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EMT Exam 4 Study

Terms in this set (214)

The term used for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients from the blood through the thin capillary walls into the cells and the removal of carbon dioxide and other waste products from the cells​ is:
perfusion
Microscopically small structures in the circulatory system that supply every cell in the body​ are:
capillaries.
Gas exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide occurs at the cellular level of the body​ between:
capillaries and body cells.
In shock​ states, what general principle can be observed regarding​ perfusion?
Perfusion in some areas is inadequate because the circulatory system malfunctions.
Which of the following is most likely to cause cardiogenic​ shock?
A massive MI that impairs the pump function of the heart
Which of the following is true regarding decompensated​ shock?
During decompensated​ shock, the body can no longer compensate adequately.
Hemorrhagic shock is due​ to:
blood loss.
All shock​ involves:
inadequate tissue perfusion.
You are assessing a​ 53-year-old male with severe blood loss from a wound that is covered with a pressure bandage. Bleeding appears to have stopped. The​ patient's pulse and respiration are​ elevated, but blood pressure is falling. The​ patient's skin around the lips shows signs of​ cyanosis, and the​ patient's pupils are dilated. What is a sign that the patient has entered decompensated​ shock?
Cyanotic skin
When a patient has significant blood​ loss, which of the following clinical findings would you expect to find that signifies the presence of​ shock?
Rapid heart rate
Which of the following principles may help the most in ensuring the survival of a patient who is suffering from shock due to massive​ trauma?
Rapid transport to an appropriate facility
You are treating a​ 64-year-old female patient complaining of weakness and abdominal pain. You find the patient​ pale, cool, and​ diaphoretic, leaning against the wall adjacent to her toilet. You note the presence of​ bright, red blood in the toilet. Based on these​ findings, what treatment option will improve the​ body's ability to​ clot?
Cover the patient in a blanket to prevent hypothermia.
It is characteristic of arterial bleeding to​ be:
abundant
During severe​ bleeding, which of the following structures is most sensitive to hypoxia from blood​ loss?
Brain
The method of bleeding control that is the first and most successful method to try​ is:
direct pressure.
Once a pressure dressing has been​ applied, the EMT should​ next:
ensure that bleeding is controlled.
A bulky dressing that is held in place by a tightly wrapped bandage and is used to control bleeding is called​ a:
pressure dressing.
If you find a major bleed during your initial assessment of the​ patient, you​ should:
immediately apply direct pressure to the site with your gloved hand.
In applying a​ tourniquet, which of the following is the proper​ technique?
Place the tourniquet at least 2 inches above the bleeding wound.
The signs and symptoms of internal bleeding​ include:
poor peripheral perfusion.
Which of the following provides the greatest chance of survival for a critical trauma​ patient?
Surgery
An internal injury with no open pathway from the outside is​ called:
closed
The skin is the largest organ of the body. It is composed of three​ layers, including​ the:
epidermis, dermis, subcutaeous
In a​ contusion, what remains​ intact?
The epidermis
Swelling or deformity at the site of a bruise indicates​ a:
possible underlying fracture.
A puncture wound that is shallow or deep is​ a:
penetrating puncture wound.
The structures within the dermis​ include:
sweat glands.
Crush injuries often can be identified by​ what?
Mechanism of injury
Abdominal bruising should be considered a sign of​ possible:
internal organ damage.
To control​ bleeding, start​ with:
direct pressure and elevation.
A degloving injury is an example of​ a(n):
avulsion
A burn injury should be considered to​ be:
an injury with the potential for many​ far-reaching effects.
Your patient has burns to the entire right arm and the anterior chest. What is the estimated surface area​ involved?
​18%
White and dry to dark brown or black and charred skin is a sign of​ a:
​full-thickness burn.
Your patient has sustained a chemical burn to her hands from dry lime. How is this treated in the​ field?
Brush off the powder before using water to flush.
The sterile material that is placed directly on a wound is termed​ the:
dressing
A way of identifying the seriousness of a burn is by its degree. Which of the following statements is​ true?
A​ full-thickness burn is also known as a​ third-degree burn.
What is the first step in removing dry chemicals from the​ body?
Brush off the excess material.
A patient with an electrical injury is least likely to present with which of the following signs and​ symptoms?
Hypotension
After treating an actively bleeding head laceration with a sterile dressing and​ bandage, you notice that the dressing has become​ blood-soaked and that blood is seeping through the bandage. You​ should:
reapply pressure and place additional sterile dressings over the​ blood-soaked dressing.
It is characteristic of hemostatic dressings​ to:
stop or slow bleeding.
A movement of ribs in a flail segment that is opposite to the direction of movement of the rest of the chest cavity is​ called:
paradoxical motion.
Bullet wounds are what type of ​ trauma?
Bullet wounds are a type of penetrating​ trauma, and involve both internal and external injuries.
An open abdominal wound with protruding organs is​ called:
an evisceration.
Cardiac tamponade occurs​ when:
blood enters the pericardial sac surrounding the heart.
You are treating a patient who was stabbed in the right side of the anterior chest wall. He has shortness of​ breath, weakness, and rapid breathing. Aside from administering​ oxygen, what is the most appropriate treatment for this​ patient?
Apply an occlusive dressing on the chest​ wall, and tape the dressing on three sides.
Which of the following best describes an open chest wall​ injury?
Knife wound to the left anterior chest
Your patient has received a blunt trauma injury to the chest from being hit with a baseball bat. You notice a flail​ segment, lung sounds are​ diminished, and the patient is having difficulty breathing. You note that the​ patient's trachea is deviating toward the uninjured side. You​ suspect:
a tension pneumothorax.
You are treating a patient who was diagnosed with multiple rib fractures following a motor vehicle collision. You note equal chest rise and fall. He appears short of breath as well as​ pale, cool, and diaphoretic. Given the​ patient's presentation as well as his acute medical​ history, what condition is he most likely to​ suffer?
Hemothorax
Which of the following signs and symptoms would lead you to believe that your patient had a tension​ pneumothorax?
Severely decreased or absent breath sounds on the injured side
What organ in the abdomen is most commonly injured by blunt​ trauma, and can bleed profusely enough to threaten the​ patient's life?
Liver
Why should the EMT complete a full assessment on a patient with a bullet wound to the​ abdomen?
To determine the probable extent of injuries
​Rapid, shallow​ breathing; pale,​ cool, clammy​ skin; and a low blood pressure in a patient with an abdominal injury are signs​ of:
developing shock.
Some local protocols recommend that an abdominal evisceration should be covered with a sterile dressing moistened with sterile​ saline, followed​ by:
an occlusive dressing.
You arrive on scene to an alert​ 27-year-old male patient with an obvious abdominal evisceration. He is​ restless, pale,​ cool, and diaphoretic. After administering​ high-concentration oxygen, you should​ immediately:
cover the wound with a dressing moistened with saline.
A fracture in which the broken bone segments are at an angle to each other is​ called:
an angulated fracture.
Which element of the musculoskeletal system belongs to the lower extremities of the appendicular​ skeleton?
Legs
A​ 23-year-old male sustained a musculoskeletal injury to his leg while playing organized football. He reports that his cleated foot was planted into the field when he was hit with a force that caused him to rotate. He heard a snap at this point. What mechanism of injury was​ applied?
Twisting force
What must happen for a joint to​ dislocate?
Soft tissue and ligaments must be stretched.
A muscle injury resulting from overstretching or overexertion of the muscle is​ a:
strain.
The muscles that are of chief concern in trauma and musculoskeletal injury are the​ ________, or​ voluntary, muscles.
skeletal
Most injuries to the upper extremities are caused​ by:
forces applied to an outstretched arm.
A patient has been exercising too​ much, which has led to a muscle injury in his right shoulder due to too much strenuous activity involving that muscle. This is​ a:
strain
You arrive on scene to a private​ residence, where you find a​ 56-year-old female patient sitting in her living room complaining of​ pain, paresthesia, and pressure in her lower right leg. She states that a few days​ ago, she slipped on her way​ downstairs, and has had pain in her leg ever​ since, but she has not been to the doctor. During your​ examination, you note that her right lower leg is pale and pulseless. You see swelling and palpate hardness compared with the uninjured left lower leg. Based on these​ findings, the patient is most likely experiencing which of the following​ conditions?
Compartment syndrome
Guidelines for splinting​ long-bone injuries​ include:
immobilizing the hand or foot in the position of function.
Your patient has a nontraumatic fracture of the left wrist. Appropriate treatment would be​ to:
splint with a padded rigid splint.
When treating a patient with musculoskeletal​ injuries, after addressing any​ life-threatening conditions,​ splint:
any suspected extremity fracture.
As you care for a patient with a possible lower leg​ injury, you should assess the distal​ pulse, motor​ function, and​ sensation:
both before and after applying a splint to the leg.
You are treating a​ 17-year-old female who fell while playing basketball. Her right thigh is​ painful, swollen, and deformed. She is in considerable pain. The most appropriate device for splinting her injury would be​ a:
traction splint.
If a commercial pelvic splint is not​ available, the next best alternative​ is:
a pelvic wrap improvised from a sheet.
When an individual sustains​ blunt-force trauma to the head that results in a brief disruption of the neural network without any physical evidence or lasting residual​ effects, this would be termed​ a:
concussion.
An injury to the cranium would directly​ affect:
the bony structure making up the forehead and​ top, back, and upper sides of the skull.
You arrive on scene at a motor vehicle​ crash, where you notice that the patient has severe bleeding from her head with gray matter showing. This type of injury is​ a(n):
open skull fracture.
The 12 vertebrae in the upper back are known as​ the:
thoracic spine.
Skull injuries divide into two general​ categories, which​ are:
open and closed.
Which of the following findings is least likely in a patient with nontraumatic brain​ injury?
Battle sign
When treating a patient with damage to the facial​ bones, you should have a high index of suspicion​ for:
injury to the brain.
You respond to the scene of an​ assault, where you find a​ 26-year-old male patient with a knife impaled in the left lobe of his skull near the temporal membrane. He is alert but disoriented. How should you manage this​ patient's injury?
Stabilize the knife with bulky dressings
The three sections of the Glasgow Coma Scale​ (GCS) include:
motor response.
Which of the following is a component of Cushing​ reflex?
Decreased heart rate
Your patient responds to painful stimulus with decorticate posturing​ (arms bent to his​ chest, fists​ clenched, and legs straight​ out), his eyes do not open to​ pain, and he makes incomprehensible sounds when you pinch him. What score would you give him on the Glasgow Coma​ Scale?
6
A large puncture wound or laceration to the neck must be immediately sealed with an occlusive dressing to​ prevent:
an air embolus.
What is your first priority for a patient with massive facial​ trauma?
Keeping the airway open
If a standard medically approved occlusive dressing is not​ available, what material might be effective in treating an open neck​ wound?
A piece of heavy plastic that is at least 2 inches larger in diameter than the wound site
Another term for a compression injury to the spine​ is:
axial loading.
Which of the following is most likely to have associated spinal​ injury?
Facial trauma
​Shock, or​ hypoperfusion, caused by a spinal cord injury is classified​ as:
neurogenic.
If your patient is wearing a​ helmet, you should leave it in place​ if:
there are no impending airway or breathing problems.
A diver struck his head on the bottom of the swimming pool and now complains of neck pain and numbness in his lower extremities. You​ suspect:
compression injury.
Paralysis of the extremities is probably the most reliable sign of spinal cord​ injury:
in patients who are conscious.
A patient with more than one serious​ injury:
is a multiple trauma patient
Your patient fell 15 feet from a roof. He has a deformed lower leg and a decreased level of consciousness. You designate the patient as a multisystem trauma patient who should be taken to a nearby trauma center. This is​ a:
transport decision.
You are caring for an adult trauma patient. Which of the following is a definitive sign that your patient is in​ shock?
Systolic BP below 90 mmHg
According to the​ CDC, which of the following factors should be taken into consideration in triaging a trauma​ patient?
Physiological criteria
Which of the following patients would most likely be triaged to a trauma​ center?
A pregnant multisystem trauma patient
When you are caring for a victim of multisystem​ trauma, which of the following is LEAST likely to be a part of scene​ treatment?
Providing appropriate fluid resuscitation
If you are computing a Revised Trauma Score and the​ patient's GCS score is 14 with a respiratory rate of​ 30/min., a blood pressure of 102​ systolic, and a heart rate of​ 104, what is the​ patient's total Revised Trauma​ Score?
11
The Revised Trauma Score rates​ the:
Glasgow Coma​ Scale, systolic blood​ pressure, and respiratory rate.
Which of the following is a transport decision for a multisystem trauma​ patient?
Deciding on a hospital destination
Which of the following statements about insect bites and stings is​ true?
Brown recluse bites are usually painless.
Which of the following is a poisonous snake native to the United​ States?
Copperhead
You are treating a patient at high altitude who complains of shortness of breath at rest. She has a dry cough and a mild fever. While you are gathering her​ history, she begins coughing up blood. You should​ suspect:
​high-altitude pulmonary edema.
How does the body compensate in the short term for the increased atmospheric pressure—and resulting decreased amount of air to breathe—at increased​ altitudes?
A person breathes more rapidly and more deeply.
How does the body compensate in the short term for the increased atmospheric pressure—and resulting decreased amount of air to breathe—at
increased​ altitudes?
A person breathes more rapidly and more deeply.
A boating accident may produce a range of​ injuries, such​ as:
fractured​ bones, bleeding,​ soft-tissue injuries, and airway obstructions.
One rescuer in deep water​ should, when finding a patient facedown in the​ water, swim to a position beside the​ patient, support the​ patient's head with one hand and the mandible with the​ other, rotate the patient by ducking under the​ patient, and:
continue to rotate until the patient is faceup.
A​ 38-year-old male is in the​ water, and requires rescue. Which of the following would be best to extend to him to pull him to​ safety?
Rope
A​ 72-year-old woman lives in an apartment without air conditioning. There is currently a severe heat wave with high humidity. The​ woman's neighbor finds her responsive only to​ pain, and with​ hot, red, dry skin. What assessment finding would you LEAST suspect with this​ patient?
Heavy perspiration
Which of the following is the highest priority in managing a patient with a​ heat-related emergency?
Move the patient to a cool environment.
What can deceive people into overexertion and​ hyperthermia?
Dry heat
A man is spending a day fishing in an area where temperatures are over
90°F. Which of the following conditions would be most likely to increase his risk of a​ heat-related emergency?
Having a few beers while fishing
Which of the following is an acceptable method of actively rewarming a hypothermic​ patient?
Place heat packs on the​ groin, neck,​ armpits, and chest.
Which of the following is a risk of active​ rewarming?
Cardiac arrest
A disoriented elderly patient is found in his apartment with inadequate breathing.​ It's the middle of​ winter, and the temperature outside is below freezing. What other factor involved in this​ patient's situation may most make you suspect​ hypothermia?
You find the patient lying on the floor of his room.
Which of the following interventions is indicated for all hypothermic​ patients?
Passive rewarming
During primary assessment of a hypothermic​ patient, you​ should:
check the​ patient's orientation to​ person, place, and​ time, if the patient is awake.
Which of the following factors contributes LEAST to the risk of hypothermia for an elderly​ patient?
Retirement
Which of the following descriptions best characterizes deep​ frostbite?
Body tissue becomes frozen.
Your adult trauma patient has a score of 14 on the Glasgow Coma​ Scale, a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm​ Hg, and a respiratory rate of 10. You​ should:
address whether the patient meets the anatomic criteria for transport to a trauma center.
During an environmental​ emergency, patients who are under the influence of​ alcohol:
tend to be affected more rapidly and severely.
According to CDC trauma triage​ guidelines, special patient or system considerations include​ age, burns,​ pregnancy, and:
anticoagulants and bleeding disorders.
Which of the following is a sign of severe​ hypothermia?
Absence of shivering
Which of the following is the highest priority for your multisystem trauma​ patient?
Rapid transport
Your patient is immersed in cold water. Which of the following will cause the fastest loss of body​ heat?
Conduction
Your patient has a Revised Trauma Score of 3. This means​ that:
the​ patient's condition is critical.
Cooling or freezing particular parts of the body​ is:
local cooling.
Which of the following statements about environmental emergencies is​ true?
Environmental emergencies can occur in any
setting—​wilderness,
​rural, suburban, and urban.
Which of the following is typically a source of heat for the​ body?
Shivering
Keys to effectively managing an environmental emergency are​ _____________ and providing prompt and proper emergency care.
recognizing the​ patient's signs and symptoms
When palpating a fracture site on a​ patient's mid-thigh, you notice a grating sensation. This is known​ as:
crepitus
A​ 14-year-old girl has fallen from her bicycle. She sustained injuries when she landed with her arm extended to catch her fall. According to the principles of indirect mechanisms of​ injury, which of the following bones is least likely to have been injured in this​ fall?
Thoracic vertebra
What is the primary concern about a splint that is applied too​ loosely?
It could allow the bone fragments to​ move, which could cause further damage.
For a​ high-priority, unstable patient with musculoskeletal​ injuries, you​ should:
immobilize the whole body on a long spine board and​ "load and​ go."
The regions on the surface of the body that individually are innervated by a single spinal nerve are​ called:
dermatomes
The catcher at a baseball game is struck on the front of his head by a thrown bat. He sustains a cerebral bruise on the front of his brain but also has a contusion on the back of his brain. The bruise on the back of his brain is called​ a(n):
contrecoup injury.
You find out that one of your patients from an earlier car wreck suffered bleeding that caused the blood to collect and pool within the​ patient's skull. Based on this​ information, you know that the patient most likely suffered which type of brain​ injury?
Hematoma
You are treating a​ 22-year-old male who was stabbed in the neck during a bar fight. What is an important part of the treatment of this​ injury?
Sealing the wound with an occlusive dressing
Manual cervical stabilization should be provided to all patients with a significant mechanism of injury​ until:
completion of the assessment.
You are evaluating a​ 45-year-old male car wreck victim. Your evaluation of this patient is based on specific characteristics that will be assigned a specific score. What is this score known​ as?
Trauma score
Knowing what you will do on scene and how that relates to what your partner will do is part​ of:
teamwork
You arrive on scene to a patient with an arterial bleed from his right lower leg. The patient is​ lethargic, and has many other injuries. What should you do​ first?
Stop the hemorrhage with direct pressure
Your patient was involved in a motor vehicle collision. You have decided to transport him to a trauma center because another occupant in the same vehicle died. Your decision is based​ on:
mechanism of injury.
What is your overall goal in caring for a multisystem trauma​ patient?
To treat immediate threats to life
Which of the following is an example of an environmental​ emergency?
Deep local cold injury
Which of the following statements best describes conductive heat​ loss?
The transfer of heat from one material to another through direct contact
Which of the following statements is​ true about pediatric and geriatric patients?
Pediatric and geriatric patients are especially at risk for hypothermia.
When considering a water rescue of a​ patient, it is most important to​ consider:
the safest way to rescue the patient for both you and the patient.
Ventilating a drowning victim too quickly or forcefully will likely​ cause:
significant gastric distention.
What is a sign or symptom common to air emboli and decompression​ sickness?
Chest pains
Which of the following symptoms is seen in​ high-altitude cerebral edema but not in acute mountain​ sickness?
Altered mental status
Which of the following is most common after an insect​ bite?
Localized pain or itching
You are treating a patient for an insect​ sting, and during your assessment you see the stinger. You​ should:
remove the stinger as quickly as possible by the best available means.
function of blood
to carry oxygen to the tissues (transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances)
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
cappilaries
thin-walled, microscopic blood vessels where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body's cells take place. They allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through the body cells
What is shock?
The bodies in ability to circulate blood adequately to the body cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients, which is a life-threatening condition also known as hypo perfusion. (Lack of perfusion)
What are the types of shock?
Cardiogenic shock (due to heart problems)
Compensated shock (developing shock)
Decompensated shock (no longer comp)
Distributive shock (blood vessel tone)
Hemorrhagic shock (blood loss)
Hypovolemic shock (low blood volume)
Anaphylactic shock (due to allergic reaction)
Septic shock (due to infection)
Neurogenic shock (damage to nervous system)
Cardiogenic shock
Hearts inadequate pumping action resulting in a heart attack or congestive heart failure
Compensated shock
When the patient is developing shock but the body still able to maintain perfusion
Decompensated shock
When the body can no longer compensate for low blood volume or lack of perfusion late signs such as decreasing blood pressure become evident
Distributive shock
Lack of blood vessel tone blood vessel dilation leads to a decrease in pressure within the circulatory system
Hemorrhagic shock
shock resulting from blood loss
Hypovolemic shock
shock resulting from blood or fluid loss
Anaphylactic shock
Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction.
Septic shock
Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection.
Neurogenic shock
a state of shock (hypoperfusion) caused by nerve paralysis that sometimes develops from spinal cord injuries
Compensation vs decompensation
Compensation is the body being able to keep up and take measures to maintain blood pressure decompensation is when the body fails to keep up
compensation
The body taking extra measures to keep up and succeeding
decompensation
The body trying to take extra measures but fails to keep up
What is irreversible shock?
When the body has lost the battle to maintain perfusion to vital organs (last phase of shock)
What is epistaxis?
Acute hemorrhage from the nostril nasal cavity or nasalpharynx it is also called a nose bleed
Layers of skin?
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
Types of musculoskeletal injuries?
Soft Tissue Injuries (closed and open)
Abrasions
Lacerations
Avulsion
Amputations
Strains, Sprains and Dislocation
Fractures
How to treat Avulsion
Control bleeding
- Apply field dressing to avulsed area (For extremely large or deep avulsions, several pressure dressings may be necessary or an air splint and dressing).
- Prevent further contamination

Figure 8. Avulsion of the palm
- Ensure avulsed flap is lying flat and that it is aligned in its normal position

- If the avulsed part is completely pulled off, make every effort to preserve it. Wrap the part in a saline or water soaked field dressing, pack wrapped part in ice, and whenever possible be careful to avoid direct contact between the tissue and ice.
- Transport the avulsed part to the BAS with the patient but keep it well-protected from further damage and out of view of the patient
- Immobilize extremity or body part as indicated by the severity of the avulsion
How to treat Lacerations
- treatment is generally the same as for abrasions:
- Control hemorrhage
- If major tendons and muscles are completely severed, immobilize limb to prevent further damage.
- Treat for shock
How to treat Abrasions
- Hemorrhage is usually so minimal that primary treatment may only require cleansing of the wound.
- Small bandages may be applied but tactical situations will usually preclude applying field dressings that are needed for more serious injuries.
- A large amount of dirt may be ground into the wound, therefore secondary treatment measures should focus on preventing or stopping infections.
How to treat Fractures
-Treat associated injuries
- Control hemorrhage
- Treat for shock
- Check distal pulses before and after splinting
- Immobilize the fracture using splints
- Recheck PMS (pulse, motor, and sensation)
- Relieve pain (see medication appendix at the back of Block 2 for more information)
- DO NOT reduce fractures in field unless distal pulses are not present
- Monitor
How to treat Strains, Sprains and Dislocation
Supportive strapping or bandaging
- Immobilize by splinting so that affected muscle is in relaxed position, if injury is severe
-R.I.C.E. (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)
How to treat Amputations
- Hemorrhage Control - Apply a tourniquet. If a tourniquet is applied, mark the patient's forehead with a "T" (indicating the time it was applied)
- Place the patient in shock position (Head down, feet elevated)
- Make every effort to preserve the amputated part and evacuate the patient as soon as possible
- Wrap amputated part in sterile dressing, place in ice and send with patient. When possible, prevent direct contact between tissue and ice.
What is rule of palm?
a method used for estimating the extent of a burn. The palm and fingers of the patient's own hand, which make up about 1% of the body's surface area, are compared with the patient's burn to estimate its size.
What is rule of nine?
A method for estimating the extent of a burn. For an adult each of the following areas represent 9% of the bosy surface: the head and neck, each upper extremity, the chest, the abdomen, the upper back, the lower back and buttocks, the front of each lower extremity, and the back of each lower extremity. The remaining 1% is assigned to the genital region.
Levels of burns? Signs and symptoms of each?
1st/superficial (redness)
2nd/partial thickness (blisters)
3rd/full thickness(white/black)
What is flail chest?
A fracture of two or more sites on two or more adjacent ribs, or when rib fractures produce a free-floating sternum.

When patients chest expands to inhale negative pressure air into lungs
What can cause JVD?
pneumonia
Know the various traumatic chest injuries?
Blunt trauma
penetrating trauma
compression and shearing
What is an evisceration? How to treat?
An intestine or other internal organ protruding through around in the abdomen

Treat by covering the wound with a clean wet bandage
Cartilage
Tough tissue that covers the joint ends of bones and helps to form certain body parts such as the year
Tendon
Tissue that connects muscle to bone
Ligament
Tissue that connects bone to bone
What is periosteum?
the tough white fibrous membrane that covers the outside of the bone
Sprain
The stretching and tearing of ligaments
Strain
Muscle injury resulting from overstretching or over exertion of the muscle
What is crepitus?
grating sound created by the rubbing of bone fragments
Indication and contraindications of traction splint?
Injuries close or to the knee and People with osteoporosis and fragile skin
The six P's
Pain - or tenderness
Pallor - pale skin or poor capillary refill
Paresthesia - sensation of pins and needles
Pulses - diminished or absent in the injured extremity
Paralysis - The inability to move
Pressure
What is a dermatome?
An area of the skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve
What does the autonomic nervous system do to us?
Regulate certain body processes such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing and does not require a conscious effort
Most vulnerable part of spine?
The lumbar spine
What are the regions of the spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
How many bones are in the spine
33
How many bones are in the cervical part of the spine
7
How many bones are in the thoracic part of the spine
12
How many bones are in the lumbar part of the spine
5
How many bones are in the sacrum part of the spine
5
How many bones are in the coccyx part of the spine
4
What is ICP? Signs and symptoms?
Also known as intracranial pressure which happens when pressure increases inside of the school when a hematoma develops the symptoms include a severe headache a decrease in heart rate and an increase in blood pressure also known as Cushing reflex
What is battle's sign?
A bruise behind the ear which is a late sign of cranial fracture or brain injury
What is multisystem trauma?
One or more injuries that affect more than one body system
Ways heat is lost
radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
How are heat cramps formed?
When the body loses salts bring on painful cramps in the muscle apply moist cool packs to neck groin and armpits
Air embolism
The presence of air in the veins, which can lead to cardiac arrest if it enters the heart. It's usually caused by diving too deep
Decompression sickness
A condition resulting from nitrogen trapped in the body's tissues caused by coming up too quickly from a deep, prolonged dive. A symptom of decompression sickness is "the bends" or deep pain in the muscles and joints.
What is Acute Mountain Sickness and the treatment for it?
When the body is unable to adjust to dinner either

Rest and rehydration
Sets with similar terms