Critical Eval. of Research week 5

What are the four basic elements that an experimental design contains?
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What are the four basic elements that an experimental design contains?
- Manipulation
- Measurement
- Comparison
- Control
In nonexperimental and quasi-experimental designs, how are the groups or conditions defined? How does it differ from an experimental design?
-groups or conditions are not
manipulated/created by experimenter
-They are naturally occurring, typically defined by a
specific participant characteristic or in terms of time
(True/False) Nonexperimental and quasi-experimental studies always contain a threat to internal validity
True
There are two types of developmental research designs. (1) design evaluates changes in behavior related to age by examining different groups of individuals with each group representing a different age. (2) design evaluates changes in behavior related to age by examining one group of participants who are roughly the same age, at different times.
(1) cross-sectional
(2) longitudinal
Identify three problems in establishing causation.
-the third variable
-directionality problem
-controlling nature
Researchers indicate that people who suffer from depression also tend to experience insomnia. However, it is unclear whether the depression causes insomnia or the lack of sleep causes depression. What problem is demonstrated by this example? (Select one from the following)
a. the directionality problem
b. the third-variable problem
c. the extraneous variable problem
a. the directionality problem
Explain how extraneous variables can become confounding variables
changes systematically along with the variables that you are studying
Identify the three methods of actively controlling for extraneous variables
-Holding a variable constant
• Matching across treatment conditions
• Control by randomization
Holding a variable constant is a technique for removing one threat to (internal validity/external validity), but it can limit the (internal validity/external validity) of an experiment
internal validity, external validity
The Zimbardo prison study is an extreme example of a stimulation experiment. Researchers often use simulation experiments in an attempt to increase the (internal/external) validity of the results
external validity
Field studies tend to have (higher/lower) internal validity and (higher/lower) external validity than experimental research studies.lower, higherNonexperimental and correlational designs tend to have less control than the experimental design. How does this affect the internal and external validity of nonexperimental and correlation studies? (This question is related to topics from week 4 (e.g., a balancing act between internal and external validity). Hint: Look at the figure below.)non experimental and correlational studies tend to have lower internal validity and higher external validity