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Structure and Function of the Hematologic System and Alternation of Erythocyte Function

Terms in this set (78)

The liquid portion of unclotted blood
plasma
The clear liquid that can be seperated from clotted blood
Serum
The straw-colored, "liquid" portion of unclotted blood. Accounts for 55-60% of the blood volume..

92% water
8% solute
plasma
A low-molecular-weight plasma protein synthesized in the liver. It contribues to blood viscosity and matains blood pressure. It can act as an osmotically-active carrier molecule
Albunin
what are the four types of globulin in four main groups?
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, betta and gamma
what formed element production?
Hematopoiesis
What is the cellular production in the bone marrow?
Medullary Hematopoiesis
Erythorcytes, Lifespan 80-120 days. Function in gas transport
Red Blood Cells
% of whole blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

38-46% females, 40-54% for males
Hematocrit (Hct)
what is Oxygen-carrying molecule
Hemoglobin
Volume of an average RBC
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Amount of hemoglobin in an average RBC
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
Concentration of hemoglobin in an average RBC
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC
What are basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils called?

Life span of 0.5 - 9.0 days, most die doing their job
Granulocytes
What are Lympoctyes and monocytes called?
Agranulocytes
How long lymphocytes live?
Days to decades
How long monocytes live?
several months
WBC count > 10.0 x 103 /mm3
• Occurs in both viral and bacterial infections
• Normal physiological response to disease, up to a certain point
Leukocytosis
WBC count < 5.0 x 103 /mm3
• Never a normal response
Leukopenia
Pinkish cytoplasm, has segmented nucleus and fight bacterial infections. It has about 60-70% circulating white cells. Quickly respond to disease
Neutrophils
Have a large red granules, targets antigen-antibody complexes.

Increased in allergies and parasitic infection. About 1-4% of circulating WBC
Eosinophils
Have a large dark blue granules, it participates in inflammatory responses. Also, releases histamine and heparin. Account 0-1% circuling WBC
Basophils
Very powerful phagocytes. It has about 3-8% white cells.
Monocytes/Macrophages
This agranulocytes contained within the lymph system (T and B cells). Fight viral infections and cancer. IT has about 20-30% WBCs. Major role in adaptive immune response
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils = head
Lymphocytes = legs
Monocytes = backpack
Eosinophils = arms or "sneeze" Basophils = belt Non-white cells (mainly reticulocytes) = feet
Hiker model
This is called cell fragments. It originated from megakaryoctes.
It aids in clotting by clumping (aggutination) and the release of biochemical mediators
Thrombocytes (platelets)
low platelet count
thrombocytopenia
Increased platelet count
thrombocytosis
A system consisting of organs and lymph vessels through which lymphatic fluid (lymph) passes.

The function is to drain interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids absorbed by the GI tract to the blood, and facilitate an immune response
Lymphatic System.
What are the organs of Primary lymphoid?
Thymus and red bone marrow
What are the organs of secondary lymph organs?
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and peyer patches of the small intestine
Filters and cleanses the blood, it contain masses of lymphoid tissue (white pulp). It also removes old and damaged red blood cells from the blood.

It can also be used for storage area of extra blood that can be release by sympathetic stimulation
The Spleen
It serve as filter of lymph fluid.
Foreign objects are trapped and destroyed.
Lymph nodes
what is the production of RBCs?
erythropoiesis
This is an immature RBC's. It contain hemoglobin RNA, and mitochondrial remnants.
Reticulocytes
A small amounts of bone marrow are removed from the bone and observed microscopically. It usually collected from the posterior iliac crest.
Bone Marrow Biospy
Excess RBC formation. Develops in states of hypoxia, smoking, and dehydration
Polycythemia
Insufficent RBCs or a decreased in a quatity of hemoglobin. Typical symptoms: fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, and pallor
Anemia
Pale (low hemoglobin, small cells. It usually Fe++ deficiency anemia
Microcytic-hypochromic Anemia
Large cells, normal in color. It usually folic acid or Vitamin B12 defiency anemia
Macrocytic-Normochormic Anemia
RBCs are normal size and hemoglobin content. It usually caused by hemorrhage or hemolysis
Normocytic-Normochronic Anemia
Anemia due to red cell lysis. Symptoms: enlarged spleen and jaundice
Hemolytic anemia
Anemia due to blood loss. E.g, Surgey or trauma
Symptoms: shock and acidosis
Hemorrphagic Anemia
This is a bacterial toxins, cytokines from WBCs suppression of progenitor cells-usually mild
Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)
Bone marrow hypo- or aplasia

Symptoms: petechiae, bleeding, infection, and pancytopenia
Aplastic Anemia.
Intrinsic factor (IF) deficiency leads to insuffiecent absorption of vitamin B12 which is nessary for developing RBCs. It is autoimmunity

Symptoms: digestive symptoms, glossitis, peripheral neuropahty

Treatment: replace the B12
Pernicious Anemia
This is dietary deficiency inhibits DNA synthesis. Alcoholic and the malnourished are at high risk.

Treatment: replacement therapy
Folid Acid Deficiency
This is most common cause is due to excessive bleeding and/or poor diet

High risk: Pregnant women, adolescents, children, elderly, or anyone with chronic blood loss.
Iron-deficiency Anemia
what are the sign and symptoms of Iron-Deficiency Anemia?
Fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

Pale earlobes, palms and conjunctivae

Spoon shaped nails, sore tongue, dryness of the epithelium in the corners of the mouth
This is dysfunctional iron uptake by erythroblasts producing sideoblasts and resulting in decreased synthesis of heme.

Cause: lead, ethanol, and other drugs
Sideroblastic Anemia
Diseases/conditions that cause excessively large numbers of RBCs in the blood
Polycythemias
This is a primary polycythemia because it is not due to another diagnosis. Its rare, non-maglignant proliferative abnormality of the bone marrow.

It tends to occur in men of Jewish or European descent between the age of 40-60
Polycythemia Vera (PCV)
This is common because it is physiologic resposne to hypoxia
secondary polycythemia
What are the pathological effects and symptoms of polycythemia?
Pathological Effects - Increased blood viscosity promotes clotting (hypercoagulation) and poor oxygenation in distal tissues

• Symptoms - Red color of the face, hands, feet, ears, and mucous membranes - High blood pressure, engorgement of retinal and sublingual veins, and hepatosplenomegaly
What is the treatment of polycythemia?
Reduction of cells and blood volume achieved by performing a therapeutic phlebotomy (bloodletting)
What are the three distinct steps in forming a blod clot?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and activation of the coagulation cascade
This is a positive-feedback system. It begins with the activation of several soluble, inactive clotting factors stimulated in a cascading fashion
The clotting Cascade
This is activated by tissue factor
Extrinsic Pathway
This is activated by contact with the injured vessel
Intrinsic Pathway
It meansures the extrinsic pathway, usually to check status after anticoagulant administration
PT/INR - Prothrombin time/International Normalized Ratio
It measures the intrinsic pathway-assesses how fast blod clots
APTT- Activated partial thromboplastime time
The precense of abnormally few neutrophils in the blood - it leads to increased susceptibility to infection.
Neutropenia
An increase in peripheral blood eosinophilic leukocytes to more than 600 cells per microliter of blood. It increased allergic disorder and parasitic invasion
Eosophilia
An increased in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood.
Monocytosis
An increased in the number or proportion of lymphocytes in the blood
Lympocytosis
An abnormal low number of lympocytes
Lymphocytopenia
An acute, self-limiting infection characterized by fever, sore throat, lymphadenopahty, and hepatosplenomegally. It can transmitted by saliva through close contact.
Infectious Mononucleosis
Malignant disorder of the blood-forming cells, most commonly white blood cells and blood forming organs.
Leukemias
Undifferentiated or immature cells, usually "blasts". It has sudden onset of symptoms.
Acute leukemia
Predominant cells well-differentiated and easily recognized, but they do not function normally. Gradual onset with longer survival times
Chronic Leukemia
Not a leukemia per se - this is a plasma cell (B lymphocyte) cancer of the bone, usually plasma cells make up less than 1% of bone marrow cells. It occur peope over 50 years old
Multiple Myeloma
Abnormal proteins in the urine
Bence-Jones proteins
The abnormal immunoglobin is called?
M-Protein
Proliferation of lymphocytes and their precursor in lymphoid tissue.
Lymphomas
What is the most common of the inherited disorders of the coagulation system?
X-linked hemophiias
Classical hemophilia, X-linked recessive deficiency of factor VIII (antihemophilic factor)
Hemophilia A
X-linked recessive deficiency of factor IX (christmas factor)
Hemophilia B
Acquired, deadly and fairly common coagulation disorder, wide spread coagulation, clotting and hemorrhage occur simultaneously
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
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