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APUSH Unit 7

Terms in this set (61)

Alaska Purchase
The first time the United States expands from the contiguous empire. Purchased from the Russians who wanted to sell because it was an economic liability from them. The United States discovered gold, oil, and silver. The public didn't agree with Seward Folly's enthusiasm.
Alfred T. Mahan
An American naval officer that was a highly influential exponent of sea power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His book "The Influence of Sea Power upon History" argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance. He helped stimulate the naval race among the great powers.
Hawaii Annexation (1898)
White American planters in Hawaii wanted Hawaii to be acquired by the United States because of the McKinley Tariff which made the sugar market bad. The queen of Hawaii, Liliuokalani, insisted natives Hawaiians should control the islands. The whites who were in the minority revolted and were assisted by American troops. A treaty was made however, when president Cleveland came in it was withdrawn. Also, a majority of Hawaiian natives opposed the treaty. In 1898, Hawaii was acquired by the United States.
Yellow Journalism
A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Rudolph Hearst's New York Journal. The expression has remained a pejorative term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards.
USS Maine Explosion
The United States government sent the battleship to Cuba to protect and evacuate Americans if any dangerous flare ups occurred, and to demonstrate concern for the island's stability. The ship exploded and killed 260 soldiers. Spanish investigators claimed it was an accident, and U.S. investigators claimed it was from a submarine mine. However, it was found later that it was an accident.
The Rough Riders and Teddy Roosevelt
They were a group of volunteer soldiers organized by Teddy Roosevelt. The group was made up of western cowboys, polo players, and ex-convicts. They were commanded by colonel Colonel Leonard Wood. They led charge up the hills El Caney and sieged the city of Santiago.
Platt Amendment
Protectorate (limited sovereignty), no treaties without U.S. approval, no excessive public debate, U.S. can intervene in cases of civil unrest, perpetual Naval Lease at Guantanamo Bay. It ended military occupation of Cuba and left the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people. However, the United States didn't turn Cuba completely loose because Cuba was a rich and strategic island. If a power like Germany secured Cuba it could be bad for the United States.
Treaty of Paris (1898)
A peace agreement between Spain and the United States that ended the Spanish-American War. Under the treaty, Cuba gained independence from Spain, and the United States gained possession of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. The United States paid $20 million for the Philippines.
Boxer Rebellion
An uprising in China directed against foreign influence. A group of martial artists killed foreigners and Chinese Christians. It was suppressed by an international force of some eighteen thousand soldiers, including several thousand Americans. United States troops joined to keep the Open Door Policy.
"White Man's Burden"
Social Darwinism. Certain races are superior to others. "Even though we are a superior race... we have superior duties." A philosophical term that refers to the white people's responsibility to govern and assimilate non-white people into their culture. Used as an excuse for expansionism during the era.
The Insular Cases
Inhabitants of overseas territories do not have full Constitutional rights. Puerto Ricans questioned Congress if they had full rights or not and Congress ultimately decided that the flag outran the Constitution and they didn't have full rights.
Anti-Imperialist League
Established in 1898 to combat the annexation of the Philippines. They believed that territorial expansion was against American ideals of liberty and consent of the governed. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William G. Sumner.
The Great White Fleet
1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent old Navy ships on a voyage around the world to impress the Japanese and pressure them into the "Gentleman's Agreement"
Big Stick Diplomacy
Teddy Roosevelt - Keep Europe out of Latin America (Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine). Use force to defend American interests in Latin America. In international affairs, ask first, but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policeman.
Panama Rebellion and Canal
Bunau-Varilla on behalf of the U.S. helped organize this country rebellion against Columbia to gain independence, as well as U.S. compensation for use of their land for the canal. The Isthmus of Panama had been part of Columbia. The U.S. tried to negotiate with Columbia to build the Panama Canal. Columbia refused so the U.S. encouraged Panama to revolt. Ex. of Big Stick Diplomacy.
Dollar Diplomacy
William Howard Taft - Protect American business interests in Latin America. Exerting financial power as a form of imperialism. Taft's policies relied on the financial strength of the United States and particularly impacted countries with a significantly lower economic status. Taft was interested in expanding U.S. influence in many countries.
Missionary Diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson - Support democratic governments in Latin America, oppose oppressive or undemocratic governments. Wilson's policy contingent on the belief that it was America's responsibility and destiny to spread its institutions and value to the far corners of the globe.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
The law prohibited many forms of speech, including "any disloyal, profane, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States... or the flag of the United State, or the uniform of the Army or Navy." Made it illegal to criticize WWI and President Wilson.
Eugene V. Debs and WWI
For his slander of WWI, Debs was convicted under the Espionage Act and sent to federal prison. He ran as a presidential candidate in 1920 while still incarcerated in his cell and nearly received a million votes.
Wilson's 14 Points
Very liberal ideas, Wilson didn't want to punish Germany because he thought WWI was the war to end all wars, Wilson wanted world peace, United States government didn't want to join the League of Nations. 1. Freedom of the seas 2. Reduction of arms 3. Open treaty negotiations 4. Self-determination of peoples 5. League of Nations.
The Progressive Amendments (16-19)
16th- (federal income tax) Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census of enumeration, 17th- (direct election of senators) The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, elected by the people that live in that state, 18th- (prohibition of alcohol) The only amendment to be replaced by another amendment, band the manufacturing, sale, and consumption of alcohol, 19th- (women's suffrage) The women's suffrage movement started in the west and moved towards the east.
Muckraking - The Jungle
A novel written by Upton Sinclair revealed that almost all canned meat in the United States was tainted with poisoned rats, rope ends, and other debris. Acts like the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act were passed to make sure food was safe and labeled properly.
The New Immigrants
A new wave of immigrants, from eastern and southern Europe, frightened Americans because of the emigrant's customs, different faiths, illiteracy, and poverty. They were a new group of immigrants coming into the United States that consisted of Italians, Slavs, Greeks, Jews, and Armenians. They came from both Southern and Eastern Europe and also part of the Middle East. In the 1890s, their numbers first began to increase, and the numbers increased for the next three decades. Most of the immigrants came from peasant and poor backgrounds and boosted America's foreign-born population by 18 million. They were often discriminated against.
Jacob Riis
Photographer, he documented the poor living conditions and working conditions in New York City's tenements.
Janes Addams and Settlement Houses
Hull House. Education, job training, childcare etc. Social and economic opportunities for the working class. Social Gospel Movement.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
US law to restrict immigration based on nationality or race. Many Americans on the West Coast blamed declining wages and economic ills to Chinese workers. Suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years and declared Chinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization. Remained on the books in various forms until 1943.
Gentleman's Agreement
Japan agrees to control emigration to the U.S. if the United States government doesn't pass a law treating existing Japanese immigrants fairly. Roosevelt stepped in to keep good relations with the Japanese.
WWI - Divided Loyalties
Central Powers, Triple Entente, Slavic allies of Russia
Lusitania and Unrestricted Warfare
German U-boats were used to sink the Lusitania which was a passenger ship carrying small-arms ammunition. Americans were mad because 128 Americans were onboard the ship when it was sunk. Germany agreed to end unrestricted warfare and would warn boats before they were going to attacked.
Election of 1916
In 1916 Woodrow Wilson is elected president. He won because he told the American people that he wasn't going to enter WWI.
Wilson's War Message
Wilson asked congress to declare was on Germany. The direct cause was Germany's policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, and the Zimmerman Note. America's mission was to make the world safe for democracy. "Missionary Diplomacy"
The American Expeditionary Force
> 1,000,000 troops, 53,402 combat deaths, 63,114 non-combat deaths, 204,000 wounded. Under General John J. Pershing launched their first major offensive in Europe as an independent army. Their successful campaign was a major turning point in the war for the Allies.
Doughboys
A nickname for soldiers during WWI that kept clay on them to clean their boots and keep their uniforms clean.
Role of African-American's in WWI
They served in the AEF but were in strictly segregated units usually under white officers. Military authorities hesitated to train black men for combat, and the majority of black soldiers were assigned to "construction battalions" or put to work unloading ships.
Selective Service Act (1917)
Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft
The War Industries Board
Coordinated and channeled the production in the United States by setting priorities, fixing prices, and standardizing products to support the war efforts of the United States and it allies. Transitions peace time economy to a war time economy.
The Great Migration
Recruited African Americans in the south to take over jobs in the north. African Americans took important jobs that helped the war effort and jobs that kept the economy in the United States going.
Uses of Propaganda during WWI
Recruitment, war financing, conserve resources, dehumanize the enemy
Article 231
This was the "war-guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles that placed total responsibility for World War I on Germany. Britain and France wanted Germany to claim total responsibility for the war and to pay reparations to the allies.
Ratification of the Treaty of Versailles
Five years to the day of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Treaty of Versailles had to be passed through the senate (2/3 of the senate).
Three views of the Treaty of Versailles
Internationalist: Ratify the treaty as is
Reservationist: Ratify the treaty with reservations, America should engage the world
Irreconcilable: Don't ratify the treaty
League of Nations
This would put the United States into world affairs which the founding fathers didn't want. People argued that we were a different United States now then when the founding fathers were around. The United States never signs the Treaty of Versailles because of Wilson's stroke. Founded to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened because the United States didn't join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression from Italy, Japan, and Germany.
1920 Election and "Normalcy"
Warren Harding wins the election. The Republican party chose him as a "puppet" and they controlled everything he did. The deep south was the only part of the United States that didn't vote for the Republican party. Warren Harding wanted to end the Progressive Era and return to a state of "normalcy".
The Ohio Gang
A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Oil companies bribed government officials for prime oil leases on government owned land.
Harding's "good" Cabinet Members
Hebert Hoover- Secretary of Commerce
Andrew Mellon- Secretary of the Treasury - Successful businessman and tax cutter.
Andrew Mellon and Taxation
Andrew Mellon thought if the government lowered the tax rate then people would pay the amount they actually owed. People thought that Andrew Mellon wanted to cut taxes for his rich friends, when in reality he was trying to make more revenue for the United States government.
Calvin Coolidge and "Coolidge Prosperity"
Low taxes, balances budgets, robust economy
1920's Foreign Policy
Americanism - we will involve ourselves in foreign affairs, however, America is the priority.
Myth - U.S. foreign policy was isolationist during the 1920s
Washington Naval Conference
A conference hosted by the US which called for US and British de-fortification of far East possessions (though Japan could fortify all it wanted). Also called for general naval disarmament.
Dawes Plan
Different from the Dawes Act. United States gave the Germans 2.5 billion dollars who then paid back the allied powers who then repaid the United States. United States helped Germany grow their economy.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
A rather idealistic agreement between the great world powers to never engage in war except for defensive purposes. Renounced was as an "instrument of national policy"
Red Scare and Palmer Raids
The United States was afraid that communism was going to spread to the United States. Palmer arrested communists because he didn't want the Russian revolution to spread into the United States.
Prohibition and the Volstead Act (plus the rise of organized crime)
18th amendment outlawed alcohol and the states didn't know how to enforce the prohibition laws. The Volstead Act created an agency to enforce the prohibition laws except the Prohibition Bureau was under-budgeted and ineffective. Speakesies started popping up and they were secret bars that served alcohol. Bootleggers emerged and they were the people that delivered alcohol to the speakeasies. Unregulated alcohol had the potential to be tainted and it was made too strongly so many people died or had other issues drinking the alcohol.
Harlem Renaissance
An African American cultural renaissance that took root in uptown NYC (Harlem). "New Negro." Writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow.
Rise of KKK and Nativism
The film "Birth of a Nation" came out and portrayed Klansmen as great heroes. The Klan moved on from just hating blacks, and broadened its message of hate to include Catholics, Jew, and foreigners.
Immigration Act of 1924
Quota system that allowed for 2% annual immigration from a country of origin. Made to keep out "undesirable" races out of the country.
Radios and the 1920s
Allowed the United States to be connected. New, comedy shows, and other forms of media were broadcasted and could be reached to any household.
UNIA and Marcus Garvey
The black working class's first mass movement; under the leadership of the Jamaican born Marcus Garvey, the UNIA built racial pride, challenged white political and cultural hegemony, and championed black separatism.
"Lost Generation" - some of the authors
American writers that formed an artistic movement as expatriates in postwar Europe. F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, Gertrude Stein.
Women of the 1920s - flappers
Flappers were women that challenged traditional social norms of society. There was a double standard for men and women. Margaret Sanger pushed for birth control. Women would cut their hair short, wear short skirts, use profanity, work, and dance. This behavior was usually allowed in big cities and not allowed in rural communities.
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