Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Exam 2 KNES298

Terms in this set (40)

Which of the following is NOT a type of biological skeleton?
A metaskeleton
What type of skeleton do humans have?
An endoskeleton
Which of the following is NOT true about exoskeletons?
Some exoskeletons replace missing body parts
Which of the following statements about orthoses is true?
An ankle foot orthosis can restore a more typical walking pattern to someone who has foot drop due to a stroke
Some orthoses are exoskeletons
Which of the following is NOT true about the ReWalk exoskeleton?
It is designed to allow someone to walk stably without the use of canes.
The winner of the powered exoskeleton race at Cybathlon 2016 used what type of exoskeleton?
An exoskeleton that generated power with motors.
Which of the following results in the lowest metabolic cost of transport?
Walking at a typical walking speed.
Suppose that using an exoskeleton allows you to walk a greater distance using the same amount of metabolic energy. How does using the the exoskeleton affect your metabolic cost of transport (COT)?
Using the exoskeleton decreases your COT.
When during the gait cycle do walking exoskeletons apply positive power?
During late stance (push-off).
Which of the following is NOT true about the the unpowered walking exoskeleton of Collins et al. (2015) that we discussed in lecture.
It can do positive net work
What is embodiment?
Considering an external object as part of ones own body
In the reaction-time task of Serino et al. (2007) with simultaneous cutaneous and auditory stimuli, in which case did individuals react slower when the sound came from near their hand rather than from farther away.
Blind individuals holding a cane.
Which of the following best defines the term body schema?
Personal awareness of one's body, including the locations and orientations of its various parts.
Consider a "rubber hand illusion" experiment that uses either synchronous or asynchronous visual and cutaneous sensory stimuli to attempt to create the illusion and then directs a physical threat at either the rubber hand or a real hand. Which of the following conditions would be expected to produce the smallest skin conductance response to the physical threat?
Asynchronous sensory stimuli followed by a physical threat to the rubber hand.
The evidence is weakest for which of the following body schema illusions?
Having two bodies.
Which of the following best describes "control statements" in questionnaires used to assess body schema illusions?
They are used to account for the possibility that participants may agree with statements regardless of whether those statement match their perceptions.
Suppose that the amputation of one arm leads to cortical reorganization of one side of the brain's cortex. What happens to the location where the lips are represented on this side of the cortex?
It moves towards the midline of brain.
It moves towards where the amputated arm used to be represented.
Which of the following groups of children with a limb amputation usually do NOT experience a phantom limb?
Children who were less than two years old when their limb was amputated.
Which is the following is NOT true about phantom limb pain?
Phantom limb pain is rare in people with amputations.
Recall that Lotze et al. (1999) studied two groups of individuals with an upper-limb amputation: individuals who seldom or never used a prosthesis and individuals who regularly used a myoelectric prosthesis. What did this study find?
Individuals who used a myoelectric prosthesis experienced less cortical reorganization.
Individuals who used myoelectric prosthesis experienced less phantom limb pain.
As originally conceived by Clynes & Kline (1960), a cyborg is a biological organism with artificial components. Which of the following is NOT necessarily true for a cyborg in this original conception?
A cyborg's artificial components interact directly with the organism's skeletal system.
Which of the following statements best describes how the nervous system controls heart muscle?
The nervous system can speed up or slow down heart rate.
Suppose a diseased heart sometimes exhibits an abnormal rhythm or fibrillation and an implantable cardioverter-defribrillator (ICD) is used to restore a normal rhythm. How is this situation described from a cybernetic perspective?
The system exhibits multistability.
The ICD is used to apply perturbations to the system.
Perturbations move the system from one stable behavior to another.
Consider the use of an implantable cardioverter-defribrillator (ICD) to apply electrical shocks to the heart. What of the following is true for cardioversion but not defibrillation?
The timing of electrical shocks relative to the heart rhythm must be controlled.
Which of the following is true for remote monitoring of implantable cardioverter-defribrillators (ICDs) compared to conventional practice?
It detects problems earlier.
Why is the transition from walking to running as you speed up thought of as a bifurcation?
There is a large abrupt change in the percentage of time a foot is in contact with the ground.
Which of the following statements about clonus is NOT true?
Clonus is due to a weakened tonic stretch reflex.
The US Food and Drug Administration has approved deep brain stimulation to treat which of the following conditions?
Parkinson's disease.
Essential tremor.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Which of the following statements best describes how deep brain stimulation is used to treat essential tremor from the cybernetic perspective?
Essential tremor develops due to some change in the conditions of the nervous system over time, resulting in a bifurcation in which the system's behavior changes from normal to pathological. Deep brain stimulation is continually applied to at least partially reverse the change in the nervous system's conditions.
Which of the following is a symptom of Parkinson's disease
Resting tremor.
Reduced arm swing during walking.
Difficulty initiating movements.
For functional electrical stimulation, where can the electrodes that stimulate muscles be located?
On the surface of the skin over muscles.
Implanted around nerves leading to muscles.
Implanted in the spinal cord.
Which of the following statements about motor units is NOT true?
There is typically overlap between different motor units because some muscles fibers can be activated by more than one motor neuron.
Consider the nervous system's recruitment of motor units to activate a muscle. What do the horizontal and vertical axes represent in the figure below?
The horizontal axis is the total force produced by the muscle, and the vertical axis is the firing rate of a single motor unit's motor neuron.
Which of the following best describes the Henneman size principle for motor unit recruitment?
To produce a small amount of muscle force, the nervous system primarily activates small motor units. To produce a large amount of muscle force, the nervous system activates small and large motor units.
Which of the following best describes the recruitment of motor units using functional electrical stimulation (FES)?
FES cannot recruit fatigue-resistant motor units without also recruiting fast-fatiguable motor units. As a result, FES stimulation of muscles is not as effective as the way the nervous system normally activates muscle.
Which of the following best describes the functional electrical stimulation (FES) bike race at Cybathlon 2016?
The winner was the only participant to use implanted FES electrodes.
The figure below shows two different scenarios, A and B, in which functional electrical stimulation (FES) is used to stimulate muscles. Each box represents an input-output system. Which scenario(s) describe the use of FES for cycling, standing up and walking?
Scenario A describes the use of FES for standing up and walking. Scenario B describes the use of FES for cycling.
Which of the following best describes the use of functional electrical stimulation to allow someone with paralysis in both legs to walk?
The person walks with a swing to gait and requires the use of an assistive device for stabilization.
In class we discussed the FreeHand system that used functional electrical stimulation (FES) to allow someone with partial paralysis of the arms to grasp objects with their hand. Which of the following is true about this system?
Movement of the shoulder on the opposite side of body controls the FES.
Greater than 90% of users were satisfied with the system.
The system was taken off the market because it was not commercially viable.
Which of the following is NOT true for the study we discussed in class that used functional electrical stimulation (FES) to restore arm control to an individual with paralysis in all four limbs?
Electrodes implanted over the primary somatosensory cortex provided the individual with sensory information about his arm movement.
Students also viewed