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Anatomy and Physiology Chp. 3

Terms in this set (140)

The smallest thing that can be considered alive is
cell
All cells imaged have what in common?
nucleus
Which is not a major part of a cell?
mitochondria
The lining around the cell and all organelles is composed of
lipid macromolecules
How many layers of phospholipids make up a membrane?
2
Phospholipids automatically assemble and stick together with tails away from the watery cytosol inside of a cell because the tail fatty acid portion of the phospholipid is
hydrophobic
Which is not a part of the human cell?
-nucleoid
-endoplasmic reticulum
-ribosomes
-microtubules
nucleoid
Which particle would NOT be allowed into the cell through the selectively permeable membrane?
-liquid water
-sodium ions
-oxygen gas
-carbon dioxide gas
sodium ions
Cells have carbohydrates and proteins embedded in the cell membrane in order to
not get rejected by the other cells
The inner portion of the cell membrane, where the tails are is ______. avoids water
hydrophobic
The arrangement of phospholipids in the cell membrane are
fluid they can move around
Proteins can function as which?
channels for ions to get into the cell through
Most of the cell membrane is made of
phospholipids
Why is it more difficult for water molecules to pass through the cell membrane than for O2 or CO2?
water has polarity
What can be found in the membrane of a cell? Check all that apply
-protein channels
-cell recognition carbohydrates
-nucleic acids
-protein enzymes
-phospholipids
-protein channels
-cell recognition carbohydrates
-protein enzymes
-phospholipids
The cholesterol molecules help with what property of the cell membrane?
stabilizing the phospholipids
If a patient has an accumulation of mucus because of ions not getting into cells appropriately which disease may be present?
cystic fibrosis
A special outer receptor coating on cells that helps them attach to things
selectins
Moves cells like leukocytes through a vessel toward infection sites similar to a train track.
integrin
CAM cell parts are essential to which to body systems?
immune to move white blood cells; reproductive to move eggs
Select all that apply. What is included in the term cytoplasm?
-cell membrane
-cytosol
-cytoskeleton
-mitochondria
-cytosol
-cytoskeleton
-mitochondria
How is mRNA able to leave the nucleus but DNA is not able to leave the nucleus?
mRNA is much smaller than DNA so can fit through nuclear pores
What is the correct order of events for protein synthesis?
DNA information is used to create a strand of mRNA, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome (rRNA) on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the rRNA uses the mRNA information to create a protein, the protein is packaged by golgi apparatus into a vesicle, the vesicle transports the protein to its destination based on the protein's job.
If a protein is not made correctly what happens to it?
it could be broken down by a lysosome and used for monomer parts
Which part of ATP is the "energy component" or where the energy is released from chemical to kinetic?
the phosphates
What are some things that us as living organisms need energy from the mitochondria to do? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY
-think
-move
-produce reproductive cells
-maintain cells
-think
-move
-produce reproductive cells
-maintain cells
Why does the inner membrane of the mitochondria have a windy/folded shape?
higher surface area allows faster diffusion and therefore more energy transformation can be done
Where are the genetic instructions for mitochondria inside our cells?
inside the mitochondria
Which organelle would be used to transform energy from glucose into ATP?
mitochondria
Which organelle would be used to break down waste product proteins?
lysosomes
Which organelle would be used to breakdown a destructive hydrogen peroxide molecule?
peroxisomes
Centrosomes attach to what in order to help in cell division?
DNA
What cell structure would be used to create movement and is found in muscle cells made of the protein actin?
microfilaments
Which cell structure would be found in flagella and cilia creating movement in or outside of the cell?
microtubules
Where does lactic acid come from? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY
-mitochondria that does not have enough oxygen
-abundance of milk consumption
-mitochondria with a genetic malfunction
-mitochondria with too much oxygen diffusion
-mitochondria that does not have enough oxygen
-mitochondria with a genetic malfunction
Which disease correlates to slow nerve impulses due to lack of protein in the phospholipid membrane of peroxisome organelles?
-krabbe
-ADL
-muscular dystrophy
-MELAS
ADL
What acts as a track for movement of large organelles in the cell?
cytoskeleton
What is the name of the molecule protein complexes that helped the leukocyte move along the vessel wall by attaching or anchoring them to complexes on the vessel wall?
selectins
In which system does this video take place and how do you know?
cardiovascular, because there are red blood cells and white blood cells in a vessel
What molecules move out of the nuclear envelope?
mRNA
What does the mRNA attach to in order to manufacture a protein?
ribosomes
What molecules move through the nuclear pores?
mRNA
Select all that apply: Which is part of the nucleus?
-nuclear pores
-chromatin
-nucleolus
-endoplasmic reticulum
-nuclear pores
-chromatin
-nucleolus
Which is necessary for passive diffusion?
an area of high concentration and an area of low concentration for molecules to move to
In the example of diffusion in the diagram, what is able to move across the artificial membrane?
both water and the solute
During facilitated diffusion what is necessary? Check all that apply
-a channel or transporter protein in the cell membrane
-the use of ATP energy
-an area of higher concentration and an area of lower concentration for molecules to move toward
-a water soluble solute
-a channel or transporter protein in the cell membrane
-an area of higher concentration and an area of lower concentration for molecules to move toward
-a water soluble solute
In the example in the slide, why does water move from the right side to the left side?
In order to balance the ration of water to solute to make them as equal on both sides as possible
Why is the shape of the erythrocytes (red blood cells) so important to the physiology of them?
they need to be able to hold oxygen to transport it in the body
Image (a) is a normal red blood cell meaning it is in which type of solution?
isotonic
Why is water moving out of the cell in diagram (b)? SELECT ALL THE APPLY
-Because the water molecules are attracted to the salt ions due to the polarity of the water molecules and charge of the salt ions
-so that water molecules can balance the ratio of salt to water inside and outside to cell
-so that water molecules can avoid the sodium ions
-There are more water molecules outside the cell than there are inside the cell
-Because the water molecules are attracted to the salt ions due to the polarity of the water molecules and charge of the salt ions
-so that water molecules can balance the ratio of salt to water inside and outside to cell
In a situation where there are more solutes outside the cell than there are inside the cell, the solution outside the cell is considered _____
hypertonic
Which are examples of passive transport? Select 3
-osmosis
-facilitated diffusion
-diffusion
-endocytosis
-osmosis
-facilitated diffusion
-diffusion
When something large is moved from the outside of the cell, into the cell by a piece of the cel membrane forming a bubble around that item it is called
endocytosis
Describe the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis
Endocytosis is the movement of large particles into the cell while exocytosis is the movement of large particles out of the cell
Why might STD's be more able to infect someone than infections spread through touch?
the anus and vagina have thin lining and easily perform transcytosis sending pathogens right into the bloodstream
Check all that apply, what is included in interphase of a cell?
-copying DNA in mitosis
-cell growth G1
-copying DNA in synthesis phase
-cell growth in Gap 2
-cell growth G1
-copying DNA in synthesis phase
-cell growth in Gap 2
Somatic cells means
cells of the body
Cytokinesis is when what happens?
cells split into 2
What is the difference between a strand of DNA and chromatin?
DNA is not packed up while chromatin is tightly packed
In which phase do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell from centrioles' spindle fiber moving them?
metaphase
In which phase are the cell membranes of the two new daughter cell separated?
cytokinesis
What is the correct order of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Actin helps pinch apart cell membranes, where else is actin used in the body?
muscles
What happens to the quality of a DNA strand as it is being copied more times as cells continue to go through mitosis?
the quality gets worse and there are more mutations
The difference between a normal cell and a tumor cell is that
Cancer cells continue to go through mitosis uncontrollably
Which best describes the two type of tumor genes?
-Benign genes that tell a cell to go through mitosis and malignant genes that cause metastasis
-Oncogenes that cause malignant cells or tumor suppressor genes that create specifically benign tumor cells
-over action of either tumor suppressor genes that stop mitosis and oncogenes that signal a cell to go into mitosis
-oncogenes that tell a cell to stop reproducing and tumor suppressor genes that tell a cell to start mitosis
-over action of either tumor suppressor genes that stop mitosis and oncogenes that signal a cell to go into mitosis
A cell that is no specific type of tissue and can become specialized to eventually be something specific like a skin cell is called
stem cell
A partially specialized cell that has characteristics of a tissue but can become even more specifically specialized. This would be a daughter of a stem cell
progenitor cell
When a stem cell reproduces and it's daughter cells then reproduce to become highly specialized to be a neuron in the eye, we call that process
differentiation
When a cell has DNA that was not copied from one cell to another properly, the cell will go through which process to prevent damage to the rest of the tissue/organism?
apoptosis
During a car accident a patient hit the front steering wheel with their chest. This broke a ton of capillaries killing many cells. The cells that died went through
necrosis
The purpose of the energy pathways, or cellular respiration, is to create
ATP
What are the reactants for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2
ATP is made from the combination of which molecules?
Adenosine diphosphate and another phosphate
What is needed in order to do aerobic cellular respiration?
oxygen, glucose and a mitochondria
When a glucose sugar is broken in half the process is called
glycolysis
What is the purpose of DNA synthesis?
so that the cell can go though mitosis and create two identical daughter cells with the same genetic information
Which RNA molecule takes genetic information from the nucleus to a ribosome?
mRNA
Which molecule is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosomes?
tRNA
Which protein and RNA complex uses the information from mRNA and the amino acids on tRNA to make a polypeptide protein?
ribosomes
Describe the structural organization of the cell membrane
a bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move
Receptor mediated endocytosis and exocytosis that brings particles from one side of the cell to the opposite side
transcytosis
the nucleus of the cell is important because
it contains DNA
in order to break down carbohydrates and use them as energy which process happens in cells
hydrolysis
the endoplasmic reticulum of ER is best described as
network of interconnected membranes folded over each other
vesicles are formed
phospholipid cell membrane
why does DNA not leave the nucleus?
it is a large molecule and cannot fit through the pores of the nuclear envelope
what works directly with the ribosomes by attaching to them in order to make proteins
tRNA
which of the following is NOT produced through protein sythesis?
-phospholipid membranes
-enzymes
-globular proteins
-integral proteins
-phospholipid membranes
some antibiotics fight bacteria by interfering with their normal cellular processes consider the following case; streptomycin binds bacterial ribosomes and disables them. which process would this be interfering with?
protein synthesis
a protein that transports things from the outside of a cell to the inside is a type of
integral protein
list the cell life stages in order from a new cell to when that cell is able to reproduce
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
in the ATP molecule the energy is stored in
the bond of the third phosphate
when oxygen is not present during cellular respiration, what will be produced?
lactic acid
the mitochondria is considered the "powerhouse of the cell" because
without a mitochondria cells produce only 2 ATP per glucose molecules and with it about 38 ATP
in the below chemical equation what are the reactants
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN -> CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + ATP
C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 +H2O + ATP
C6H12O6 and 6O2
the organelle where energy is captured and stored in the chemical bonds of ATP is a
mitochondrion
on which organelle would you find ribosomes?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
the three major parts of a cell are
the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
what is the correct order for a protein that is being produced in a mammary gland cell and excreted in milk?
nucleus, rough ER, golgi, vesicle, cell membrane
DNA synthesis would not be possible without the following
enzymes
the DNA information provides instruction for the cell to
manufacture RNA from amino acids
what is necessary in order for aerobic respiration to occur?
mitochondria and O2
a cell membrane engulfs a large particle, drawing it into the cell in a vesicle is which type of transport
endocytosis
DNA is an example of
nucleic acids
the microtubules are important to
pull apart chromatids during mitosis
why is precise division of the genetic material during mitosis important
DNA mutations can lead to tumors and cancer
why is apoptosis a normal reaction that may happen in cellular division
due to the large amounts of DNA errors are common and control of mutated cells is necessary to preserve the entire anatomy
the period in the cell cycle with the DNA replicates
S phase
what would be the complementary strand to the below sequence of DNA?
AAG TCG GCA
TTC AGC CGT
if someone were to consume a lot of sodium which type of transport would cells do in order to move extra ions out of the cytoplasm and prevent the cells from having too many sodium ions in them?
active transport
which is not a difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
-aerobic produces 38 ATP and anaerobic makes 2
-aerobic uses C6H12O6 and anaerobic uses lipids
-aerobic uses a mitochondria and anaerobic happens in cytoplasm
-anaerobic is faster but less effective than aerobic
-aerobic uses C6H12O6 and anaerobic uses lipids
using the image attached, identify the red blood cell's external solution
hypotonic
during which phase do chromatids align at the equator of the cell
metaphase
the most basic thing that can be considered alive is a(n)
cell
cells that have a specific job, and specific genes have been activated in that cell to make it particular to its function
differentiated
a type of transport that does not require energy, but does require the use of a cell membrane protein would be
facilitated diffusion
this part of the cell includes the cytoskeleton, organelles and cytosol
cytoplasm
organelle that puts newly made proteins into vesicles so that they can be moved in the cell without being hazardous to the rest of the cell
golgi apparatus
organelle that is responsible for the deconstruction of waste products in the cell
lysosome
when a white blood cell is attacking a bacteria, it may put it into a vesicle and take it into the cell, this process is called
endocytosis
the movement of large molecules, like a big protein, out of the cell would require which type of transport
exocytosis
what would you expect to happen when a cell is placed in an isotonic solution
the cell will not change
which of the following situation would describe the outcome of a patient receiving pure water (with no solutes) rather than a balanced saline solution through an IV directly into their blood vessels
red blood cells would fill with water and lyse in the hypotonic solution
during this phase the cells make a copy of DNA
S phase
what is the correct order of cellular reproduction for somatic cells
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
selecting and integrins are part of this system
cell adhesion molecule
which type of cell would use selectins
egg cells
if an immune system cell detects a cell with oncogenes in it then the immune system cell will signal the other cell to do what process
apoptosis
when the genetic code is tightly packed around histone proteins and compressed to form an 'X' shape it is known as
chromosome
during which phase are sister chromatids pulled apart
anaphase
in order for a protein to be produced which of the following is needed?
-ribosome
-smooth ER
-lysosome
-microfilaments
ribosome
during which phase do cells do their normal functions and get larger
G1
when a cell engulfs solid particles it is called
phagocytosis
which factor DOES NOT affectthe rate of diffusion?
-concentration of solutes
-thickness of phospholipid bilayers
-surface area
-amount of ribosomes
-amount of ribosomes
what is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane?
osmosis
which is NOT a type of passive transport?
-transcytosis
-osmosis
-facilitated diffusion
-diffusion
-transcytosis
which of the following is NOT active transport?
-endocytosis
-exocytosis
-transcytosis
-osmosis
osmosis
a cell is limited by the amount of times it can go through mitosis on the ______ on the end of the DNA that indicates the number of times the DNA was copied
telomere
without smooth ER, what would not be manufactured in human cells?
phospholipid bilayers
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