Sociology Final

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d. a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children
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d. a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children
constitutes a "family" has been widely debated. For many years, the standard sociological definition of family was __________.
a. a social network of people into which a person is born, which is composed of relatives, parents, and children who live in the same household for a span of more than 20 years
b. a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
c. a group of people that consists of a husband and a wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from a new marriage
d. a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children
d. dual-earner marriages
Marriages in which both spouses are in the labor force are referred to as __________.
a. domestic partnerships
b. "capstone marriages"
c. civil unions
d. dual-earner marriages
d. families are expected to control reproduction so that is occurs within specific boundaries.
Which of the following statements is true of the contemporary functionalist perspectives on families?

a. The smallness and intimacy of families make them unsuitable for providing children with the initial learning experiences they need.
b. In preindustrial societies, the economic security of families is tied to the workplace and to macrolevel economic systems.
c. Families are expected to encourage sexual contact or marriage between certain relatives.
d. Families are expected to control reproduction so that it occurs within specific boundaries.
Homogamy
The pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class, is called __________.
a. monogamy
b. polygamy
c. homogamy
d. exogamy
C. domestic violence can include the threat or use of violence in addition to various kinds of bullying and battering.
Which statement is true regarding domestic violence?

a. Recent statistics indicate that one in ten women will experience domestic violence at some time during their lives.
b. The majority of domestic violence cases occur outside of the home.
c. Domestic violence can include the threat or use of violence in addition to various kinds of bullying and battering.
d. Domestic violence can only be reduced through the removal of one parent from the household
b. contemporary families
Which of the following families is primarily responsible for regulating sexual activity, socializing children, and providing affection and companionship for family members?
a. Preindustrial families
b. Contemporary families
c. Neolithic families
d. Feudal families
c. kinship
Which of the following terms refers to a network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption?
a. Exogamy
b. Family of orientation
c. Kinship
d. Family of procreation
c. domestic partnership
Which of the following terms refers to a household arrangement in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted some of the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples?
a. Secular marriage
b. Legal cohabitation
c. Domestic partnership
d. Permanent cohabitation
b. women who are able to get pregnant but who are not able to stay pregnant may also be defined as infertile.
which of the following statements is true of infertility?

a. One of the leading causes of male infertility is endometriosis.
b. Women who are able to get pregnant but who are not able to stay pregnant may also be defined as infertile.
c. Research suggests that fertility problems originate in females in approximately one-fourth of the cases.
d. It is defined as an inability to conceive after six months of unprotected sexual relations.
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polygyny
The most prevalent form of polygamy is __________.
a. exogamy
b. polygyny
c. polyandry
d. endogamy
c. people in a specific age range who are not currently enrolled in school and who do not have a high school degree or its equivalentHigh dropout rates are a major problem facing contemporary schools. One of the ways in which dropout rates can be measured is by computing the status dropout rate, which is the percentage of __________. a. people in the general population who have only earned a high school degree or its equivalent b. people in the general population who have only completed elementary school education c. people in a specific age range who are not currently enrolled in school and who do not have a high school degree or its equivalent d. the local population that is currently enrolled in and attending school but does not aim to pursue a college degreeb. college taught Jennifer PhilosophyJennifer enrolled as a full-time student and studied philosophy in college. Over the duration of her coursework, she learned about atheism and its principles. Despite knowing that her parents are orthodox Christians, Jennifer accepted the philosophy of atheism and refrained from participating in Christian practices. She also met Finn, her husband, who studied literature in the same college. In this scenario, which of the following statements describes a manifest function of education? a. Jennifer was out of the full-time job market for the duration of her course. b. College taught Jennifer philosophy. c. Jennifer met her husband at college. d. College led to the creation of a generation gap between Jennifer and her parents.b. one fifthIn 2012, what fraction of the U.S. population indicated that they were religiously unaffiliated? a. One-third b. One-fifth c. One-fourth d. Halfd. RitualsIn the context of the components of religion, the prayer that Muslims offer five times a day while bowing toward Mecca and the Christian celebration of communion are examples of __________. a. folkways b. secular ceremonies c. mores d. ritualsd. simple supernaturalismSam was a farmer in the 1740s. He never acknowledged any specific gods. However, he used to believe that impersonal forces existed in people and natural objects, and these forces affected people's lives either positively or negatively. Sam was most likely an adherent of __________. a. animism b. transcendent idealism c. theism d. simple supernaturalismb. secularizationWhich of the following terms is defined as the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance in sectors of society and culture? a. Credentialism b. Secularization c. Fundamentalism d. Animismd. Charter schools provide a large number of minority students with a higher-quality education than they would receive in the public schools in their area.One of the challenges facing U.S. public schools is competition from charter schools. In this context, which of the following is an advantage of charter schools over traditional public schools? a. Public charter schools mostly admit high-income students, whereas traditional public schools mostly admit low-income students. b. Charter schools are uniformly structured because they operate under larger school districts than do public schools. c. Public charter schools have almost zero turnover rates, whereas traditional public schools have high dropout rates. d. Charter schools provide a large number of minority students with a higher-quality education than they would receive in the public schools in their area.b. pluralismA South Asian country is home to many different religious groups and their respective organizations. These groups coexist in the society and cater to different segments of the population. In this scenario, the South Asian country has achieved religious __________. a. naturalism b. pluralism c. stratification d. fanaticismd. religion serves as a reference group that helps individuals to define their own identity.Which of the following statements reflects the symbolic interactionist perspective on religion? a. Religion is an "opiate" that soothes distress and prevents social uprising. b. A religious belief system is compatible with and helps to strengthen capitalism. c. A religious belief system plays a major role in reinforcing the existing social stratification system. d. Religion serves as a reference group that helps individuals to define their own identity.a. racially separated hosing patternsDespite the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional, racial segregation remains a fact of life in U.S. education today. One of the factors that contributes to high rates of school segregation is a. racially separated housing patterns. b. the practice of busing racial-ethnic minority students across town. c. affirmative action programs that focus entirely on nonwhite students. d. the introduction of magnet schools with specialized programs such as science or the fine arts.c. democratic socialismWhich of the following terms refers to an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections? a. Pure capitalism b. Totalitarianism c. Democratic socialism d. Communismc. secondarySteel workers who process metal ore and auto workers who then convert the ore into automobiles, trucks, and buses are engaged in __________-sector production. a. tertiary b. primary c. secondary d. quaternaryb. constitutionalIn which of the following types of monarchies does the royalty serve as symbolic rulers or heads of state while actual authority is held by elected officials in national parliaments? a. Absolute b. Constitutional c. Total d. Limitedb. platformA formal statement on a political party's positions on various social and economic issues is called the party's __________. a. regulation b. platform c. policy d. principleb. traditionalIn the context of Max Weber's three ideal types of authority, power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom is called __________ authority. a. charismatic b. traditional c. bureaucratic d. rational-legalb. they have concern for others, not just their own self-interest.Which of the following is one of the five major characteristics of professionals? a. They are only accountable to themselves, not to the public. b. They have concern for others, not just their own self-interest. c. They rely on their managers to make decisions regarding problems. d. They have concrete, general knowledge rather than abstract, specialized knowledge.a. dominating the federal government.According to sociologist G. William Domhoff (2005), the corporate rich influence politics by a. dominating the federal government. b. creating labor unions to reduce unrest among the working class. c. including members of the middle and lower classes in advisory committees. d. working with grassroots community groups to end voter apathy.b. federal budgetThe central ingredient in the U.S. governmental bureaucracy is the __________. a. congressional committee b. federal budget c. Supreme Court d. Office of the Presidentc. primary-sector productionWhich of the following involves the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment and is primarily found in preindustrial economies? a. Secondary-sector production b. Tertiary-sector production c. Primary-sector production d. Quaternary-sector productionbilateral descenta system of tracing descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family.blended familya family consisting of a husband and wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from the new marriage.Cohabitationa situation in which two people live together and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married.domestic partnershiphousehold partnerships in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted some of the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples.egalitarian familya family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally.Endogamythe practice of marrying within one's own group.Exogamythe practice of marrying outside one's own group.extended familya family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same householdfamilyrelationships in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group.family of orientationthe family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place.family of procreationthe family that a person forms by having, adopting, or otherwise creating children.marriagea legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity.matriarcal familya family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother).Matrillineal Descenta system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family.Martrilocal Residencethe custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the wife's parents.monogamythe practice or state of being married to one person at a time.neolocal residencethe custom of a married couple living in their own residence apart from both the husband's and the wife's parents.nuclear familya family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives.patriarchal familya family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father).patrillineal descenta system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family.patrilocal residencethe custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the husband's parents.Polyandrythe concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men.Polygamythe concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.Polygynythe concurrent marriage of one man with two or more womensecond shiftHochschild's term for the domestic work that employed women perform at home after they complete their workday on the job.sociology of familythe subdiscipline of sociology that attempts to describe and explain patterns of family life and variations in family structure.animismthe belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces having an effect on events in society.churcha large, bureaucratically organized religious organization that tends to seek accommodation with the larger society in order to maintain some degree of control over it.civil religionthe set of beliefs, rituals, and symbols that makes sacred the values of the society and places the nation in the context of the ultimate system of meaning.Credentialisma process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications.culta loosely organized religious group with practices and teachings outside the dominant cultural and religious traditions of a society.cultural capitalPierre Bourdieu's term for people's social assets, including values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture.Denominationa large, organized religion characterized by accommodation to society but frequently lacking in the ability or intention to dominate society.Ecclesiaa religious organization that is so integrated into the dominant culture that it claims as its membership all members of a society.educationthe social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure.Fundamentalisma traditional religious doctrine that is conservative, is typically opposed to modernity, and rejects "worldly pleasures" in favor of otherworldly spirituality.hidden curriculumthe transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority, through implied demands found in the rules, routines, and regulations of schools.profanethe everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life.Religiona social institution composed of a unified system of beliefs, symbols, and rituals—based on some sacred or supernatural realm—that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community.sacredthose aspects of life that are extraordinary or supernatural.secta relatively small religious group that has broken away from another religious organization to renew what it views as the original version of the faith.Secularizationthe process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance in sectors of society and culture.trackingthe assignment of students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria.Authoritarianisma political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government.authoritypower that people accept as legitimate rather than coercive.Capitalisman economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention.charismatic authoritypower legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspire loyalty and obedience from followers.conglomeratea combination of businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company.contingent workerspart-time work, temporary work, or subcontracted work that offers advantages to employers but that can be detrimental to the welfare of workers.corporationsorganizations that have legal powers, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, separate from their individual owners.democracya political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives.democratic socialisman economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections.economythe social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.elite modelan analysis of political systems that views power in political systems as being concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites, and the masses are relatively powerless.Governmentthe formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders.interlocking corporate directoratesmembers of the board of directors of one corporation who also sit on the board(s) of other corporations.marginal jobsjobs that differ from the employment norms of the society in which they are located.military-industrial complexthe mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors.mixed economyan economic system that combines elements of a market economy (capitalism) with elements of a command economy (socialism).Monarchya political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance.Oligopolyan industry dominated by just a few companies.occupationscategories of jobs that involve similar activities at different work sites.pluralist modelan analysis of political systems that views power as being widely dispersed throughout many competing interest groups.Political Action Committee (PAC)organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates based on their stances on specific issues.political partyan organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitimate control of government.political socializationthe process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.Politicsthe social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups.Poweraccording to Max Weber, the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others.primary labor marketthe sector of the labor market that consists of high-paying jobs with good benefits that have some degree of security and the possibility of future advancement.professionshigh-status, knowledge-based occupations.rational-legal authoritypower legitimized by law or written rules and regulations.Representative Democracya form of democracy whereby citizens elect representatives to serve as bridges between themselves and the government.routinization of charismathe process by which charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority.secondary labor marketthe sector of the labor market that consists of low-paying jobs with few benefits and very little job security or possibility for future advancement.secondary sector productionthe sector of the economy that processes raw materials (from the primary sector) into finished goods.shared monopolya situation that occurs when four or fewer companies supply 50 percent or more of a particular market.Socialisman economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making.Statethe political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory to achieve its goals.Subcontractingan agreement in which a corporation contracts with other (usually smaller) firms to provide specialized components, products, or services to the larger corporation.Tertiary Sector productionthe sector of the economy that is involved in the provision of services rather than goods.Totalitarianisma political system in which the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives.traditional authoritypower that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom.Transnational Corporationlarge corporations that are headquartered in one country but sell and produce goods and services in many countries.unemployment ratethe percentage of unemployed persons in the labor force actively seeking jobs.welfare statea state in which there is extensive government action to provide support and services to the citizens.