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Psych Exam 3

Terms in this set (48)

Rooting Reflex
- Assists the newborn with the essential process of feeding
- Ex: a baby turns its head tot he source of a touch, opens its mouth, and searches for the mother's nipple
Habituation
- A simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease
- Babies will gaze longer at a new stimulus than at the one they have seen previously
Schema
- Set of expectations about objects and situations
- Details that are consistent with our schemas are more likely to be retained
- The "self" is one of the most important schemas we have for organizing our thinking
Assimilation
No changes tot he existing schema are required in order to add the new instance
Accomodation
The schema must be adapted to fit the new information
Sensorimotor stage
0-2 years
Object permanence
Exploration through moving and sensing
'Here and now' rather than past and future
Preoperational stage
2-6years
Language acquisition
Ego centrism
Illogical reasoning
Concrete operational stage
6-12years
logical reasoning
Mastery of conservation problems
"Learn by doing"
Formal operational stage
12 years and above
Abstract reasoning
Idealism
Improved problem solving
Object permanence
The ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
Conservation
The ability to understand that changing the form of appearance of an object does not change its quantity
Theory of mind
Piaget
occurs when a person understands that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from his or her own
Safe haven
function of a secure attachment
returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of a fear or threat
Secure base
function of a secure attachment
the attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment
Preconventional morality
Stage at which moral choices are made according to expectations of reward or punishment
Conventional morality
stage of moral development in which moral choices are made according to law or public opinion
Postconventional morality
stage at which moral choices are made according to personal standards and reason
Personality
An individual's characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Id
Freud's theory
Operates according tot he pleasure principle, in which it seeks immediate gratification and relief
Ego
Freud's theory
The component of the personality that is readily seen by others, so it acts as the person's "self"
superego
Freud's theory
develops when a child begins to internalize his/her society's rules for right and wrong, forming what we normally refer to as a "conscience"
Repression
A defense mechanism
ex: A person "forgets" an embarrassing incident from middle school
Sublimation
A defense mechanism
ex: Aggressive youth take martial arts classes
Rationalization
A defense mechanism
ex: An athlete using performance enhancing drugs that says "everybody is doing it"
Displacement
A defense mechanism
ex: You yell at your roommate because your boss yelled at you at work
Reaction formation
A defense mechanism
ex: A guilty partner who is planning to end the relationship sends flowers
Projection
A defense mechanism
ex: A person who cheats on a partner check his/her partner's cell phone and email for possible cheating
Denial
A defense mechanism
ex: A student who flunks out of college doesn't move home
Regression
A defense mechanism
ex: A person bursts into tears whenever his/her partner wants to talk about relationship problems
Identification
A defense mechanism
ex: A small child reassures a teddy bear about fear of the dark
Oral stage of psychosexual development
0-1years
Pleasure obtained by sucking
Anal stage of psychosexual development
1-3years
Conflict between child's ability to eliminate wastes at will versus societal expectations of toilet training
Phallic stage of psychosexual development
3-6years
Identification with same-sex parent
Latency stage of psychosexual development
6-12years
Focus on internalization of society's rules
Genital stage
12years and above
Focus on adult sexual interests and behaviours
Openness to experience
Personality inventory
Artistic, Curious, Imaginative, Insightful, Original
Conscientiousness
Personality Inventory
Efficient, Organized, Planful, Reliable, Thorough
Extroversion
Personality Inventory
Active, Assertive, Outgoing, Talkative
Agreeableness
Personality inventory
Appreciative, Forgiving, Generous,
Neuroticism
Personality inventory
Anxious, self-pitying, tense
Personality Inventories
An objective test, often using numbered scales or multiple choice, used to assess personality
Fundamental attribution error
The correspondence bias occurs because people completely failed to consider situational variables at all
Mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure increases liking
Normative social influence
A type of social influence leading to conformity; leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them.
Informational social influence
People assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation
Passionate v Compassionate love
Passionate love is more an infatuation and compassionate love is intimacy and commitment
Result of Milgrim's obedience study
Demonstrated the power of authority to gain compliance
Destructive obedience is most likely in situations where blindly following orders leads people into highly unethical behavior
Genetics and personality
Genetics accounts for half of the variability seen in the population's personality and environmental influences account for the other half
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