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Forensics Ch 16.

Terms in this set (27)

What is an erasure?
An erasure is the removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from a document.
How is an erasure accomplished?
An erasure is accomplished by chemical means or abrasive instrument.
What can the style of writing acquired by the learner suggest?
Time and locale.
Is handwriting a class or individual characteristic?
Individual.
What are 5 characteristics that individualize a person's penmanship?
Spelling, punctuation, phraseology, margins, and grammar.
What is an exemplar?
The known writing.
What is the important of age when it comes to writing samples?
It is important for hand writing samples because writing style changes over time.
What is the importance of Gilbert v. California for document analysis?
The court upheld the taking of handwriting examples before the appointment of the counsel. Also reasoned that handwriting samples are identifying physical characteristics that lie outside the protection privileges of the 5th Amendment.
Is taking a handwriting sample considered unlawful search and seizure and therefore a violation of the 4th Amendment rights?
No, United States v. Maria changed that.
What type of good measures can an investigator take to ensure that the required writing sample is a good one and that there is not a conscious effort by the suspect?
Writer should sit comfortable, should not be taught spelling, should be writing on pen and paper similar to the original, should not be shown the original document, and should take place at least three times to make sure writing is not being changed.
What are two requests most often made of an examiner in connection with typewriters?
1. Can the make and model of the typewriter used to type the questioned document be identified?
2. Can a particular suspect typewriter be identified as having prepared the questioned document?
What is the size of the standard typeface unit measured?
Number of letters per inch.
How many samples are considered sufficient when analyzing a suspect photocopier?
At least 10 samples.
Where do transitory defect marks come from and how do they appear?
From a photocopier, debris, marks, or cracks in the glass platen/ inner cover that produce regularly shaped patterns or images that can be used for comparison.
What does TTI stand for? What machine uses them and how?
Transmitting terminal identifier is the header at the top of a fax document and it can be used to see the different between real and fraudulently prepared fax documents.
Name 3 class characteristics of printing machines that become even more important if the machine in question is unavailable.
The type of paper, type of toner or ink used, and the chemical composition of the toner.
What differentiates "impact" from "non-impact" printers?
The mechanism of their toner application differentiates the two.
Examples of impact printers:
Ink jet and laser dot printers.
Examples of non-impact printers:
Thermal and dot matrix.
What can side lighting of a paper reveal?
Side lighting can reveal indented impressions.
What can infrared luminescence show?
It reveals the luminescent properties of the inks and writing that has been erased. Can see old vs new writing, etc.
What is the difference between obliteration and an erasure?
Obliteration is unreadable and erasure is removing.
How can digitizing a document be helpful in analyzing it?
When a document is digitized it can help by using photo shop tools; lightening, quality improved or enhanced, darkening, color, and contrast.
What is thin-layer chromatography used for here? How is the process done?
It is used for the separation of ink. The different dyes found can be separated on a thin-layer chromatography plate and can reveal points of comparison.
What method of document analysis did the Metropolitan Police Forensic Police Laboratory at the London College of Printing develop?
An innovative approach to visualize indented writing- Electrostatic Charge.
What happens to an individual's handwriting when they are under the influence of drugs.
The handwriting will not be the same.
The type of documents can the questioned documents include?
Anything; checks, ransomed notes, etc.
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