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psych ch 7

Terms in this set (37)

learning
A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
classical conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
behaviorism
a view that psychology should 1) an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. most research psychologist today agree with 1) not 2
unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically triggers a response
conditioned response
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
acquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
higher order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. ex light tone food
extinction
the diminishing in a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when and unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response in no longer reinforced
spontaneous recovery
the re appearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response
generalization
the tendency once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
discrimination
in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
law of effect
thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequence become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
operant chamber
A chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
reinforce
in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the event it follows
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
primary reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer also know as a secondary reinforcer
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
partial reinforcement
reienforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition of a response, but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
punishment
any event that decreases the behavior that follows it
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of ones environment. for example after rats act as if they learned a cognitive map of it .
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for it own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behaviour to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
observational learning
learning by observing other
mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
pro social behavior
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