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Test 4 AKA Final Exam Corrections

Terms in this set (50)

Under the Prison Rape Elimination Act, when should solitary confinement be used for LGBTQ prisoners?
For the prevention of sexual abuse
What are the reasons the corrections system has become a de facto delivery system for mental health services?
Diminishing mental health services in the community and the reduction of acute mental health beds in public hospitals
According to a 2009 study, how many times more than the average rate will transgender prisoners experience sexual assault?
13 Times Higher
What do the Denver Police Dept and the Prison Rape Elimination Act say about strip searches or patdowns of transgender inmates?
1. are to be conducted by an officer of the same sex, defined by the inmate
2. Staff assigned to transporting inmates are also altered in these instances
3. Strip searches are never to be performed as punitive measures but are conducted where there is a legitimate custody or security issue
What is compassionate release?
The early release of an elderly, terminally ill, or incapacitated inmate so that he or she can receive end-of-life care near family and friends while also relieving the burden of expensive medical care from the corrections department.
How are most jail health care expenses paid?
Medicaid/Afforable Care Act
Correctional facilities spend approximately how much on the amount of health care for elderly prisoners as compared to younger inmates?
More then three times the amount needed for younger inmates ($67,000 vs $22,000 per year in 2009)
What has been shown to reduce the number of emergency room visits, to help returning prisoners reconnect with family, and to reduce the spread of diseases commonly found in prisons and jails?
...
Why do some states consider prisoners age 45 or older to be elderly prisoners?
Untreated health issues prior to incarceration cause those individuals to age sooner then the general population. Also has to do with correctional purposes and medical parole
What are the main factors often correlated with higher rates of mental illness among inmates?
Factors that cause challenges and special needs for inmates/facility administrators. Factors include:
1. Women Prisoners
2. Homelessness/ Chronic Homelessness
3. Physical/Sexual Abuse
4. Substance abuse
5. Co-occurring mental health problems
6. Violent criminal records
Between 1992 and 2001. the population of prisoners above age 50 what?
41,586 in 1992, 113,358 in 2001. More then double in each decade.
What percentage of jail inmates suffer from co-occurring mental health and substance abuse issues?
Almost half of jail inmates, and about 40% of prison inmates and serious substance abuse issues
What was the ruling in Baze v. Rees?
The Supreme Court ruled that lethal injection did not violate the Eighth Amendment
What race was the victim in 80% of US death sentences?
White
Why do many doctors refuse to participate in executions?
The American Medical Association (AMA) issued a policy statement prohibiting its members from participating in executions, on the grounds that it violates the hallowed Hippocratic Oath of doing no harm.
What are facts that support the notion that racial disparity exists in death sentences?
1. The relationship between the race of the victim and the race of the offender
2. Blacks who kill whites are more likely to receive the death penalty
What is the most common way today to put prisoners to death?
Lethal Injection
What does the Baldus study look at?
Analyzed the statistics of almost 2,500 murder cases in Georgia a decade AFTER Gregg vs. Georgia
According to the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, how much money would the state save per prisoner per year if all death sentences were commuted to life without parole?
Save $90,000 per prisoner, $170 Million per Year
According to the Baldus study, in which case were prosecutors in Georgia most likely to seek the death penalty?
African American defendants who kill white victims
What was the ruling in Herrera v. Collins?
Asserted that the Eighth Amendment does not prohibit the execution of someone who claims to be factually innocent and has new evidence but was denied a federal habeas corpus petition
According to the Death Penalty Information Center, how many people have been released from death row since 1973?
159 Persons
What was the holding in Graham v. Florida?
Life without parole could not be imposed on youth for crimes that were not homicides
What was the holding in Ford v. Wainwright?
That an insane person must not be executed
What is oversight of private prisons primarily intended to ensure?
Contract compliance
What is the primary reason jurisdictions turn to private correctional facilities?
A quick solution to crowding in the most common reason for private prisons
What do private prison staff have a financial incentive to do?
increase the length of prison stays for inmates
When did the rise of private correctional facilities begin?
1980's
When private prisons seek to reduce costs, they most often cut what?
Primarily due to reduced personnel costs
The majority of private correctional facilities are owned by how many companies?
Two private companies, CoreCivic and the GEO Group
Most often, private prisons lobby for policy changes that will do what?
Lobby for new prisons and tougher sentencing laws, rules/regulations included in government contracts
What was the combined revenue of the largest private prison operators in 2016?
$4 Billion in 2016
What does performance based contracting ensure?
Allows governments to identify specific outcomes that private prison contractors should achieve and to link compensation to meeting these goals
How are payments to private prison facilities typically structured?
By guaranteed payments
How much does the private correctional health care industry generate per year?
$3 Billion
The contracting process of private facilities often begins with what?
a request for proposals
Private prison companies are better able to what than the federal government?
build or acquire facilities
What are some facts about the prison industrial complex?
1. for-profit organizations that operate private facilities and others that sell produces and services to corrections agencies
2. correctional policy that is significantly influenced by powerful lobbying groyps
What are some facts about the largest private prison companies?
1. Use their ability to contribute to political candidates to influence corrections policies
2. In 2015, held 18% of federal prisoners and 7% of state prisoners
3. GEO Group and CoreCivic managed 149 facilities, and made $4 billion
4. Both companies spent more then $1 million on lobbying and political campaigns
What is one problem with counting inmates as residents?
Prisoners don't have the right to vote, free residences of the area get disproportionate influence
What has caused several elected officials to reconsider the ability of the government to pay for mass incarceration?
The fiscal crisis in 2008
What groups have a stake in maintaining a large prison population?
1. Companies that sell products to prisons
2. Private Prison companies
3. Lobbyist groups
How are corrections systems usually funded?
Local and State funding
According to a 2007 national poll, how much support was there for the funding of job skills training for juveniles? (National Council on Crime and Delinquency poll)
Nearly unanimous support, for education/ job skills training it was 95% support, counseling and substance abuse services was 92% support
What are some of the arguments made by law enforcement who support corrections reform?
...
According to a 2001 survey, how what percentage of people favored drug treatment in lieu of prison for nonviolent illegal drug use? (American Civil Liberties Union survey)
74% of people
What is the definition of prison industrial complex?
A term used to describe the overlapping interests ofg government and industry that use surveillance, policing, and imprisonment as solutions to economic, social, and political problems
What do victims' advocates support with regard to reform in the criminal justice system?
...
What advantage do districts get when they count inmates as residents?
...
The opinion of conservatives on crime issues are changing concerning what types of crimes?
...
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