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bsc lab 2010 final practical exam

Terms in this set (346)

experimental design pre lab quiz
**
prediction
can take the form of an if...then statement. If (the hypothesis is true),... then (we expect this to happen)
variables
part of the experiment that can change (vary) - 'experimental groups' or 'treatments'
control
under same conditions as the treatments, except it lacks the manipulation
length or distance
meter
mass
gram
volume
liter
temperature
celsius
study the metric system and how to get to one unit to the next
ex. 5mm= 0.000005 km (decimal moved 5 to the left)
equation for volume
length x width x height (depth)
what does 1cm^3 equal?
1 ml; therefore, 416.33 cm^3= 416.33 ml
equation for celsius to fahernheit
C= (F-32)/1.8
equation for fahrenheit to celsius
F=C x 1.8 + 32
boiling point of water
100 degrees celsius
freezing point of water
0 degrees celsius
experimental design labster
**
what is the most pressing scientific question to address, in order to tackle this public health problem?
is the kidney toxicity caused by Ex-P?
now we have defined our question we need to state a hypothesis. What is a hypothesis?
testable explanation
there are four cell lines readily available in our lab. Which cell line would you use for the experiment?
kidney epithelial cells
the number of dead cell is one of the variables in our experiment. What type of variable is it?
dependent variable
what would be the independent variable?
compound concentration
what type of variable is the exposure time in this experiment?
controlled variable
what can you see?
all cells look the same
why are the cells stained in pink?
the pink dye penetrates dead cells
what is the approximate percentage of dead cells?
40%
what can we conclude about the effect of Ex-P?
no conclusion can be made
why do we need to have experimental controls?
ensure that changes in the dependent variable depend on the independent variable
what result are you expecting to see in the negative control?
the cells are not stained
what do you expect will happen to the cells exposed to compound X?
cells die
what would be your conclusion if most of the cells in the negative control were red?
our experimental setup is flawed
explore the cells in the microscope and interpret the results. What is your conclusion?
the negative control confirms the validity of the experiment
explore the cells in the microscope and interpret the results. What is your conclusion?
our experimental setup can detect analgesic nephropathy
what is the approximate percentage of dead cells?
30%
what can you conclude from your initial findings?
it looks like Ex-P causes kidney injuries
what needs to be done to prove that Ex-P is responsible for the epidemic?
reproduce results with replicates
once you have performed the replicates, what are you going to do?
analyze data and draw conclusions
microscopy pre lab quiz
**
what is this part of the microscope?
illuminator
what is this part of the microscope?
fine adjustment knob
if you have an objective lens of 200 what is the total magnification?
2000
how many objective lenses are on the light microscope?
4
what are the two focusing knobs on the side of the light microscope called?
coarse and fine adjustment
what do we call the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points
resolution
what is this part of the microscope?
ocular lenses
scanning objective lens (relative magnification power)
4x
low power objective lens
10x
high power objective lens
40x
oil immersion objective lens
100x
what are the two types of electron microscopes?
scanning and transmission
the microscopes in IRSC labs use visible light with magnifying lenses
light microscopes
the platform that the slide sits on is called the mechanical...
stage
what is this part of the microscope?
objective lenses
electron microscopes use negatively charged ________ to produce an image
electrons
microscopy labster
**
why do we have to start with the lowest magnification to examine a new slide?
it is easier to focus on the specimen
which of the following chemicals was not used to stain this tissue?
eosin to stain eosinophilic structures in various shades of red, pink, and orange.
what are the macroscopic structures, which point into the lumen (white), called?
villi
what is the aniline blue-stained structure in the sample? It is a stringy mass beneath the intestinal epithelium that extends into the villi.
extra cellular tissue
what is the connective tissue and extracellular matrix composed of?
all of these
what does the light red layer between the white lumen and blue lamina propria contrast of?
epithelial cells
what type of epithelium is present in the small intestine?
simple columnar epithelium
what are the oval shaped structures that can be found all over the slide?
nuclei
is there an increased number of lymphocytes in the epithelium?
no there are fewer than 10 lymphocytes per 100 epithelial cells
why is it not possible to achieve a higher resolution in the light microscope?
the wavelength of the visible light is too long
how could we build a microscope with a higher resolution?
all of these answers are good ideas for a high resolution microscope
which of the statements below is correct?
the basal side is facing the towards the left side of the screen
what are the three different cells called?
absorptive enterocytes, brush cells, and goblet cells
can you tell what shape the mitochondria have?
oval but swirl
which statement is true?
the surface of the small intestine is enlarged on many levels. Here we can see the villi
what is the function of the epithelium?
all answers are correct
what structure seals the space between two cells and makes it impermeable?
tight junctions
what are the names of the different junctions on the image?
a) tight junction
b) desmosome
c) adherens junction
which statement is true?
the filter cubes of microscopic consist of an excitation filter, dichroic mirror and emission filter
which of the following statements is not true for DAPI staining?
the light source only emits UV light
why is the microscopy slide shining a blue light?
the green fluorescent dye attached phalloidin is excited by blue light
what can you conclude from the distribution of the red fluorescence?
the virus seems to accumulate in certain areas
have a look at the image and figure out where the retro viruses accumulate
they accumulate around lymphocytes
which words fit into the gaps?
resolution, contrast
cell structure pre lab quiz
**
three parts of the cell theory
1. cells are the basic unit of life
2. all living things are made of cells
3. cells come from pre-existing cells
characteristics of prokaryotes
lack nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles; domains: bacteria (cyanobacteria), archaea (extremophiles); no cytoskeleton
characteristics of eukaryotes
have a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles; domain: eukarya (animals, plants, fungi, protists); contain a cytoskeleton
what characteristics do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share?
both contain plasma membrane, chromosomes, ribosomes, and cytoplasm
what structures do animal cells have that plant cells do not?
lysosomes and centrosomes
what structures do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
cell wall, chloroplasts, plastids, central vacuole
know what plant and animal cells look like in diagrams and under a microscope
**
cell structure labster
**
finding cells when examining various types of tissues under the microscope helped scientists agree on the first principle of cell theory. which of the following is the first principle of cell theory?
all organisms are made up of cells. the first principle of cell theory states that all organisms are composed of cells
you can observe the first principle recorded for you on the floating screen. the two scientists credited for developing cell theory extrapolated this first concept to all of life. what was the second principle of cell theory that they postulated?
cells are the structural and organizational unit of life
all of the organisms, except the algae are multicellular eukaryotes. This means that they are composed of more than one cell and have one important organelle in common. Some tissue samples, such as the fox epithelia, have this large internal organelle stained and very clearly visible. Which organelle is this?
nucleus
cell wall or plasma membrane
cell wall: algae(bacteria), mushroom, beech tree leaf, mint root tip
plasma membrane: rabbit muscle tissue(muscle), deer antler(bone), fox epithelia, owl nervous tissue
it seems that the storm has made the organisms with cell membranes disappear, while the organisms with cell walls remain. Why might this be?
cell walls protect organisms from harsh environmental conditions
cell wall that isn't a plant ...
mushroom
unknown sample from bear's mouth
plasma membrane
which of these shapes best represents the general shape of an osteocyte(bone cell)?
star shape
place these important organelles in the cell ...
golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, mitochondrion, lysosome, and 80S ribosome
now that you have a functional cell, add the appropriate cellular structures to make it an osteocyte ...
extracellular matrix and cellular processes
what is the main purpose of the extracellular matrix surrounding osteocytes?
bone strength
which of these shapes best represents the general shape of a neuron?
star shape
rather than placing all the internal organelles again, choose which of the following combinations include only organelles present in ALL animal cells
nucleus, golgi apparatus and lysosome
now, add the appropriate cellular structures to complete the neuron ...
cellular processes and axon
which of these shapes best represents the general shape of a myocyte?
rectangular shape
muscles contain long fibers, making the general myocyte cell shape elongated. Which of the following internal organelles is unique to myocytes?
sarcomeres
add the appropriate cellular structures to complete the myocyte ...
sarcomere
which of these shapes represents the epithelial cells seen in the tissue ...
rectangular shape
add the appropriate cellular structures to complete the epithelial cell ...
tight junction and extracellular mix
which type of cell junction are tight junctions?
occluding junctions
protein denaturation pre lab quiz
**
which of these is not something that can cause protein denaturation?
low pressure
enzymes are able to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the...
activation energy
what is the scientific term for "speeding up chemical reactions"?
catalysis
name one of the ways that R groups interact with each other to form the tertiary structure of proteins
ionic bonding (also hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and disulfide linkages)
what is it called when a protein loses its 3D shape and thus its function?
denaturation
what is the term for "all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell?"
metabolism
which of these best describes the pH of an alkaline solution?
pH 11
name one of the 4 things listed in your powerpoint that can alter enzyme efficiency
pH (also specificity, concentration, and temperature)
the arrangement of two, or more, 3D tertiary structures into one larger structure is called
quarternary
what is the pH of a neutral solution?
7
protein denaturation labster
**
where is the secondary structure known as alpha helix within the tertiary structure?
its depicted in yellow
what do you expect would happen to the distilled water?
nothing, as it doesn't contain protein
how do acids denature protein?
they modify the pH, disrupting the salt bridges
what levels of protein structure are affected when adding strong bases to them?
secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels
what kind of protein interactions are disrupted by the addition of an alcohol?
hydrogen bond
how can a highly concentrated salt denature a protein?
due to the interactions of cations and anions with the salt bridges
what kind of protein interactions are disrupted by the addition of metals?
disulfide bonds
why do salts need to be at a high concentration to affect the protein structure?
to have enough ions to interact with the salt bridges in the proteins
what is protein coagulation?
the formation of new interactions among denatured proteins
what happens when proteins in egg white are denatured?
they lose their 3D functional structure
what happens when you fry an egg?
denatured proteins form new interactions
what is gelatin?
a food ingredient produced by a denaturation process
which of these is NOT a food that contain gelatin?
cookies
imagine that we vortex tubes after adding citric acid to some egg whites. What would happen?
more lumps would have formed in less time
what would happen if you whisk some egg whites in a copper bowl instead of a crystal or plastic bowl?
the copper ions will stabilize already denatured proteins from egg whites
which one of these compounds should NOT cause its denaturation if we add them to a glass of milk
diluted saline solution
taking into account what you have learned so far, what would happen if you took some egg whites in a copper bowl instead of a crystal or plastic one?
the copper ions will stabilize already denatured proteins from egg whites
cellular respiration pre lab quiz
**
fill in the missing part of the chemical equation for aerobic respiration: __________ +6O2->6CO2+6H2O+32ATP
C6H12O6
a reaction that releases energy from a chemical bond is
exergonic
put the four steps of respiration in order
1) glycolysis 2) pyruvate oxidation 3) citric acid cycle 4)oxidative phosphorylation via electron transport chain
besides carbon dioxide and ATP, fermentation in yeasts produces
ethanol
according to your powerpoint, how many ATP does fermentation produce?
2
what is the term used to describe respiration without oxygen?
anaerobic respiration
can ATP be stored within the cell
no
in molecules, energy is stored in the
chemical bonds
what is the missing part of the fermentation reaction: C6H12O6->2CO2+_________+2ATP
2C2H5OH
the molecules of energy that are created from respiration are called
ATP
in the redox reaction, molecule A is losing an electron and is thus being _______, while molecule B is gaining an electron and being _______
oxidized; reduced
anaerobic fermentation in mammalian muscle cells produces
lactic acid
cellular respiration labster
**
what is the main source of energy for cellular respiration?
carbohydrates
glucose consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. what happens to these atoms during glycolysis?
the atoms are converted into other molecules in a series of chemical reactions
what action would you recommend to the point guard?
drink a glucose sports drink
look at the levels of lactic acid on the screen. why are they increasing?
the players are exercising so hard that anaerobic respiration produces a lot of lactic acid
what is the relationship between the mitochondria, the krebs cycle, and aerobic respiration?
the krebs cycle is a part of aerobic respiration and takes place in the mitochondria
now that you are doing experiments, which parameters could you use to measure the effect of exercise on cellular respiration in mice?
all options
make a hypothesis: what will happen to oxygen consumption levels when the mouse starts running in the wheel?
oxygen consumption will increase
which experiment would you perform to test what happens under extreme exercise conditions
make the mouse run at high speed with low oxygen availability
altitude training increases the amount of oxygen in the blood. with everything you have learned about cellular respiration, can you explain why this helps athletes' performance?
with the extra oxygen, aerobic respiration can go on for longer
metabolism can be divided into catabolic and anabolic reactions. how are these connected?
catabolic reactions generate energy that anabolic reactions use
cell membrane and transport pre lab quiz
**
in osmosis, water moves across a membrane towards the solution with
higher solute concentration
the net diffusion of water across a membrane toward a higher solute concentration is called
osmosis
which of these does not affect diffusion rate?
ATP concentration
what is the term that means "higher solute concentration"?
hypertonic
when molecules are too big or polar, they must diffuse through transport proteins in a process called
facilitated diffusion
which type of carrier protein moves two different molecules in opposite directions?
antiporters
active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient (true or false)
true
the double layer of lipids that makes up the majority of the cell membrane is called the
phospholipid bilayer
what is diffusion?
movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved
what is the term for transport across a cell membrane that requires energy?
active transport
cell membrane and transport labster
**
the cell membrane forms a compartment, or cell, that is separate from the extracellular environment. What is the other main function of the cell membrane?
controlling the transport of substances in and out of the cell
due to the composition of the cell membrane, some molecules can cross the membrane more easily than others. This is called relative permeability. Which type of molecule is least able to cross the membrane without transporters?
ions
which types of molecules are transported by aquaporins?
water
these channel and carrier proteins mainly transport molecules passively. Active transport, on the other hand, needs energy. Why does active transport require energy?
it transports molecules against an electrochemical gradient
which of these options is not a mechanism to control the opening and closing of Ion channels?
ATP binding (ATP gated)
how does coupled transport allow a molecule to be transported against the electrochemical gradient?
a co-transported molecule travels down an electrochemical gradient in either direction
why do we need to label a membrane?
to visualize the cell membrane using the fluorescent microscope
are the molecules able to cross the membrane?
yes, because there is green fluorescence in the cells
certain scorpions produce a toxin that inhibits Na+ channel closing. Now that you have identified the role of Na+ channels in nerve cells, you can predict the effect of the scorpion toxin on neural function?
hyper-excitability: More Na+ flows into the cell, causing neurons to fire more readily.
clearly the health of the cells has improved! Compared to the situation when you entered the lab, how has adding the transporter proteins contributed to healthier cells?
the cell membrane is now a selective barrier
cell division pre lab quiz
**
what stage of mitosis is this?
metaphase
what stage of mitosis is this?
metaphase
what stage of mitosis is this?
anaphase
chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate (midline of the cell) during which phase of mitosis?
metaphase
what stage of meiosis is this?
prophase I
sometimes during meiosis an error occurs where homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis I and meiosis II. What is the name of this meiosis error which results in daughter cells having too many or too many chromosomes
nondisjunction
what stage of mitosis comes after anaphase?
telophase
if you are describing the specific combination of alleles that a person has, are you describing their phenotype or genotype?
genotype
the cells produced from meiosis are genetically identical to each other (true or false)
false
if a cell with 24 chromosomes inside of it goes through both cycles of meiosis, how many chromosomes will the 4 resulting cells have?
12
what stage of meiosis is this?
metaphase II
sister chromatids separate from each other during which stage of mitosis?
anaphase
are the cells that come out of meiosis diploid or are they haploid?
haploid
crossing over happens during which phase of meiosis?
prophase I
which stage of meiosis is this?
telophase II
what is the name of the indentation that forms along the midline of an animal cell during cytokinesis?
cleavage furrow
what process produces cells that are clones of each other: mitosis or meiosis?
mitosis
cell division labster
**
cell division is essential for any living organism. For which of these processes is it NOT absolutely necessary?
preservation
based on your examination, what is your conclusion?
paclitaxel inhibits cell division
there are three checkpoints in the cell cycle, what is their roll?
ensure that each phase is complete before the next phase
DNA wound around histones forms a structure that looks like beaded string. What is this structure called?
chromatin
the cell contains two sets of chromosomes (2n). What is the correct name for such cells?
diploid
what is stained in red?
chromatin
remember the slides you examined using the fluorescent microscope? These cells were undergoing mitosis. How would you paclitaxel affect cells undergo meiosis instead?
meiosis is also inhibited because it also relies on microtubules
what would happen if humans produced reproductive cells through mitosis instead of meiosis?
the number of chromosomes would double every generation
unicellular organisms such as bacteria depend on asexual reproduction. Why is sexual reproduction so common in higher multicellular organisms such as humans?
sexual reproduction and meiosis ensure genetic diversity in the population
mendelian inheritance pre lab quiz
**
how many squares are inside of a dihybrid cross Punnett Square?
16
what are haploid sex cells, like sperm and eggs, called?
gametes
what is it called when two homologous chromosomes code for different alleles (for example: one chromosome codes for purple flowers but the others code for white flowers?)
heterozygous
in this image we see differences in both kernel color and kernel texture, would this corn cob represent a monohybrid or a dihybrid cross?
dihybrid
which allele is represented by a capital letter: the dominant or the recessive allele?
dominant
when you are describing how something looks, are you describing its genotype or phenotype?
phenotype
which is the dominant trait: green or yellow? (Gg)
green
what is the genotype for short and black flowers?
ttBb or ttBB
blood type is an example of which non-mendelian inheritance pattern?
codominance
mendelian inheritance labster
**
what percentage of genetic information is passed on from parents to their offspring?
50% from each parent
what is the name of the haploid cells that carry the genetic information from each parent?
gametes
what is the phenotype of an individual?
their observable characteristics
what is the genotype of an individual?
their genes
what is an allele?
an alternative form of a gene
how do we represent dominant and recessive alleles?
uppercase letters for dominant, lowercase letters for recessive alleles
what is a hybrid?
an offspring with parents from to different breeds
why do all offspring have the same fur color?
they have the same genes for each allele
why do all offspring have brown fur?
because the allele for brown fur color is dominant
what is the genotype of the offspring?
Aa
do you think we should cross the offspring from the last cross one more time?
yes
look at the offspring of the mice from the cross that we performed. How many brown mice are there?
three brown mice, one black mouse
do the predicted phenotypes from the Punnett Square agree with the experiment you performed earlier?
yes
do you think eye color has an effect on color blindness?
not sure
let's compare the two pedigree trees by clicking on view image. Was your hypothesis correct? Does the eye color have an effect on color blindness?
no
what does it mean when a trait is independent of another trait?
the inheritance of a trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait.
during gamete formation, two alleles will end up in different gametes due to...
the law of segregation
the law of independent assortment states that...
genes segregate independently during gamete formation
which of the two cells is male?
the one on the left
what is the gene for color blindness represented by?
the red section
do you think color blindness is a recessive trait?
yes
knowing that Joseph is colorblind, what is his genotype?
XcY
if Joseph marries a girl who doesn't carry the gene for color blindness, will his children be color blind?
no none of them will be colorblind
with that in mind, can you now determine if Joseph's children will inherit his color blindness?
not sure
animal genetics pre lab quiz
**
a primer is a small piece of DNA that starts replication (true or false)
true
which process would you use if you had a piece of DNA that you needed a copy of?
PCR
in a pedigree, if a shape is filled in, does that mean that the person has the trait or does not have the trait?
has the trait
what type of inheritance pattern is seen in the pedigree below? (black and white)
x-linked recessive
gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on
size
what is the name of the enzyme that is used to build a new strand of DNA?
DNA polymerase
the three steps of PCR are ...
denaturing, annealing, and extending
which inheritance pattern is represented in the below pedigree? (it has red full and half full circles)
autosomal recessive
which step of the PCR process involves adding short primers and nucleotides to the denatured DNA mixture
annealing
which step of the PCR process involves heating a double stranded DNA fragment to break it apart into two single strands
denaturing
which inheritance pattern is represented by the above pedigree? (black and has full circles)
autosomal dominant
the two red rectangles that are circled in this image are the pieces of genetic material that act as a starting point for DNA replication. What are these starting points called?
primers
what does a square represent in a pedigree? a circle?
a male; female
animal genetics labster
**
what do you suspect causes their double muscle condition
their DNA
double muscling affects...
both cows and bulls
based on the pedigree, which animals carry the double muscling trait?
1, 4, 7
since a double muscling trade skipped one generation and is present in both genders, this means that the tree is...
autosomal recessive
we now need to collect DNA from the animals to deduce what gene is the cause of double muscling. Where can we obtain the DNA from?
from their blood
DNA can be extracted from blood because it is present in...
the white blood cells
what do you know about the gene at this point?
we know that a gene is causing the double muscling phenotype
what is the first step and identifying the gene responsible for double muscling?
perform a genome scan
how can A genome scan limit the candidate region?
by identifying a DNA marker with a non-position that co-segregates with double muscling
how would identification of the candidate region help you identify the gene?
it would limit the genomic region to search for the candidate gene
how do we use the markers to locate the candidate region?
all the DM animals will have the same, unique genotype for the marker that is in the candidate region
it is important to change the pipette tip to...
avoid cross-contamination
a master mix contains a mixture of all the reagents needed for a PCR. What are the reagents?
primers, nucleotides, and polymerase
add this step in the PCR process, the DNA was...?
separated into two strands
this separation was caused by the...
high temperature (95 C)
what is this step in a PCR called
annealing
where are the primary position relative to the PCR product
ends
the PCR products are a certain length due to
the placement of the primers
dna polymerase extend the primers into a new DNA strand by...
Adding nucleotides to the three prime end of the primers
where do the two primers of primer A anneal?
to unique sequences on each side of STR marker a
PCR of STR marker a in a heterozygous cow results in the following products:
equal amounts of 100 BP and 150 BP fragments
we can see DNA bands on the E gel, however in order to see them there needs to be how many copies of the DNA region?
millions of copies
how is DNA charged?
negatively
as DNA is negatively charged, towards which end of the E- gel will it move in an electric field?
positive pole
when the PCR only generates one band, such as for the STR A marker on both alleles, how would we describe the animals and respect that marker?
homozygous
when the PCR generates two bands, so just for the animal 3's STR B marker, how would we describe the animals in respect to that marker?
heterozygous
what is the genotype for animal 3 STRB
250 bp/ 300 bp
what is the genotype for animal 7 STR B
300 bp/ 300 bp
for STR B how would you describe animal 3 and 7?
heterozygous, homozygous
for STR C how many describe animals 3 and 7?
heterozygous, homozygous
if the DM animals are homozygous for the recessive DM-allele, what would you expect the genotype of a closely linked marker to be?
homozygous
what would you expect the genotype of the closely linked marker to be in the normal animals?
either heterozygous or homozygous
if you only looked at the DM animals, which Marco seems to be predicted for the DM phenotype?
STR B and STR C
if you now look at both DM and normal animals, which of these two markers seems to be the most closely linked marker to the DM phenotype?
STR B
20 genes are a lot to analyze. Do you think you can narrow it down to only a few relevant genes?
yes, we can focus on the genes that are expressed in muscle tissue
which of the 20 genes are the best candidates?
4, 9, and 17
how are you proceed with the investigation of the three candidate genes?
sequence the DNA of those genes
what is the consequence of the mutation identified in the a SNSD1 Gene (9)
it does not change the amino acid
what is the consequence of the mutation identified in the MSTNG (17)?
it causes a frameshift
which gene would you suspect causes double muscling?
MSTN
how can we easily identify this 11 BP dilation in the DNA?
perform PCR and gel electrophoresis
where should the primers anneal?
the primers should flank the site of the deletion
how long are the PCR products from the normal control and the DM control?
91 bp and 80 bp
what is the genotype for meat sample 1
homozygous for 91 Bp
what is the genotype for meat sample 2?
heterozygous for 80 bp and 91 Bp
meat sample two is heterozygous for the myostatin gene. What does this mean?
meat sample two is from a carrier of double muscling
what is the genotype for meat sample three?
homozygous for 80 bp
which of the meat samples are from the double muscled animals
meat sample 3
how would you describe meat samples as 1, 2, and 3 after you DNA test?
normal, carrier and double muscled
evolution pre lab quiz
**
a group of individuals that are able to interbreed are called a
species
basing species on whether or not they can interbreed is called the
biological species concept
a trait that allows an individual to be better suited to their own conditions is called an
adaptation
which of these organisms has the highest fitness?
an animal that lives 10 years and produces 10 offspring each year
natural selection, as a mechanism of evolution which acts on traits within populations and ultimately leads to the evolution of different species was produced by
darwin
_______ is the ability to pass a trait on to the next generation
heritability
organizing organisms in a cladogram based on their evolutionary relationships is called
phylogeny
structures with different appearances and functions but are all derived from the same body part in a common ancestor are called
homologous structures
what are structures that have no apparent function, but resemble structures their ancestors possessed called?
vestigial structures
what is the area circled in the cladogram referring to? (ex. where A and B meet in the image)
common ancestor
Carl Linnaeus proposed a two part naming system, for example Ursus arctos for polar bears; that system is called
binomial nomenclature
what is the process that darwin proposed as the driving force behind evolution?
natural selection
what are the four types of isolation that result in speciation?
habitat, reproductive, temporal, and behavioral isolation
an individual who reproduces more than the rest of the population is said to have greater _______
fitness
evolution labster
**
the blood sample consists of dead cells that are breaking apart into their basic molecular building blocks. What type of molecule is best suited for identifying the specimen?
DNA
can you take a guess here at which of the following animals is the closest relative to the carcass we saw in Cambodia?
white shark
which pair of structures is NOT homologous between humans and whales?
human legs and whale tails
have a look at the skeleton of a whale. Which structure is homologous to your leg?
2
why are these structures so similar?
the animals share a common ancestor
use this image showing the wings structure of different animals to help you determine which of the statements is true?
bat wings are analogous to bee wings
which of these animals appears to be the most closely related based in this sequence?
blue whale
make a guess, which of the following animals is most closely related to whales?
seal
have a look at the following phylogenetic tree. Which statement is true
branching points stand for the common ancestor of two diverging groups
was your hypothesis right? Which of these animals share the most recent ancestor with whales?
the hippo is the closest relative
which of the following statements is true?
all living creatures share the same single-celled ancestor
take a look at the alleles in the first generation of offspring, the F1 generation. What percentage of alleles are passed on from the original mother and father?
50% from each parent
does the allele frequency of the whole population compared to the founder population change?
the allele frequency stays the same
which of the following phenomena could disrupt this equilibrium?
all of these
why does the population continue to grow exponentially?
the carrying capacity has been reached
which statement about frequency of yellow A1 allele is true?
the allele frequency has changed from the initial population
which evolutionary force leads to these allele frequency changes?
natural selection
in relation to natural selection, evolution is the...
mechanism
which of the following sentences is compatible with the idea of the survival of the fittest?
natural selection weeds out individuals that are unfit
it looks like Charle's allele persists at a low frequency within the population. What property of the population has increased as a result of the viable mutation?
genetic variation
it looks like 100 years after the climate on the island changed, the entire population carries Charle's gene. What is this phenomenon called?
adaptation
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