cardiac, smooth, skeletal
cardiac muscle (location)
heart/aorta
cardiac muscle (function)
circulation of blood
cardiac muscle (action)
involuntary
cardiac muscle (cell)
cardiac muscle fibers
cardiac muscle (characteristics) - fibers
long, cylindrical, striations, 1 nucleus, branching, intercalated discs
smooth muscle (location)
lining of organs, vessels, tubes
smooth muscle (function)
move things along
smooth muscle (action)
involuntary
smooth muscle (cell)
smooth muscle fibers
smooth muscle (characteristics) - fibers
tapered ends, fat bellies, smooth connections, 1 nucleus
skeletal muscle (location)
connected to skeleton
skeletal muscle (function)
movement, shape/form, posture, communication
skeletal muscle (action)
voluntary/involuntary
skeletal muscle (cell)
skeletal muscle fibers
skeletal muscle (characteristics) - fibers
long, cylindrical, striated, multi-nucleated
muscles together make up ?% of total body mass
50-60% total body mass
skeletal muscle makes up ?% of total body mass
40% total body mass
origin
little movement - pull towards
insertion
most movement - pulling from
characteristics of skeletal muscle
contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
contractility
ability to contract
excitability
ability to respond to stimuli
extensibility
stretched to shape
elasticity
return to shape
epimysium
CT sheath around entire muscle
muscle fasiculi
bundles filled w/ muscle fibers in the muscle
perimysium
CT sheath around fasiculi
muscle fibers (cells)
principle all-or-none response
endomysium
CT sheath around muscle fiber
sacrolemma/sacroplasmic reticulum
membrane w/ tubes - used to feed fibers - minerals, H2O, ATP
sacromere unit
contractile unit of muscle fibers
parts of a muscle fiber
protein parts - myofibrils
- actin myofilament
- myosin myofilament
actin myofilament
troponin site & tropomyosin cover - looks like twisted pearls
myosin myofilament
looks like 2 headed bundled golf clubs
this is...
sacromere unit
A
myofibrils
B
actin myofilament
C
myosin myofilament
D
striations
C
myosin myofilament
striations
Z disc - overlap of actin
E
M line
F
I band
G
A band
H
H zone
I
C zone
M line
middle
I band
actin are w/out overlap of myosin
H zone
region of myosin only - no overlap
C zone
region of total overlap
changes that occur in contraction (4)
- Z discs get closer together
- I bands get smaller
- H zone gets smaller
- Z zone gets larger
recruitment
add or delete # of fibers to move/do work - adjustment of fibers
twitch
muscle contracts w/out purpose - due to dehydration, lack of sleep, growth, stress
cramp
contracts but can't relax - due to lack of H2O, lack of ATP
physiological contracture
state of contraction where can't relax or contract
muscle fatigue
creates so much lactic acid that muscle doesn't work well
hiccup
twitching diaphragm
tetanus
start speeding up contractions - contract whole body - lock jaw - rust, metals/earth
pesticides
spastic paralysis - speed up contractions until heart "explodes"
poisons
flaccid paralysis - stop contractions - stop heart & lungs
rigor mortis
state of muscles & contractions at death
energy cycles for contraction
production of ATP
- aerobic respiration
- anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration
slower - produce 36 ATP/cycle
anaerobic respiration
faster - produce 4 ATP/cycle - byproduct = lactic acid
isometric contraction
length of muscle doesn't change, tension changes - posture
isotonic contraction
length changes but little tension change - normal actions
concentric contraction
length & tension change - hard actions - uphill, lifting weights
eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens & tension can change - downhill, bringing weights down
muscle toning
maintaining shape & function of muscle - occurs during rest/sleep
what causes difference in # of muscle fibers
genetics, gender, hormones, activity
how do genetics affect fibers
more of type of fiber over another
how does activity/gender/hormones affect fibers
size of fibers
red fibers
slow twitch fibers - contract slowly, fatigue slowly - filled w/ blood
white fibers
fast twitch - contracts quickly, fatigue quickly
aponeuroses
broad, flat like tendon over an area
synergistic group
group of muscles that work towards an action - quadriceps
synergist
muscle of synergistic group
prime mover
main muscle in a group
antagonistic group
group that works against the synergist - hamstrings
agonist
muscle of antagonistic group
muscle naming
nomenclature - characteristics: # of heads, size, shape, function, location
(sliding filament) 1 - ____ goes down ____ - impulse
action potential - neuron
(sliding filament) 2 - ____ absorbed by ____ at ____
calcium - synaptic knob - neuromuscular junction
(sliding filament) 3 - ____ crosses gap to ____ by ____
neurotransmitter - synapse - sacrolemma
(sliding filament) 4 - ____ absorbed by ____/____/____
sodium - sacrolemma/sacroplasmic reticulum/T tubules
(sliding filament) 5 - ____ release ____ onto ____
T tubules - calcium - muscle fiber
(sliding filament) 6 - ____ causes ____/____ to open
calcium - troponin/tropomyosin sites
(sliding filament) 7 - ___ causes ____ to bind to ____ forming a ____
ATP - myosin heads - actin - cross bridge
(sliding filament) 8 - ___ causes ____ to flex - powerstroke
ATP - myosin heads
(sliding filament) 9 - ____ causes ____ to release
ATP - myosin heads
(sliding filament) 10 - repeat steps over and over until ____
contract
(sliding filament) 11 - ____ reabsorbed by ____ - relaxation
calcium - sacrolemma
A band
area of all myosin, including overlap - never changes
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