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Study Guide Unit 7

Terms in this set (66)

What were the various factors that led to the Russian revolution in 1917?
- Russia was not actively promoting economic growth. It was slow to expand education for peasants, build roads and other parts of its transportation networks, and support entrepreneurs with loans and contracts.
- The tsarist government resisted calls for political reform.
What were the effects of the Russian revolution in 1917?
The Soviet government abolished private trade, distributed peasants' crops to feed urban workers, and took over ownership of the country's factories and heavy industries.
What were the various factors that led to the Chinese revolution in 1911?
- China experienced rapid population growth between the mid-1700s and mid-1800s, but could not expand the amount of farmland or productivity rapidly enough to provide a stable food supply.
- The imperial government had not updated the tax system to adjust to changes in the economy. This meant that the government did not have the resources to maintain roads, bridges, and irrigation canals.
What were the effects of the Chinese revolution in 1911?
- Democracy: Sun Yat-sen expelled foreign capitalists from China.
- Nationalism: Sun Yat-sen advocated patriotism and loyalty.
What were the various factors that led to the Mexican revolution in 1910?
- Porfirio Diaz allowed foreign investors, particularly those from the United States, control over many of the country's resources. Additionally, the wealthiest 1 percent of the population controlled 97 percent of the land. Typical Mexican peasants were landless.
- In 1910, Diaz jailed Francisco Madero, the opposition candidate for president.
What were the effects of the Mexican revolution in 1910?
- Mexico adopted a new constitution in 1917.
- The Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI, was formed in 1929.
Why was the Ottoman Empire called "the sick man of Europe" by the start of the 20th century? What were its weaknesses?
Because the empire had relatively few exports and a waning agricultural economy. The empire relied mostly upon its position as a trade center, which became its most profound weakness since it did not have a stable source of income unlike Egypt where they continued to make profits from cotton.
What were the goals of the Young Turks? Why did their goals offend some?
They advocated for a constitution like those of the European states. They also advocated for Turkification, an effort to make all citizens of the multiethnic empire identify with Turkish culture, which was heavily islamic. For the millions of Armenians in the empire, who were mostly Christians, this was difficult.
Which side did the Ottoman Empire join in World War I? Why?
The Ottoman Empire secretly allied with Germany in World War I because the Turks resented many Europeans, particularly the British and the French, for their economic policies. Europeans had imposed trade privileges that were unprofitable for the Ottomans.
Describe the rise of Attaturk.
The Republic of Turkey was established in 1923, with Mustafa Kemal as the first president after the Turkish nationalists led by Kemal defeated British and other forces in 1921.
What were Attaturk's goals?
Attaturk's policies focused on reforming Turkey to make it more like the Western democracies. He was determined to create a secular nation, not one with strong Islamic influences.
In what ways did he achieve his goals? In what ways did he fall short of these goals?
He implemented several reforms: establishing public education for boys and girls, abolishing polygyny, and expanding suffrage to include women. As a symbolic gesture, he wore mainly Western suits and hats and encouraged others to do the same.
Militarism
Great Britain and Germany in particular spent a great deal of money on building up their armies and navies, heavily recruiting young men to join their armed forces and building more ships and amassing other military hardware. Because of the Industrial Revolution it was possible to mass-produce weapons and supplies.
Alliances
For example, Britain and France were allies with Russia in the alliance called the Triple Entente, and all three viewed Germany as a rival- for different reasons. France was bitter about its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, while both Britain and France competed with Germany for colonies in Africa.
Imperialism
During the latter half of the 19th century, for example, Western European countries scrambled for any available land in Africa to add to the colonies they already owned in Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific. Once European powers had claimed nearly all the land in Africa, they began fighting with one another over colonies. Thus, imperialism was a driving force behind tensions in Europe.
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