Compromise(1867)

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Francis Joseph reintroduced absolutism aim: retaliation - execution of the 13 martyrs+ imprisonment emigres were executed symbolically, Gorgei saved by the Russians in 1850- Haynau was forced to resign (previously he had military obligation) position of Hungary in the empire: • centralism: advocated by Francis Joseph I + Schwarzenberg ( PM of Austria)+ AUT upper bourgeoisie (economic advantages) • legal basis for centralism: Forfeiture Theory: AUT + HUN had an agreement, but with the armed revolt - Hungary violated it -> HUN lost its privileges, like Golden Bull & Pragmatica Sanction -> Hungary became a Habsburg province
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Terms in this set (15)
Francis Joseph reintroduced absolutism aim: retaliation - execution of the 13 martyrs+ imprisonment emigres were executed symbolically, Gorgei saved by the Russians in 1850- Haynau was forced to resign (previously he had military obligation) position of Hungary in the empire: • centralism: advocated by Francis Joseph I + Schwarzenberg ( PM of Austria)+ AUT upper bourgeoisie (economic advantages) • legal basis for centralism: Forfeiture Theory: AUT + HUN had an agreement, but with the armed revolt - Hungary violated it -> HUN lost its privileges, like Golden Bull & Pragmatica Sanction -> Hungary became a Habsburg province
After the war of independence
Alexander Bach: minister of interior a new administrative system was created - 5 administrative districts lead by officials • separate admin.: Transylvania, Croatia-Slavonia, Serbian Voevodeship open germanisation - GER as the official language: admin., legal papers, higher education Bach hussars & secret police economy: • united customs area - abolished the customs barrier • 1853 - decree of compensation: state compensation for emancipation of serfs church: • Catholic church regained its influence and facilities • Jesuits were reinvited/ recalled
Bach period: 1851-1859
co-operations: conservative aristocrats & impoverished nobility old aristocracy (Apponyi): platform of 1847 - feudal constitution: Golden Bull, Pra.S. centralist liberals (J6zsef Eotvos): reform program of Szechenyi passive resistance (Ferenc Deak): platform of 1848 - April laws, nobility & bourgeoisie supported them emigres (Lajos Kossuth): platform of 1849 - complete independence, they didn't have much power - international negotiations, tried to get help from the opponents of Austria
Political groups
1. passive resistance: Deak - sage of the nation ways: no cooperation with authority refuse to take office no tax payment making fun of the Bach hussars - mocking goal: return to the April Laws - self-government empire - shield against Germans and Slavs - 2. active resistance armed rebellions and guerilla warfare, pacification (=end a revolution) & retaliation attempts of assassination of Francis Joseph - unsuccessful
Form of resistance
diplomatic relations became worse after 1849 influence of the emigres neutrality in the Crimean War (1853-56) -> bad relation with Russia sovereign states of Serbia & Romania -> possible alliance with the emigres Italian independence movements: war with France (Napoleon Ill) and Sardinia - Solferino -> loss of territories: 1859 Lombardy rising conflict with the Prussians about the leadership of united Germany
International troubles
he emigrated to Turkey-> UK-> USA-> Italy (Turin) war of ind. was lost because of international isolation of HUN & ethnic minorities supported by the Court & betrayal of Gorgei plans of the Danubian Confederation -> Balkan states and Hungary unsuccessful diplomatic meetings with Napoleon Ill-> N.111 wanted to avoid a long war with Austria
Plans of Kossuth
1859: dismissal of A. Bach • hostile atmosphere in Hungary • defeat at Solferino October Diploma (October 1860) - issued by F.J. • restored some liberties and partial autonomy • restored the Diet • foreign affairs, military aff. and financial issues - in the hands of the empire • not acepted by the intellectuals and liberal nobility February Patent (February 1861) • issued by F.J. • centralized constitution for the Empire • parliamentary representation of every nationality • election of representatives by the HUN parliament • rejected by the political elite (Hungarians) both the 0.0. and the F.P. were rejected debate on the format of the rejection
1859-1861
both rejected on the basis of the 1848 laws accepted F.J. as the legal monarch planned to send a petition about the rejection
1. Moderates (Deak)
didn't accept F.J. as the legal monarch wanted to return to the laws of 1849 planned to send a declaration to F.J. about the rejection parliamentary vote btw petition party & declaration party: Teleki's suicide before the vote ->petition party won Viennese Court refused any reforms-> return to absolutism
2. Radicals (Laszlo Teleki
petition vs declaration
Radicals
ecret negotiations F.J. appointed Gyula Andrassy as the PM (responsible government) 1867: F.J crowned as the Hungarian King • accepted by the Parliament • Dual Monarchy was created (constitutional monarchy) 1. relationship of the parts real union of equal countries (personal union= 2 countries - 1 ruler) common ruler: emperor and king common affairs: military and foreign policy ➔ joint financial affairs • ministries in Vienna • 60-60 delegates elected by each parliament 2. privileges of the ruler to pre-sanction laws appointment of ministers controlling the army (chief-commander of the army) 3. Hungarian Parliament limited autonomy: • only in domestic pol., except common affairs • gov. responsible for the parliament • limited suffrage {wealth and education census) - 16%The Compromise -1867real union of equal countries (personal union= 2 countries - 1 ruler) common ruler: emperor and king common affairs: military and foreign policy ➔ joint financial affairs • ministries in Vienna • 60-60 delegates elected by each parliament1. relationship of the partsto pre-sanction laws appointment of ministers controlling the army (chief-commander of the army)2. privileges of the rulerlimited autonomy: • only in domestic pol., except common affairs • gov. responsible for the parliament • limited suffrage {wealth and education census) - 16%3. Hungarian Parliamentproportions of the common affairs (foreign and military) initially: 70%- 30% AUT/HUN renewed every 10 years monetary union + common currency {Crown) customs union - free flow of labor and capital4. Economic compromise