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Final Exam Review Bio 211

Terms in this set (54)

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called __________.
Humoral Stimuli
A liver cell responds to insulin by
Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have ______.
increased secretion of ADH
Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload?
ADH
Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
thymus gland
Why does antidiuretic hormone help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid?
It causes reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased blood water volume and a decreased solute concentration.
What does dark red blood indicate?
oxygen-poor reduced availability of oxygen blood
What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production to make new red blood cells?
reduced availability of oxygen
What is a young, anucleate erythrocyte called?
reticulocyte
What erythrocyte production disorder results from an autoimmune disease associated with vitamin B12 absorption?
pernicious anemia
What role do the kidneys play in erythropoiesis?
The kidneys detect low levels of oxygen in the blood.
What "clot buster" enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred during fibrinolysis?
plasmin
The enzyme __________ digests fibrin clots.
plasmin
Which of the following represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways?
one is faster than the other (extrinsic is faster than intrinsic)
Platelet deficiency resulting in spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels.
Thrombocytopenia
Condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity.
Anemia
Abnormal excess of erythrocytes resulting in an increase in blood viscosity.
Polycythemia
Free-floating thrombus in the bloodstream.
Embolus
What protein involved in coagulation provides the scaffolding for tissue repair?
Fibrin

(The final steps in coagulation result in prothrombin activator catalyzing the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin and thrombin catalyzing the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin serves as the scaffolding for tissue repair).
__________are glycoprotein found on the surface of erythrocytes. A person with type O blood lacks agglutinogen A and B on their red blood cells.
Agglutinogen
Why would there be cause for concern if a young pregnant mother is Rh-, her husband is Rh+, and this is their second child?
If the second child is Rh+ and the mother did not take RhoGAM, there is a chance that the child will develop erythroblastosis fetalis and die before birth.
What part of the pathway to produce platelets is shared with other formed elements?
hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Which of the following terms refers to a lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle cells?
Ischemia
Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during __________.
Ventricular diastole
Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order
ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?
SA node
What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?
ventricular depolarization
Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?
P wave
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles?
AV node
Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent?
increase heart rate and increase stroke volume
How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume?
increase contractility
By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume?
increased end diastolic volume

(The fibers are stretched more, resulting in an increase in the force of contraction (preload, or the Frank-Starling Mechanism).
How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output?
decreased stroke volume but no change on cardiac output

(decreased blood volume would decrease the end diastolic volume, thus lowering the stroke volume. Although this would initially lead to a decrease in the cardiac output, heart rate would increase because of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system in an effort to maintain cardiac output).
The role of the coronary arteries is to __________.
supply blood to the heart tissue
Which functional feature best describes the manner in which cardiac muscle contracts?
Automaticity (autorhythmicity) promotes the spontaneous contraction of the cardiac muscle cells
Heart rate at rest under both autonomic divisions signaling.
Vagal tone
Difference between resting and maximal cardiac output.
Cardiac reserve
An abnormally slow heart rate.
bradycardia
An abnormally fast heart rate.
tachycardia
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells ________.
tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?
decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?
an increase in heart contractility
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.
decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
Which of the following modifies and smoothes the respiratory pattern?
pontine respiratory centers
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
emphysema
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________
mesenteries
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?
parietal cells
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
chief cells of the stomach
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?
intrinsic factor
Which cells of the small intestine secrete enterogastrones, such as secretin and cholecystokinin?
enteroendocrine cells
Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin?
enteropeptidase
How are fats absorbed into the blood?
in the form of chylomicrons
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