Powerpoint, Textbook Chapter Review Questions
A relative constant state in the body's internal environment naturally maintained by adaptive responses that promote healthy survival is called
Homeostasis
A process in which solid particles in a fluid move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, resulting in an even distribution of the particles in the fluid, is called
Diffusion
The movement of materials across the membrane of a cell by means of chemical activity requiring the expenditure of energy by the cell is called
Active Transport
What type of tissue is composed of cells that contract in response to a message from the brain or spinal cord?
Muscle
The thin sheets of tissue that secrete mucus and line the body surfaces that open to the outside environment are
Mucous Membranes
An active transport process that permits a cell to engulf or surround foreign material and digest it is called
Phagocytosis
A type of cell division of somatic cells in which each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell is called
Mitosis
A group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so they can perform a special function together is called
Organ
The hypogastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity is located in which regions (name 2 - the one it is Inferior To and the one it is Medial To)
Inferior to the umbilical region and Medial to the right iliac region.
Name the correct system:
Protects underlying structures, provides for sensory reception and regulates body temperatures
Intergumentary
Name the correct system:
Uses electrochemical signals to integrate and control body functions
Nervous
Name the correct system:
Transports fatty nutrients from the digestive system to the blood
Cardiovascular
Name the correct system:
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide and regulates acit-base balance
Respiratory
Name the correct system:
Makes physical and chemical changes in nutrients and absorbs nutrients
Digestive
Name the correct system:
Cleans the blood of metabolic wastes and regulates electrolyte balance
Urinary
Name the correct system:
Ensures the survival of the species rather than the individual
Reproductive
Define:
Physiology
Explains the processes and functions of the various structures and how they interrelate.
Define:
Anterior
(aka Ventral)
To face forward; the front of the body. The chest is Anterior to the spine.
Define:
Medial
Toward the midline. The sternum (breastbone) is located in the medial portion of the chest.
Define:
Lateral
Toward the side. The outer area of the leg, the area located on the side, is called lateral.
Define:
Proximal
Nearest the origin of the structure, nearest the trunk. The elbow is proximal to the forearm.
Define:
Distal
Farthest from the origin of the structure, farthest from the trunk. The fingers are distal to the hand.
Define:
Deep
Further away from the body surface. The bone of the upper arm is deep to the muscles that surround and cover it.
Define:
Sagittal Plane
Runs lengthwise from the front to the back. Cuts the body into a right and left section. A midsagittal cut gives two equal halves.
Define:
Coronal (Frontal) Plane
Divides the body into a ventral (front) section and a dorsal (back) section.
Define:
Transverse Plane
Cuts the body horizontally to the sagittal and frontal planes, dividing the body into caudal and cranial portions.
Define:
Ventral Cavity
Consists of the Thoracic (or chest) cavity and the Abdominopelvic cavity which are separated by the diaphragm (a muscle directly beneath the lungs).
Larger than the dorsal cavity.
Define:
Thoracic Cavity
Contains the heart, lungs. Its midportion is a subdivision of the thoracic cavity - the Mediastinum - which contains the trachea, the heart and the blood vessels. Its other subdivisions are the right and left pleural cavities, which contain the lungs.
Define:
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine and parts of the large intestine. A subdivision called the Pelvic Cavity contains the lower portion of the large intestine (lower sigmoid colon, rectum), the urinary bladder and the internal structures of the reproductive system. The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not separated by any structure and are therefore referred to as the Abdominopelvic Cavity.
Define:
Dorsal Cavity
Is comprised of the cranial and spinal body cavities. Smaller than the ventral cavity.
Name the 9 Abdominal Regions
1. Right hypochrondriac region
2. Epigastric region
3. Left hypochrondriac region
4. Right lumbar region
5. Umbilical region
6. Left lumbar region
7. Right iliac (inguinal) region
8. Hypogastric region
9. Left iliac (inguinal) region
Epigastric region contains
Parts of the right and left lobes of the liver, a large portion of the stomach.
Name the 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant), LUQ (Left Upper Quadrant).
RLQ (Right Lower Quadrant), LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant).
Define Diffusion
The movement of PARTICLES in all directions through a solution or gas. Solutes move from an area of high to low concentration, resulting in equal distribution.
Define Osmosis
A special type of diffusion, the movement of WATER through a semi-permeable (which allows the passage of some substances while allowing for others) in all directions through a solution. Water moves from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water. The dissolved substances do not move.
Define Filtration
The transfer of water and dissolved substances from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure, a force behind filtration is hydrostatic pressure (the force of fluid pressing outward on a vessel wall).
Define Hemeostasis
Relative consistency in the internal environment of the body, naturally maintained by adaptive responses that promote healthy survival.
Name the parts of the cell
Cilia, flagella, microvilli, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum (covered with ribosmoes), lysosomes, cytoplasm, free robosomes, cell membrane, microtubule, centrioles, mitochondria, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, golgi apparatus, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, cytoskeleton, inclusion bodies
Structural Levels of Organization
Chemical Level - Atoms, Molecules.
Cellular Level.
Tissue Level.
Organ Level.
System Level.
Organism (Human Being).
Cell Structural Parts - Cytoplasm
-Sticky, fluid-like substance between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
-Contains organelles (tiny functioning structures including nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, centrioles).
Cell Structural Parts - Nucleus
-Largest organelle
-Responsible for cell reproduction & control of other organelles.
-Surronded by nuclear membrane.
-Contains nucleoplasm.
-Contains nucleolus (critical in formation of proteins).
-Contains chromatin granules (composed of protein & DNA).
Cell Structural Parts - Endoplasmic reticulum
-Smooth and rough
-Functions as a miniature circulation system.
Cell Structural Parts - Golgi Apparatus
-Packaging plant (packages certain carbohydrates and protein compounds into globules, then releases them outside the cell).
Cell Structural Parts - Centrioles
-Aid in the formation of the spindle during mitosis.
-Necessary for cell reproduction.
-Paired, rod-shaped organelles.
Cell Structural Parts - DNA
-Located in the nucleus.
-Chemical blueprint of the cell (encodes the message for protein synthesis and sends it to the RNA).
Cell Structural Parts - RNA
-Located in the cytoplasm.
-Chemical messenger (transports DNA message to ribosomes where the protein is produced).
Cell Division - Mitosis
-Reproduction of cells
-One cell divides to become 2 daughter cells
-Chromosomes are located in the nucleus, carry genes responsible for the cell's traits. Each cell contains 46 chromosomes. Each exists in pairs (1 from the father, 1 from the mother).
Movement of Materials Across Cell Membrane
Can be done by Active Transport (movement of materials across the membrane of a cell by means of a chemical activity that allows the cell to admit larger molecules than would otherwise not be able to enter the cell, it requires energy).
Types of Active Transport
-Phagocytosis - "Cell Eating," Movement of cells or other large particles into the cell by trapping them in a section of the plasma membrane.
-Pinocytosis - "Cell Drinking," Movement of fluids and dissolved molecules into a cell by trapping them in a section of the plasma membrane.
-Calcium or Sodium-Potassium Pump - Movement of solute particles from an area of low concentrations to an area of higher concentrations by means of a carrier molecule.
Movement of Materials Across Cell Membrane
Can be done by Passive Transport (movement of small molecules across the membrane of a cell by diffusion, osmosis or filtration, it requires no energy).
Types of Passive Transport
-Diffusion - Solid particles in a fluid move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
-Osmosis - The passage of water across a selectively permeable membrane, with water molecules going from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution.
-Filtration - The movement of water and particles through a membrane by force.
Types of Tissues - Epithelial
Covers the outside of the body and some internal structures. Functions - Protection, Absorption, Secretion.
Types:
-Simple Squamos - Alveoli of lungs, lining of vessels.
-Simple Columnar - Lining of stomach, intestines and respiratory tract.
-Stratified Squamous - Lining of mouth & esophagus, surface of skin.
-Stratified Transitional - Urinary bladder.
Types of Tissues - Connective
Connects joints or structures to the body.
Types:
-Areloar
-Adipose
-Dense fibrous
-Bone
-Cartilage
-Blood
Types of Tissues - Muscle
Contracts in response to a message from the brain or spinal cord.
Types:
-Skeletal - Voluntary, attached to bones.
-Cardiac - Involuntary, with electrical supply (nerve cells), in the heart.
-Smooth (Visceral) - Involuntary, lines internal organs (blood vessels, stomach, intestines, uterus).
Types of Tissues - Nervous
Provides rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions.
Comprised of Neurons and (transmit impulses or messages) Glial Cells (support and nourish the neurons).
Membranes - 3 Types
1. Epithelial Membranes
2. Serous Membranes
3. Synovial Membranes aka Connective Membranes
Epithelial Membranes
Are Mucous Membranes.
-Line the body surfaces that open to the outside (Nose, mouth, urinary tract, reproductive tract, etc).
-Secrete mucous - a thick, slippery material that keeps membranes soft and moist, protect against bacterial invasion and lubricate the GI tract.
Serous Membranes
Line body surfaces that do not open to the outside.
-Found in the lungs, intestines, heart.
-Secrete serous fluid - a thin, watery fluid.
-Have 2 layers: Parietal (lines the wall of the cavity) & Visceral (is on the organ side and covers the surface of the organ).
Connective Membranes aka Synovial Membranes
Line the joint spaces between bones and prevent friction.
-Secrete synovial fluid - a thick, colorless lubrication fluid.
Organ Systems - Endocrine System
-Pituitary Glands
-Pineal Gland
-Hypothalamus
-Thyroid Gland
-Parathyroids
-Thyms
-Adrenals
-Pancreas (has endocrine and exocrine functions)
-Ovaries (female)
-Testes (male)
Organ Systems - Digestive System (Primary Organs)
-Mouth
-Pharynx
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Small Intestine
-Large Intestine
-Rectum
-Anal Canal
Organ Systems - Digestive System (Accessory Organs)
-Teeth
-Salivary Glands
-Tongue
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas
-Appendix
Organ Systems - Reproductive System - Male
-Gonads (Testes)
-Genital Ducts (Vas Deferens, Urethra)
-Accessory Glands (Prostrate)
-Supporting Structures
-Genitalia (Penis, Scrotum)