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general sociology // chapter 9

Terms in this set (51)

​__________ is the term for a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.
race
A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) __________.​
prejudiced nondiscriminator
In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination.
direct institutionalized
__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.​
symbolic interactionalists
__________ is the term for a killing carried out by a group of vigilantes seeking revenge for an actual or imagined crime by the victim.​
lynching
Switzerland has been described as a model of __________; more than six million people with French, German, and Italian cultural heritages peacefully coexist there.
accommodation
__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.​
assimilation
Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.​
stereotypes
Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________.​
de jure segregation
A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.​
isolate
Within sports, team mascots that depict Native Americans in beads and paint, wearing headdresses, and doing the "tomahawk" chop are examples of __________.​
stereotyping
A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination.​
institutional
Sociologists use the term __________ for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.​
subordinate group
Two players on a professional sports team are best friends; it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, these players are __________.​
unprejudiced nondiscriminators
​The explanation for racism and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________.
social learning theory
Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. Using the categories created by Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.​
indirect institutionalized
The __________ states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.​
contact hypothesis
__________ refers to the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion.​
segregation
When discriminatory behavior is routinely carried out by a number of dominant-group members and is supported by the norms of the immediate organization or community, these actions are termed __________.​
direct institutionalized discrimination
Which of these racial/ethnic groups has been the most privileged group in the United States?​
white anglo-saxon protestants
__________ refers to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).
...
​The term __________ refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
genocide
__________ analyze power and economic differentials between the dominant groups and subordinate groups in society.​
conflict theorists
​The term __________ is used for people and groups that are blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control.
scapegoat
__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.​
racism
Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another. This pattern is also referred to as __________.​
accommodation
According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.​
unprejudiced nondiscriminatorss
A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination.​
institutional
in terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, which of the following is the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the united states?
native americans
__________ typically starts in large, impersonal settings such as schools and workplaces, and only later (if at all) results in close friendships and intermarriage.​
structural assimilation (integration)
Switzerland has been described as a model of __________; more than six million people with French, German, and Italian cultural heritages peacefully coexist there.
accomodation
The __________ states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.​
contact hypothesis
Which of these racial/ethnic groups has been the most privileged group in the United States?​
white anglo-saxon protestants
According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits.​
prejudiced discriminators
a restaurants owners in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward african ameficans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offen customers. according to robert merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) __________.
unprejudiced discriminator
__________ is the term for policies or procedures designed to promote equal opportunity for categories of people who have previously been excluded from equality in education,​ employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity.
affirmative action
based on sociologist robert merton's typology of prejudice and discrmination, _________ may have not personal prejudice but still engage in discrimnatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests
unprejudiced discriminators
________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic group become absorbed into the dominant culture
assimilation
a landlord refuses to rent someone of a different race. this is an example of __________ discrimation
individual
__________ refers to the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color.​
gendered racism
​Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when__________________________.
d. ​the school system has a program for gifted and talented students in which all of the students are from high-income families
According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits.​
prejudiced nondiscriminators
​The explanation for racism and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________.
social learning theory
The terms Latino and Latina are used interchangeably with the label______________.​
hispanic
Which of these explanations for racism is most likely to include the concept of a scapegoat?
frustration aggression hypothesis
Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.​
sterotypes
A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination.​
institutional
The sociological term for a group of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural characteristics or national origin, is __________.​
ethnic group
Within sports, team mascots that depict Native Americans in beads and paint, wearing headdresses, and doing the "tomahawk" chop are examples of __________.​
stereotyping
​The identifiers Jewish Americans, Irish Americans, and Italian Americans refer to a person's __________.
ethnic group
A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.​
isolate
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