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Exam 4

Terms in this set (61)

Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood
...
Define middle adulthood age range
40-65
Know what changes physically during this stage
Appearance
- wrinkles, sagging
- age spots on hands and face
- thinner, grayer hair
- fingernails and toenails thicker, more birttle
Weight goes up
height goes up
Sacropenia: loss of muscle mass and strength
Joint stiffness, greater difficulty in movement
bone density goes down
Eyesight decline
hearing decline: lower sensitivity to high pitches
metabolic syndrome: HTN, obesity, insulin resistance
Define morbidity, mortality
Morbidity: illness rate
Mortality: death rate
Know the two leading causes of death for this group and how they differ from early adulthood
Heart disease: diet, heredity, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, stress

Cancer: diet, heredity, smoking, obesity, STIs
Identify the risk factors for heart disease and cancer
Heart disease: diet, heredity, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, stress

Cancer: diet, heredity, smoking, obesity, STIs
Define climacteric, andropause, and menopause
Climacteric: midlife transition in which fertility declines

Andropause: testosterone loss, erectile dysfunction

Menopause: not having a period for a year
Know what hormone replacement therapy is, how it is used, and its risks
replaces hormones that decline due to aging

estrogen with progesterone

Risks
- increased risk of heart disease, breast cancer, stroke
Identify the risks and benefits (if any) for hGH and DHEA replacement
DHEA
- hirsutism
- heart arrhythmia
- balding
hGH
- colon, prostate, breast cancer
Compare the four most common sexual dysfunctions for males and females
Men
- Premature ejaculation
- performance anxiety
- reduced libido
- arousal difficulties

Women
-reduced libido
- orgasmic disorder
- sex not pleasurable
- arousal difficulties
Define crystallized and fluid intelligence
Crystallized
- accumulated information and verbal skills
- factual knowledge
- education and experience
- increases with age

Fluid
- ability to reason abstractly
- flexible reasoning
- relations between concepts
- novel problems
- declines with age
Know the different findings on intelligence from Horn's cross-sectional design and the Seattle Longitudinal study
one was over time
Understand how cohort effects may have influenced the results of the cross-sectional study
???
Discuss ways to maintain good cognitive ability in the middle adult years and beyond
absence of CV and other chronic diseases
favorable environment. high SES
complex, intellectually stimulating environment
flexible personality style at midlife
high cognitive status of spouse
maintenance of high processing speed
Understand the effects of spirituality and meditation on the brain and health
longer life
Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood
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Define generativity and stagnation with regard to Erikson's psychosocial development
Generativity: desire to leave legacies of themsleves to the next generation

Stagnation: sense that you have done little or nothing for the next generation
Know the levels of human needs according to Abraham Maslow and reflect on how Erikson's stages of development align with Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
1. physiological
2. safety
3. love/belonging
4. esteem
5. self-actualization
Know the different ways to achieve a sense of generativity in middle adulthood
Biological: having offspring

parental: nurturing and guiding children

work: develop skills that are passed down to others

cultural: create, renovate or conserve some aspect of culture
Know the major stages or "seasons" of Levinson's theory and contrast this to Erikson's three stages of adult development
Pre-Adult (0-17): individual is protected by the family

Early adult (17-45): make first major choice: marriage, career, residence, increase responsibilities

Middle Adult (40-65): shedding of gender roles, interact with more people from different generations, pwoer (dominant generation), midlife crisis

late adulthood (60+): move out of center stage, bodily decline, ultimate invovlement with self, face death of friends and spouses
Know the type of stress that is most common in middle adulthood and how stress is related to mid-life crisis
mid-life stress
Know the 5 traits measured in the Big Five Trait theory of personality, how they change across development, and what these traits predict
Openness
- imaginative, interested in variety, independent or practical, routine, conforming

Conscientiousness
- organized, careful, disciplined or disorganized, careless, impulsive

Extraversion
- sociable, fun-loving, affectionate or retiring, somber, reserved


agreeableness
- softhearted, trusting, helpful or ruthless, suspcious, uncooperative

neuroticism (emotional stability
- calm secure, self-satisfied or anxious insecure, self-pitting
Understand the cumulative personality model
over time, people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote stability of personality
For work, identify the risk of career change or unemployment in middle adulthood
...
Identify the terms: empty nest, boomerang kids, and sandwich generation
empty nest: children leave

boomerang kids: kids move back home

sandwich: caring for children and parents
How do friendships change during middle adulthood?
more seletive, kin more important, friends are an investment
Distinguish between companionate, remote, involved and surrogate grandparenting roles
Companionate; friends

remove: long-distance or by choice

involved: life wtih family

surrogate; adopt grandkids
Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
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Know the current population trends and definition of life expectancy and maximum life span
Life Expectancy: how long ca you expect to live?
- varies by time and place
- 79
- males: 76, Females: 81

Maximum: How long can you possibly live?
- currently 125
Define centenarian and supercentenarian
centenarian: 100 years

supercentenarian: 110
Know the difference between primary and secondary aging
Primary Aging
- caused by genetics
- low variance from person to person
- programmed theories

Secondary Aging
- caused by environment
- Higher variance from person to person
- cellular damage theories
Distinguish between the biological theories of aging (cellular clock, hormonal stress, immunological), and cellular damage theories (wear and tear, free-radical)
Cellular Clock
- cells divide only about 75 to,es
- Telomeres (caps of chromosomes) shorten

Hormonal Stress
- With age, can't ward off harmful stress hormones

Immunological
- immune system loses efficiency with age
- Fewer B and T cells are made

Wear & Tear
- course of living wears out our bodies
- joints, teeth, some organs, muscles

Free Radical
- molecule with extra electron that can bond to chemicals
- it seeks an electron destroying fats, proteins
- free radicals increase with age
- antioxidants reduce free radicals
Understand the research that has been done regarding aging as outlined in the Films on Demand video "Don't Grow Old: Holding Back the Years" (watched in class, available on MWSU library website)
???
Define multidirectionality of development
domain does not occur in a strictly linear fashion but that development of certain traits can be characterized as having the capacity for both an increase and decrease in efficacy over the course of an individual's life
Know changes that occur in the brain in late-adulthood
Slowing of brain development
dementia
sensory
- decline in vision: cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration. hearing, smell, taste, and touch
Define dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Dementia: neurological disorder with progressive deterioration of mental functions

Alzheimer's: Brain cell connections and the cells themselves degenerate and die, eventually destroying memory and other important mental functions.
Distinguish Parkinson's disease, Dementia with Lewy-Bodies, and vascular dementia from Alzheimer's (see handout)
on hand out
Describe the stages and symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease, how it's identified and how symptoms are treated
Memory loss: short-term before long term
Difficulty performing familiar tasks
problems with language
disoriented in time, space
poor or decreased judgement
problems with abstract thinking
misplacing things
changes in mood and behavior
loss of initiative
Chapter 18: Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood
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Know what stage of psychosocial development Erikson considered people in late-adulthood to be in
integrity vs. despair
What does it mean to achieve integrity in late adulthood according to Peck?
ego differentiation: how do you define self-worth?

body transcendence: how do you deal with physical shortcomings of old age?

ego transcendence: how do you deal with the reality of death?
Self-Theories: Selective Optimization with Compensation, Identity, Behavior Genetics
Selection: reduced capacity and function, requiring reduction in performance

optimization: possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and new technology

Compensation: need to compensate when life tasks are beyond performance potential

Identity: life satisfaction grounded in maintain a firm, but flexible identity that can accommodate changes to the self without feeling threatened

Behavioral Genetics: Satisfaction grounded in your genetic programming, which is more likely to come out in later adulthood
Stratification Theories: Activity, Disengagement
Activity
- more active more life satisfaction
- maintain middle-adulthood roles
- combine effortful social, physical, cognitive and household activities with more restful activities

Disengagement
- satisfaction grounded in pulling away from socializing activities
Other Theories: Continuity, Socioemotional Selectivity
Continuity: Satisfaction grounded in continuing to grow, learn, and change

Socioemotional Selectivity
- more selective social networks
- deliberately withdraw from less-close friends
- increase contact with close friends and family
- minimizes positive emotional experiences and minimizes emotional risks
Define ageism and understand the stereotypes people may have of older individuals. How might these stereotypes (positive or negative) affect people in late adulthood
ageism: prejudice against people due to their age
How does marriage change in late adulthood?
assessment of strengths and weaknesses
decline in parental responsibility
fewer divorces
intimacy
less likely to remarry
How does the death of a partner or spouse in late adulthood affect health and social well-being
most stressful life event
physical and mental decline an accelerate
Identify the social roles in late adulthood particularly with siblings and friends and how these roles change with late adulthood
increased closeness with siblings
more close friendships, less peripheral friendships
positive, supporting relationship with children and grandchildren
Identify factors that contribute to the decision to retire and what makes for a successful retirement
benefits
spouse's retirement
health
interest in job
interest in leisure activities
commitment to work


involvement in community
involvement in leisure activities
partying
good health
good savings
good career
Chapter 19: Death, Dying, and Grieving
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How do we define "death" (brain death vs. persistent vegetative state)
Brain Death: neurological definition of death. electrical activity of the brain has ceased, marked by a flat EEG

Persistent Vegetative State: Cerebral Cortex no longer registered electrical activity, but brain stem remains intact, no consciousness/body movement
What are the 3 stages that make transition from living to dead?
Agunal: gasps, muscle spasms, heartbeat disintegrates

Clinical Death: heartbeat, circulation, breathing, brain, functioning stop, resuscitation still possible

Mortality: permanent death
Know the commonalities of the Near Death Experience
experiences feels "more real than real"
out-of-body
going towards light, through tunnel
sense of peace, less fear of death afterwards
What does it mean to be a "death-denying" society?
die in hospitals
bodies prepared in funeral homes
burials arranged in funeral homes
Understand terror management theory
humans are animals but want to think of themselves as something beyond animals

thinking of death reminds us that we are animals

we want to think of ourselves as enlightened, immortal
Know the options for what can be done with your body after you die
Donating body to science
Identify Kubler-Ross's stages of dying and how these can be applied to the dying person or to the ones left behind
Denial and Isolation: we dont want to face that we are terminal, temporary defense

anger: why me? resentment, rage, envy

Bargaining: if you spare me, God, I will be a better person

Depression: loss, hopelessness, effort to disconnect from love objects

Acceptance: sense of peace, final resting stage before inevitable death
Define hospice and understand its function with the dying person (also define palliative care)
A service that helps people die at home
increased movement toward doing this
provides medical, social worker, and volunteer visits
Define euthanasia and understand the difference between active and passive euthanasia
Passive: allow to die naturally, DNR, living will or advance directive

Active: incurable disease and physician puts person to death
What does "death with dignity" and "right to die" mean and what laws are in place to aid people in peaceful death?
physician-assisted suicide
What is meant by the "grief process" and what stages to grieving do individuals go through?
1: accept the reality of the loss
2: work through the pain of grief
3: adjust to a world without loved one
4th: develop an inner bond with deceased something
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