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Research methods test 3

Terms in this set (64)

Usually it is unethical or impossible to manipulate a variable in a study, what kind of variables could you not change?
Race, ethnicity, and gender
What is a -1.0 correlation?
A perfect negative correlation
What is a 1.0 correlation?
A perfect positive correlation
Is this positive or negative?
positive
Is this positive or negative?
negative
What is the strength of a correlation covering?
The magnitude or the standard deviation
Which of the following is used as a measure of the direction and strength of an association between two quantitative variables?
a. t-test
b. pearson correlation coefficient
c. standard deviation
d. variance
b. pearson correlation coefficient
When you are graphing one categorical variable with another kind of variable you have to use?
Mean= arithmetic average Ex/n
What is a statistic to test the difference between 2 group averages?
T-test
Construct validity is?
how well each variable was measured
Statistical validity is?
How well does the data support the conclusion
Internal validity is?
Can we make a causal inference from association
External validity?
To what individuals or situations can the association be generalized
What is effect size?
strength of relationship
What is statistical significance?
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
What is an outlier?
an extreme score
If the SAT scores range from 600-2400, but the college only admits students who score 1800 or higher what would this be?
Restriction of range
What is it when the relationship between two variables does not make a straight line?
Curvilinear association
What are the requirements for a causal claim?
2 variables covary, causal variables occur before the outcome variable( temporal precedence), no other explanations exist for the relationship(internal validity)
What does this graph show?
Third variable problem
third variable problem
the concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable
A professor knows that feedback in the form of grades will have a bigger effect on student performance if it is given quickly. The TIMELINESS of the feedback is an example of
a moderator
Listening to Mozart increases spatial reasoning because it is arousing
a mediator
a moderator tells you?
For who, when, and what conditions
A mediator tells you?
Why does this exist
Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
Causation
the idea that if A occurs then B WILL occur
Covariance
Are the two variables related?
temporal precedence
A comes first in time, before B
Internal Validity
Is there a third variable that might explain the relationship of the first two variables?
Bivariate
two variables
Multivariate
involving more than two variables
Multivariate designs are used over bivariate designs because bivariate designs establish covariance but NOT?
Temporal precedence or internal validity
longitudinal design
research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time
Cross- sectional designs
correlations between variables at one point in time
Self-Reported Tobacco Craving Time 1 AND Cigarettes Smoked per day. This is an example of what kind of design?
Cross- sectional
Time 1, Time 2, Time 3, Time 4.... What kind of design is this?
Longitudinal
Autocorrelations
the correlation of each variable with itself across time
Self-Reported Tobacco Craving at Time 1, Self-Reported Tobacco Craving at Time 2. What kind of design is this?
Autocorrelations
cross-lag correlations
relationship between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another variable
Use of Tobacco at time one, and Social media usage at time two, What kind of correlation is this?
Cross- lag correlation
Statistical Analysis that allows third variables to be ruled out in a Multivariate Correlational Design.
Multiple Regression Analysis
Is the relationship between Tobacco Craving and Tobacco Use still significant after controlling for Number of Years an individual has smoked cigarettes? What kind of analysis is this?
Multiple Regression Analysis
Measured outcome variable of interest ex. tabacco use
Dependent Variable
Measured variables that are associated with he dependent variable ex. age, tabacco craving
Predictor variables
Multiple Regression analysis does not establish...
Causation
What is it called when you are providing the simplest explanation for research findings?
Parsimony
Dr. Leggett finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, gender is considered to be a(n).......
a. outlier
b. cause
c. moderator
d. restriction of range
c. moderator
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r=.52. This number gives you information about which of the following?
a. internal and external validity
b. strength and direction
c. test-retest reliability and internal validity
d. temporal precedence and construct validity
b. strength and direction
Associations between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable are typically plotted on....
a. pie chart
b. line graph
c. scatterplot
d. bar chart
d. bar chart
If there is a critical value of 1.86 and you got 1.8 as you t-test answer, would you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
Fail to reject
True or false- Effect size is a measure of the strength of an association between two variables
True
Which of the following study designs can a researcher use to make a causal claim?
a. multivariate correlational design
b. cross- sectional design
c. experimental design
d. longitudinal correlational design
c. experimental design
Which of the following correlation coefficients is significant using an alpha level of .05?
a. r= -.45 p=.06
b. r= .21 p=.48
c. r= .06 p=.07
d. r= -.23 p=.04
p= probability of obtaining that association by chance alone- want it to be less than .05 answer= d. r= -.23 p=.04
True or false- Multiple Regression Analysis allows researcher's to control for variables that are not directly measured in a study
False
True or false- In a multivariate correlational design that uses multiple regression, participants are randomly assigned to different levels of the predictor variables.
False- Correlational study= Associations study- both have no random assignment
True or false- In an independent groups design, the same participants are exposed to every level of the independent variable and are measure on the dependent variable after each exposure.
False
A(n) ---------------- variable is a second variable that is held constant by researchers conducting experiments in order to avoid confounding variables that could impact results.
a. dependent
b. independent
c. conceptual
d. control
d. control
Dr. Leggett wants to learn whether listening to Mozart while studying increases students grades on a research methods exam. Dr. Leggett conducts an experiment in which she randomly assigns half of her students to listen to mozart while studying and the other half to listen to white noise while studying. Finally Dr. Leggett administers the exam to both groups after studying and compare the two groups based on their scores on the exam. This is an example of a ----------------- design.
a. Posttest only
b. Concurrent measures
c. Prettest/Posttest
d. Within groups
a. Posttest only
In an experimental design, the researcher -------------- the independent variable and ---------------- the dependent variable.
a. measures, manipulates
b. measures, measures
c. manipulates, manipulates
d. manipulates, measures
d. manipulates, measures
identify two potential drawbacks of within groups designs
order effect, and practice effects
What is a design confound?
serves as an alternative explanation for results
Participant rates his/her craving for opioids before and after receiving placebo or experimental drug for opioid craving. What kind of design is this?
Pretest/posttest
Instead of breaking participants up into two groups, you have all the participants try yoga before taking a memory test. Then, you have all the participants try jogging before taking a memory test. Next, you compare the test scores to determine which type of exercise had the greatest effect on performance on the memory tests. What kind of design is this?
Within groups design
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