Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Biology study exam 2

Terms in this set (109)

The scientific process from beginning to end can be outlined as:
observe, hypothesize, test, analyze, and conclude.
Observations used as scientific evidence should NOT include?
anecdotal evidence
Based on previous published data and some preliminary experiments done in my lab, I hypothesize that a drug called "shrinkase" will inhibit the growth of a particular type of cancerous tumor. What is my next step in the scientific process?
determine what my control and experimental groups will be
You have the following known facts: Smoking causes accumulation of materials in the lungs, thereby decreasing oxygen-absorbing capability of the lungs. Long-term smoking causes more accumulation of materials in the lungs. Decreased lung capacity increases the workload of the heart. Which of the following hypotheses can you make from these observations?
Long-term smokers have poorer heart health than non-smokers.
In a scientific study evaluating the beneficial effects of caffeine on the elderly, who would be the best subjects to test?
elderly men and women
Studies involving the benefits or risks of drinking coffee may be obscured by ?
All of the listed or above answers are correct.
Studies involving coffee drinking have shown ?
All of the answers listed are correct
Scientific studies involving a subjectively assessed benefit (i.e., caffeine and enhanced memory recall) can be complicated by ?
All of the listed answers are correct.
A positive correlation on a memory test and drinking coffee would show ?
increasing coffee consumption correlates with increasing memory test score.
Based on Infographic 1.7, which statement is TRUE?
Japanese male coffee drinkers have a lower incidence of Parkinson's disease than Japanese males who do not drink coffee.
Correlation is ?
when two variables are related to one another in a predictable manner.
Why do some media reports about scientific discoveries end up being exaggerations?
All of the answers listed are correct.
The periodic table is a chart describing?
the known elements ordered by their atomic number.
The six most abundant elements in the human body, listed from most common to least common (highest percentage to lowest percentage), are?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus
Match up macromolecules with their structural units.
A. Carbohydrates a. Nucleotides
B. Proteins b. Hydrophobic molecules
C. Lipids c. Amino acids
D. Nucleic Acids d. Monosaccharides
A. d; B. c; C. b; D. a
Match up each category of macromolecule with the correct example.
A. Carbohydrates a. Cholesterol or fat
B. Proteins b. DNA or RNA
C. Lipids c. Hemoglobin or enzyme
D. Nucleic Acids d. Glycogen or starch
A. d; B. c; C. a; D. b
Match up each macromolecule with the correct example of its function.
A. Carbohydrates a. Genetic material
B. Proteins b. Speed up chemical reactions
C. Lipids c. Insulation
D. Nucleic Acids d. Energy storage
A. d; B. b; C. c; D. a
Which of the following is NOT a functional trait of a living organism?
moving from place to place
If life exists on Mars, what form is it likely to be?
microscopic
The NASA rover Curiosity is looking for signs of life on Mars by analyzing soil for what substance?
organic molecules
Scientists have strong evidence that water on Mars?
was present in liquid form in the past.
pH is a measure of the?
concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Pure water has a pH of ?
7
Match up each organelle with its function.
A. Golgi apparatus a. Houses genetic material
B. Nucleus b. Package and process proteins
C. Mitochondria c. Site of photosynthesis
D. Chloroplast d. Site of protein synthesis
E. Ribosomes e. "Power plants" of the cell
A. b; B. a; C. e; D. c; E. d
The part of a cell that functions most like a human stomach is the ?
lysosome.
Peptidoglycan cell walls are found in ?
bacterial cells
Which of the following is not one of the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ?
All are correct
All of the following are true of the cell membrane EXCEPT ?
it is stiff and rigid.
All of the following describe transport proteins EXCEPT ?
they help small hydrophobic molecules to pass across the cell membrane.
Penicillin weakens bacterial ________?
cell walls.
Penicillin works by ?
interfering with the formation of peptidoglycan.
All of the following are true of penicillin EXCEPT ?
it is produced by bacteria.
Streptomycin kills bacteria by ?
interfering with formation of proteins.
MRSA can be contracted by
All of the answers are correct
MRSA is caused by
a drug-resistant form of aureus.
Antibiotics should only be prescribed for
bacterial infections.
ß-lactam antibiotics act by interfering with
bacterial cell wall synthesis.
MRSA is resistant to
All of the answers are correct
If the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus fails to form properly, water will
rush into the cell, causing it to explode.
The severity of a bacterial infection is related to
All of the answers are correct
Over prescription of antibiotics and their improper use is a cause of
a rise in drug-resistant bacterial populations.
A population is described as
all the members of the same species living in the same area.
An organism's ability to survive and reproduce is called the organism's
fitness.
All of the following are true of evolution, EXCEPT
individuals adapt their genes to improve survival.
All of the following will decrease the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, EXCEPT
taking the recommended dose of antibiotics for a cold.
Why are antibiotics given to livestock?
to promote the growth of animals
Strains of pneumonia-causing ______ are becoming resistant to every available antibiotic.
Klebsiella
Which of the following characteristics describe viruses?
A, B, and C - An infectious particle.
Contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA.
Have a capsid made of protein.
Which of the following represents the correct order for a viral life cycle?
attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release
The severity of any viral infection is often dictated by which of the following?
the immune response to the infection
Which of the following make viruses so infectious?
A and B - The ability to become aerosolized and spread in the air.
The fact that it only takes a couple of viral particles to start an infection.
______ immunity is present from birth and always active.
Innate
_______ immunity provides general defense against a variety of pathogens, while _______ immunity provides defense against specific pathogens.
Innate; adaptive
The inflammatory response is triggered when _________.
damaged cells release molecules that increase blood flow
The first time we are exposed to a pathogen, we often become ill because _________.
our primary immune response takes 7 to 10 days to develop
The second time we are exposed to a pathogen, we often do not become ill because ________.
A, B, and C - The secondary immune response develops very rapidly.
The secondary immune response includes the production of a much stronger antibody response than does the primary immune response.
During the secondary immune response, antibody concentrations remain high for a long period.
Which of the following explains why older individuals were not as affected by the 1918 flu virus as younger healthy individuals were?
The older generation had been exposed to similar flu viruses before and were able to mount a secondary immune response.
All of the following statements about energy sources are true EXCEPT ?
the United States exports oil to the rest of the world.
Which of these products can be produced from algae grown in a bioreactor?
All are correct
Which of the following is not an advantage of making biofuel from algae compared to making biofuel from corn.
None are incorrect
Which of the following is not a product produced by algae and how they are used.
cellulose for human foods
Algae are being grown for biofuels in places like Hawaii and California because
there is almost constant daytime sunlight.
Algae make oil in order to
All are correct
Autotrophs are useful because
All are correct
The radiant energy of the Sun is used by autotrophs to produce
All are correct
__________ have chloroplasts and produce __________ as a waste product, whereas __________ ingest their food and have _________ as a waste product.
Autotrophs; oxygen; heterotrophs; carbon dioxide
What happens to the chemical energy produced by photosynthesis?
All are correct
The principle that energy is neither created nor destroyed, but can change form, is referred to as the principle of
conservation of energy.
_____ is the ability to do work.
Energy
The energy in our food is contained within the
chemical bonds of biological molecules.
Generally energy lost when transferring from one form to another is lost as
heat.
Which of the following equations describes photosynthesis? ® = an arrow in the right direction below in the answers.
sunlight + H2O + CO2 ® O2 + glucose
Humans evolved an adaptation to store fat in response to
famine
Which macromolecules have the greatest caloric value per gram?
fats
One Calorie equals
All of the answers are correct.
A person's daily energy needs depend on their ?
All of the answers are correct
You go outside and take a walk down the street and back. Which of the following are you most likely to be using for energy?
glycogen
Glycogen is considered ______ energy storage and fat is ______ energy storage.
short-term; long-term
The stored energy in food is converted by cells into this useable energy-containing molecule.
ATP
All of the following are bad for your health EXCEPT
unsaturated fat.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen + glucose = carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy, heat)
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are digested and then absorbed into the bloodstream from the ___________. These nutrients are delivered to the cells, where they are broken down further and their energy is used to make ____________.
small intestine; ATP
Which of the following puts the stages of aerobic respiration in the correct order? note: ® = arrow
glycolysis®citric acid cycle®electron-transport chain
Fermentation occurs in cells in the absence of
oxygen
Fermentation produces only 2 ATP per glucose, compared to about 36 in aerobic respiration. What happened to the rest of the usable energy from the glucose molecule?
Much of it remains in lactate or alcohol.
Cyanide is a poison that works by preventing oxygen from receiving electrons. Therefore, cyanide directly affects which stage of cellular respiration?
electron-transport chain
Which type of crime scene evidence is most reliable?
STR/DNA analysis
Since 1992, the Innocence Project has overturned the convictions and freed more than
300 people.
What is the significance of CODIS?
All are correct
What is now commonly used by forensic scientists as evidence in criminal cases to free people wrongly convicted of crimes?
DNA profile
How is DNA analyzed for the purposes of forensic evidence?
Regions of DNA called STR from the suspect are amplified and compared to crime scene DNA
Why can DNA extraction be a very painstaking process for forensic scientists?
All the answers are correct
DNA analysis is used in
All the answers are correct
Some problems with use of DNA analysis for forensic evidence may occur because of
All the answers are correct
What is a DNA profile?
A unique banding pattern seen on gel electrophoresis corresponding to the non-coding regions of an individual's DNA
What is the correct sequence in creating a DNA profile?
Collect sample->extract DNA->PCR to amplify STRs->gel electrophoresis->analyze gel
What are short tandem repeats (STRs)?
Blocks of repeated DNA sequences (AGCT) that vary in length from person to person
Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F).
___ DNA is copied through conservative replication.
___ DNA replication requires DNA polymerase.
___ DNA replication uses complementary base pairing.
___ DNA replication is required for cell reproduction.
___ DNA replication makes four new strands of identical DNA.
FTTTF
Which of the following shows the steps of PCR amplification in the correct order?
extract DNA, add nucleotides and polymerase, cycles of heating and cooling
What is DNA polymerase?
an enzyme involved in DNA replication that binds to DNA and facilitates the formation of a new strand of DNA
Write true (T) or false (F) for each statement.

1. All organisms make proteins by a similar process.
2. The genetic code is universal for all organisms.
3. Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells.
4. Translation occurs in the nucleus of all cells.
5. All organisms use complementary base pairing.
TTFFT
Match the following items with the correct descriptions. (Each term may be used more than once.)
A. DNA B. All types of RNA C. tRNA D. mRNA

____ is a double helix
____ is a template for RNA
____ contains uracil
____ contains Thymine
____ is the "recipe" for proteins
____ passes on genetic information to next generation
____ contains anticodons
____ never exits the nucleus
____ can carry amino acids
____ contain genes found on its chromosomes
____ contains codons
____ can exit the nucleus
AABADACACADB
The regulatory sequence of a gene is the portion of DNA that
All the answers are correct
The coding sequence of a gene is the portion of the DNA that
specifies the shape and function of a protein
Translation is a process that occurs in the ____ and uses ___ to produce ____.
cytoplasm; mRNA; proteins
Put the following steps of transcription in order. (Not every step will be used.)
1. DNA unwinds
2. DNA leaves the nucleus
3. RNA polymerase binds to regulatory sequence
4. mRNA leaves the nucleus
5. DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the RNA
6. DNA primer added
7. RNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the RNA
3, 1, 7, 4
To produce a human gene in goat milk you would fuse
regulatory elements from a protein produced in goat milk to the coding region of the human gene.
Put these steps for the production of Antithrombin using the goat casein gene as the insertion site for the human Antithrombin gene in the right order.
1.Find the casein protein manufactured only by mammary glands and secreted in milk.
2.Attach the human antithrombin gene to the regulatory region of the casein gene
3.Using casein ensures that the antithrombin protein would be produced in large amounts in the goats' milk.
4.Producing milk simplifies the extraction of the protein.
5.Preventing the human protein from being expressed anywhere else in the goat, where it might disrupt normal cellular functions
1,5,4,3,2
The term "pharming" refers to the ability to
produce medications from GMOs
Verified questions
BIOLOGY
Analyze the impact a nonnative species might have on a native species in terms of population dynamics.
Verified answer
BIOLOGY
Circle the correct answer. Which process gives a runner more energy? (a).cellular respiration (b).lactic acid fermentation
Verified answer
BIOLOGY
Describe three problems that could occur if all the fungi on Earth disappeared?
Verified answer
BIOLOGY
Describe some vastly different characteristics among organisms in the Kingdom Protista. What common characteristics link them as protists?
Verified answer