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ETHN 142 Midterm Practice

Terms in this set (40)

According to Roberts, what is the significance of these two figures? The map on the left reveals the distribution of white and African American monthly rents under $15.00. The map on the right shows the distribution of tuberculosis, the most darkly tinted sections having a new case incidence rate of 35 per 10,000 population or higher. From Baltimore Building Low-Rent Homes: Report of the Housing Authority of Baltimore City, 1937-1939 (1939).
A. Disease and low rent go together
B. Disease and high rent go together
C. Disease and rent are not related
D. Disease and race go together
E. None of the above
Disease and low rent go together
Farmer discusses three approaches to problems in medicine: charity, development, social justice. Of the statements below, which is true?
A. The charity approach is flawed because it assumes in the social order that those needing charity are intrinsically superior.
B. The development approach considers progress and development in a linear fashion, assuming that as time goes on, health and medicine continually improves upon itself and is better than what was in the past.
C. The social justice model describes the perspective that the world is deeply flawed and that the structural violence enacted against marginalized people is natural.
D. The social justice model describes the perspective that the poor must fend for themselves because privileged people who don't exist in poor conditions or interact with marginalized communities don't contribute to the plights of the poor.
E. Both B and C
The development approach considers progress and development in a linear fashion, assuming that as time goes on, health and medicine continually improves upon itself and is better than what was in the past.
Which of the following was NOT a chemical therapeutic developed to combat TB in the 1950s?
A. Isoniazid
B. Rifampicin
C. Cycloserine
D. Azithromycin
E. All of the above were developed to combat tuberculosis in the 1950s.
Azithromycin
Which of the following barriers to proper mental health treatment for minority patients contribute to adverse effects on the patient's thoughts, mood, and behavior? Select all the apply.
A. Cost of services
B. mistrust in the physician
C. discrimination
D. language differences
E. lack of transportation to see the physician
A. Cost of services
B. Mistrust in the physician
C. Discrimination
D. Language differences
E. (everything except "lack of transportation to see the physician")
According to Smedley, what is the most significant barrier to timely and quality health care for Americans?
A. Insurance status
B. Age
C. Gender
D. Profession
E. Language Barrier
Insurance status
In "African Kaposi's Sarcoma in the Light of Global AIDS: Antiblackness and Viral Visibility", Singh et. al explore the relationship between antiblackness and sexuality through the lens of which ethnic studies concept?
A. Intersectionality
B. Settler colonialism
C. Racial capitalism
D. Homonormativity
E. Structural Violence
Intersectionality
What was the purpose of the Lafargue Clinic established by Richard Wright and Frederic Wertham? (Mendes)
A. To give mental health care equally to White and Black patients
B. To honor the legacy of the doctor, Paul Lafargue
C. To confront the mental health issues that Black people face due to Antiblackness
D. To treat TB in low-income Black communities
E. To specifically treat Black veterans
To confront the mental health issues that Black people face due to Antiblackness
After conducting research in a Kashmir mental facility billed as one of the "centres of excellence," what did Saiba Varma find? ("Disappearing Asylum: Modernizing Psychiatry and Generating Manpower in India")
I. Reform money was helping especially lower-class women access mental health care
II. A majority of funding was spent on renovating facilities and out-patient care, neglecting long term ward patients
III. Women, especially those who were perceived as sexually deviant, were not considered appropriate subjects of modern psychiatric care
A. I
B. II and III
C. I, II, and III
D. I and III
E. I and II
II and III
Epstein
Which of these characteristics is AIDS research characterized by?
A. Challenges or threatens the "natural order"
B. Relevant to some politicized social issue
C. Sentiment has mobilized a related social movement
D. Research is in competition for scarce resources
E. All of the above
All of the above
(Challenges or threatens the "natural order"
Relevant to some politicized social issue
Sentiment has mobilized a related social movement
Research is in competition for scarce resources)
On the Week 5 Varma reading:
Question: What were the faults of attempting to create the "Centre of Excellence" hospitals in India, where the purpose of hospitals transitioned away from being a site of treatment to a place where psychological and psychiatric manpower could be available quickly to address the vast communal shortage of adequate care?
A. Funding hospitals received were used for making the hospital look more prestigious instead of improving patient care
B. Human rights violations were not addressed or brought out into the open
C. A new focus on research-based science led to chronically-ill patients being left in the dust/treated like they could not be saved
D. The focus on outpatient care (getting people treated quickly) led to a decrease in the quality of care patients received for long-term problems
E. All of the above are correct
All of the above
(Funding hospitals received were used for making the hospital look more prestigious instead of improving patient care)
(Human rights violations were not addressed or brought out into the open)
(A new focus on research-based science led to chronically-ill patients being left in the dust/treated like they could not be saved)
(The focus on outpatient care (getting people treated quickly) led to a decrease in the quality of care patients received for long-term problems)
Which of the following groups was NOT included in the "Four-H Club" from the CDC to deem "high-risk groups" for AIDS?
A. Homosexuals
B. Haitians
C. Heterosexuals
D. Hemophiliacs
E. Heroin-users
Heterosexuals
What made the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee unethical?
A. There weren't enough physicians participating
B. There weren't enough participants who had Syphilis
C. The participants didn't have an incentive to participate
D. There was no informed consent
E. The researchers didn't submit an IRB (Institutional Review Board) form before conducting their experiment
There was no informed consent
What is NOT one of the five stages of catathymic crisis as explained in the Mendes reading?
A. Initial Thinking Disorders
B. Extreme Fatigue
C. Extreme Tension
D. Insight and Recovery
E. Superficial Normality
Extreme Fatigue
According to Epstein, what was the purpose of the "Founding Statement of people with AIDS/ARC"? (Epstein chp5 pg.206)
A. To be labeled as victims, which implies defeat
B. To be labeled as patients who depend on their healthcare provider
C. To be labeled as people with AIDS
D. Neither of the above
E. All the above
To be labeled as people with AIDS
What did William F. Buckley Jr., a conservative commentator, propose to do to people with AIDS? (Epstein chp5 pg.187)
A. Keep them in a segregated township
B. Tattoo the upper forearm and buttocks to discourage spread
C. Sentence them to serve jail time
D. Require them to seek healthcare and treatment
E. All the above
Tattoo the upper forearm and buttocks to discourage spread
In the Epstein article, why did John James, editor and publisher of a San Francisco-based newsletter, want lay activists to be involved with AIDS treatment issues? (Epstein chp5 pg.196)
A. To prevent a form of group suicide
B. To help activists become lay experts
C. Because researchers were too dependent on appeasing funding sources, they might not be capable of generating objective assessments of treatments
D. All the above
E. None of the above
All the above
(To prevent a form of group suicide)
(To help activists become lay experts)
(Because researchers were too dependent on appeasing funding sources, they might not be capable of generating objective assessments of treatments)
Which of the following strategies did AIDS activists use in order to gain credibility?
A. Appropriated culture/language of biomedical sciences
B. Established themselves as representative of the potential research population for AIDS
C. Used moral and methodological arguments to bring together political and technical ideas and language
D. Took advantage of preexisting cleavages within the biomedical community in order to bring allies to their side
E. All of the above is correct
All of the above
(Appropriated culture/language of biomedical sciences)
(Established themselves as representative of the potential research population for AIDS)
(Used moral and methodological arguments to bring together political and technical ideas and language)
(Took advantage of preexisting cleavages within the biomedical community in order to bring allies to their side)
In 1975, who were added to the Tuskegee Health Benefit Program?
aA. Black men
B. Military men
C. wives, widows, and offspring
D. offspring of black male test subjects
E. all of the above
wives, widows, and offspring
According to Varma, what are the limitations for "modernizing" mental health institutions in India?
A. stigma perpetuated by patients and their families
B. lack of legal reforms that do not address social contexts of mental illness
C. stigma perpetuated by mental health professionals
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
All of the above
(stigma perpetuated by patients and their families)
(lack of legal reforms that do not address social contexts of mental illness)
(stigma perpetuated by mental health professionals)
In North America and Europe, what misinformation was promulgated by publications, such as the New York Times, to show voodoo practices were the cause of HIV/AIDS in Haiti?
A. Human blood was used for sacrifices
B. Sexual activity was a part of these practices
C. Mysterious deaths
D. Inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact with contaminated ritual substances
E. All of the above
All of the above
(Human blood was used for sacrifices)
(Sexual activity was a part of these practices)
(Mysterious deaths)
(Inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact with contaminated ritual substances)
From the Subramanian reading, which action did Dr. Cutler NOT do while performing medical research to determine the transmission and treatment of gonorrhea in Guatemala?
A. Wrapped men's penises with material that was inoculated with syphilis after scraping their penises with needles
B. Obtained consent from the prostitutes and the men in the army
C. Coerced prisoners and men in the army to have sex with prostitutes infected with gonorrhea
D. Infected prostitutes with gonorrhea by sticking a cotton swab with gonorrhea bacteria into their genitals
E. Placed gonorrhea bacteria on the eyes of patients
Obtained consent from the prostitutes and the men in the army
In the Subramanian reading, was it a crime in Guatemala to purposely transmit venereal diseases to other people during the time of Cutler's experiments? What did Guatemalan physicians and authorities in the Ministry of Health do about Cutler's experiments?
A. Yes it was a crime. The Guatemalan authorities supported Cutler's work, gave him access to funding, and encouraged people to participate in his experiments.
B. Yes it was a crime. The Guatemalan physicians and authorities in the Ministry of Health who knew about the experiments failed to do anything to stop Cutler's experiments.
C. No, it was not a crime. The Guatemalan authorities supported Cutler's work, gave him access to funding, and encouraged people to participate in his experiments.
D. No, it was not a crime. The Guatemalan authorities ignored Cutler's experiments.
E. No, there weren't laws in Guatemala about purposely transmitting sexual diseases.
Yes it was a crime. The Guatemalan physicians and authorities in the Ministry of Health who knew about the experiments failed to do anything to stop Cutler's experiments.
(Wald reading)
Which of the following are NOT true in regards to the HeLa cells:
A. Came from an African American woman
B. Came from cervical cancer cells
C. Are an immortal cell line
D. The cells were donated with consent
E. Instrumental in the development of the polio vaccine
The cells were donated with consent
According to Mendes, which of the following were the distinct traditions that met togetherto discuss the urgent mental health needs of the community of Harlem?
I. Jewish Émigré scientific radicalism
II. Progressive Black Church
III. Black Intellectual radicalism
IV. Harlem Mental Health Clinic

A. I
B. II and IV
C. I, II, and III
D. All of the above
E. II and III
I, II, and III
In the Mendes reading, Dr. Wertham's experiences at Bellevue inspired him to advocate for which of the following:

I. Establishment of a non-discriminatory clinic
II. Fulfill mental health care needs of African Americans
III. Establish a Tuberculosis clinic

A. None of the above
B. III only
C. II and III
D. I and II
E. All of the above
I and II
From the article, "Languages of Sex and AIDS in Nepal: Notes on the Social Production of Commensurability" Stacy Leigh Pigg explores the different approaches to fighting the AIDS pandemic in Nepal, India. How did the USAID-funded programs, such as AIDSCAP, approach educating individuals about AIDS?
Ⅰ Instill fear into people about AIDS and shame people for being diagnosed with HIV/AIDS
Ⅱ Paid an advertisement company to depict safe sex practices
Ⅲ Normalized condom use for everyone, focusing on safe sex rather than AIDS itself
Ⅳ Taught their outreach workers about AIDS before they were able to go into the field
Ⅴ Addressed sexuality in the broadest terms, by even starting a "sex education" show on FM radio

A. Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ
B. Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ
C. Ⅰ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ
D. Ⅰ and Ⅳ
E. Ⅰ ,Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ
Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ
In "Straw Men and Their Followers" Evelyn Hammonds states: "It is the power of biology as a naturalizing discourse that has to be challenged. And race is a key figure in this discourse. In the United States, race serves as a dense transfer point between nature and society. It links our social structure to our individual and group biologies and it links our biological differences back to our social structure." What conclusions about race can be drawn from Hammonds's article?
A. Genetic markers uphold "the major races of traditional anthropology"
B. Racial narratives are always related to power
C. According to social scientists, the use of race in scientific research should be scrutinized for bias
D. All of the above
E. Using race to test genetic variance can contribute to an increase in medical inequality
All of the above
(Genetic markers uphold "the major races of traditional anthropology")
(Racial narratives are always related to power) (According to social scientists, the use of race in scientific research should be scrutinized for bias)
(Using race to test genetic variance can contribute to an increase in medical inequality?)
According to Farmer (Ch.11), what were the main differences between AIDS cases in the US and the cases in Haiti? Select all that apply.

A. A smaller proportion of Haitians with AIDS had PCP
B. M. avium-intracellulare was more common in North Americans with AIDS
C. Disparities in the length of survival was greater than a year in Haiti and less than 6 months in the US
D. Disparities in the length of survival were greater than a year in the US and less than 6 months in Haiti
E. There were no AIDS cases in Haiti
A. A smaller proportion of Haitians with AIDS had P.C.P ( Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)
B. M.avium-intracellulare was more common in North Americans with AIDS
C. Disparities in the length of survival were greater than a year in the US, and less than 6 months in Haiti.
According to Smedley's "Race as Biology Is Fiction, Racism as a Social Problem Is Real," which of the following is correct about ethnicity?

A. Ethnicity and culture are related phenomena
B. Ethnicity refers to clusters of people who have common culture traits that they distinguish from those of others.
C. Ethnicity is not a fixed, bounded entity.
D. Ethnicity is usually self-defined.
E. All of the above
All of the above
(Ethnicity and culture are related phenomena)
(Ethnicity refers to clusters of people who have common culture traits that they distinguish from those of others.)
(Ethnicity is not a fixed, bounded entity.)
(Ethnicity is usually self-defined.)
In what areas does the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) struggle? (Nundy) Select all that apply.

A. Medical accreditation
B. It is understaffed
C. It lacks the expertise to evaluate protocols
D. They do not struggle
E. They do not allow personal visits
B. It is understaffed
C. It lacks the expertise to evaluate protocols
Which of the following is true regarding race and ethnicity in medical research?

A. Currently, there are no major English language scientific academic publications that mandate guidelines on the use of race and ethnicity in medical research, but a few publications have aspirational guidelines.
B. Nature Genetics is the only major English language scientific academic publication that mandates guidelines on the use of race and ethnicity in medical research.
C. The Journal of the American Medical Association is the only major English language scientific academic publication that mandates guidelines on the use of race and ethnicity in medical research.
D. The New England Journal of Medicine once adopted mandatory guidelines on the use of race and ethnicity in medical research but overruled their decision in 2009 after it had a detrimental impact on case studies for HIV in Latino people.
E. B and D
Nature Genetics is the only major English language scientific academic publication that mandates guidelines on the use of race and ethnicity in medical research.
According to Farmer, what contributes and/or are examples of Haiti's extreme suffering index which in turn increases Haitians' vulnerability/susceptibility to HIV/AIDS?

A. Water refugees" who fall deeper into poverty and become exceedingly malnourished
B. Expanding populations
C. Interconnection: actions of the powerful, like the U.S., contribute to the extreme suffering of Haitians
D. Axis of gender
E. A, C, and D
"Water refugees" who fall deeper into poverty and become exceedingly malnourished
Interconnection: actions of the powerful, like the U.S., contribute to the extreme suffering of Haitians
Axis of gender
(all except "expanding populations" so a, c, and d)
According to Smedley's Abstract, racial and ethnic minorities are less likely to receive which procedure(s)?
A. Appropriate cardiac medication
B. Kidney transplantation
C. Peritoneal dialysis
D. Receive even routine medical procedures
E. All of the above
All of the above
(Appropriate cardiac medication)
(Kidney transplantation)
(Peritoneal dialysis)
(Receive even routine medical procedures)
Who was George Edmund Haynes?
A. Served as the first director of the National Urban League
B. A leading advocate and investigator of the Black urban condition
C. Earned a doctorate at Columbia in 1912
D. Believed there were connections between ghettoization and poor health
E. All of the choices listed
All of the above
(Served as the first director of the National Urban League)
(A leading advocate and investigator of the Black urban condition)
(Earned a doctorate at Columbia in 1912)
(Believed there were connections between ghettoization and poor health)
In "Racial Profiling in Medical Research" Robert Schwartz states: "It has become clear that human populations are not unambiguous, clearly demarcated, biologically distinct groups....Throughout history whenever different groups have come into contact, they have interbred. The continued sharing of genetic materials has maintained human-kind as a single species....Any attempt to establish lines of division among biological populations is both arbitrary and subjective."What can the Human Genome Project do to advance our understanding of genetic variation, health, and disease?
Ⅰ Allow us to understand how allelic variation can impact the metabolism of medications
Ⅱ Undermine existing biases that attribute complex physiology to external racial appearance only
Ⅲ Demonstrate how "lifestyle, socio-economic status, and personal beliefs are powerful influences on health"
Ⅳ "Susceptibility to breast cancer, blood type, skin color, and other manifestations of allelic variation" define race in a biologically valid manner.
Ⅴ Force an end to medical research that is arbitrarily based on race.

A. Ⅰ and Ⅱ
B. Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅴ
C. Ⅰ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ
D. Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ
E. Ⅰ , Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ
Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅴ
Regarding the assignment of racial/ethnic categories to patients and the validity of racial/ethnic data in medical charts and clinical databases, which statement is FALSE according to Moscou and colleagues?
A. The assignment of racial/ethnic categories to patients and the definitions of those categories are uniform across different healthcare systems and patient databases.
B. Data collection processes must be continuously validated.
C. A third party (ex: registration clerk, clinician, researcher) should not determine an individual's race/ethnicity.
D. The commonly used racial/ethnic categories are at best approximations of broad and overlapping groups defined by society according to shifting criteria.
E. All of these statements are TRUE.
The assignment of racial/ethnic categories to patients and the definitions of those categories are uniform across different healthcare systems and patient databases.
How does Hochman's article respond to Leroi's theorization of race?
A. Hochman argued that Leroi was right because geography affects genetic differences
B. Hochman argued that Leroi did not present a strong case for racial naturalism, and argued instead for social constructionism
C. Hochman thought Leroi's theorization of race was correct and argued that it should be used as a biological marker
D. Hochman argued that Leroi was right because there is not enough interbreeding between humans to prevent the formation of distinct races
E. Hochman and Leroi were the same person after a marriage
Hochman argued that Leroi did not present a strong case for racial naturalism, and argued instead for social constructionism
Which of the following were Finucane's findings?
A. Race was mentioned more for Black patients (10/10) than White patients (4/9)
B. Unflattering characteristics were attributed more to Black people
C. Race was more frequently specified and repeated during presentations for Black patients
D. The study showed subtle bias in clinical case presentations
E. All of the above
All of the above
(Race was mentioned more for Black patients (10/10) than White patients (4/9))
( Unflattering characteristics were attributed more to Black people)
(Race was more frequently specified and repeated during presentations for Black patients)
(The study showed subtle bias in clinical case presentations)
The number of reported Caribbean HIV cases doubled from September 1986 - August 1987. The largest rates of HIV case increase occurred in all of the following countries EXCEPT:
A. Jamaica
B. Haiti
C. Grenada
D. French Guiana
E. All of these countries had the largest rates of HIV case increase in the specified time period.
Haiti
According to Mendes in the Epilogue reading, what event occurred after the Lafargue Clinic's failure to secure state and city funding?
A. Rev. Dr. M. Moran Weston announced his retirement.
B. Rev. Shelton Hale Bishop announced his retirement.
C. There were not enough trainees in the clinic.
D. The clinic was struggling with providing community mental health care - only 'thousands' had been treated by the Lafargue Clinic.
E. None of the above.
Rev. Shelton Hale Bishop announced his retirement.
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