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health psych: HIV/AIDS and COVID-19

Terms in this set (20)

define and distinguish between communicable and non-communicable diseases
communicable: diseases that are infectious and transmittable

non-communicable: chronic diseases that can not be passed on from person to person
provide examples of different modes of transmission for communicable diseases and the associated disease
- waterborne (cholera, rotavirus)
- sexual or blood-borne (HIV, hepatitis)
- foodborne (salmonella, E. coli)
- inhalation (influenza, coronavirus)
distinguish among outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic
outbreak: sudden increased incidence (beyond what is normally expected) of a disease within a population in a limited geographic area

epidemic: increased incidence (beyond what is normally expected) in a population over a larger area

pandemic: epidemic that has spread over several countries and continents, affecting a large number of people
distinguish between HIV and AIDS and describe the origins of HIV/AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): retrovirus that attacks and compromises immune system

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): final stage of the disease marked by several infections and illnesses (night sweats, fever, fatigue etc.)

origins:
- originated in west-central Africa (democratic Republic of Congo) - Chimps carrying the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)
- was first recognized by the CDC in 1981
identify the 3 routes of HIV transmission and the most prevalent routes in the world and US
1. sexual intercourse (semen, pre-ejaculate, vaginal fluids, anal secretions, and blood) - most transmission in the US among MSM + most transmissions worldwide (heterosexual contact)

2. blood-borne transmissions (needle sharing, unsafe medical injections, blood transfusions)

3. mother-to-child (pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding)
identify regions with the highest HIV prevalence
Sub-Saharan Africa - in 2012, 25.2 mil people were living with HIV (70%-74% of all global)

US regions - south has 45% people living with HIV and northeast has 24% people living with HIV
describe the progression from infection to disease (distinguish between natural and acquired immunity and identify the different cells of acquired immunity and their functions)
1. acute infection (1-4 weeks after exposure): may develop flu-like symptoms for 1-2 weeks (fever, throat inflammation, headaches)

2. clinical latency or asymptomatic (can last 10 years on average): individuals typically show no symptoms; however the virus is active

3. symptomatic (within 5 years, NT 30%): immune system is compromised learning to pneumonia and respiratory tract infections

4. AIDS: when CD4 count reaches 200 or less and serious opportunistic infections arise (Kaposi's sarcoma and tuberculosis)

natural immunity (skin, protective mucus, stomach acid): first line of defense that requires no specific information on pathogens

acquired immunity: specialized cells recognize and eliminate antigens
T lymphocyte (T cells):
- T cytotoxic (killer cell): destroys cells that become infected

- T helper (CD4): activates immune system by directing killer cells and activating memory cells

- T suppressor: slow immune system by sending messages to other T cells

B cells:
- memory cells: encode information on antigens previously eliminated
- antibody-producing cells: produces antibodies that fight pathogens
explain how HIV affects the body (different stages and how to assess for AIDS)
immune system indicators are the CD4 count
normal: 500-1600 cells per microliter of blood
AIDS: less than 200

AIDS symptoms: less than 200 CD4 count and serious opportunistic infections such as Kaposi's sarcoma, and TB
describe the treatment of HIV
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): slows the reproduction of the virus and reduces the likelihood of transmission (uses cocktail - $9,000-$11,000)
identify risk factors that psychosocial interventions for HIV/AIDS target
people living with HIV have a higher chance of developing mood, anxiety, and cognitive disorders (depression)
explain the probable origins of COVID-19
Wuhan, China
distinguish between SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
SARS-Cov-2: a unique strain of the coronavirus found in and transmittable between humans that is responsible for VOID-19

COVID-19: the respiratory illness that is the result of infection by SARS-Cov-2

- SARS-Cov-2 is also known as the "new/novel coronavirus" is part of the family of coronaviruses
- some coronaviruses cause the common cold in humans while others infect bats, camels, and other animals
- no known cure; vaccines
identify the primary symptoms of COVID-19
- dry (unproductive) cough
- fever
- shortness of breath
- nausea; diarrhea; sore throat; loss of taste and smell
describe the probable transmission routes of the virus
- respiratory droplets
- probable indirect contact; plastic, steel viability (3 days), cardboard (1 day)
identify regions with the highest rates currently
- United States
- India
- Brazil
- France
- Turkey
describe the progression from infection to disease
1. Stage I: The early infection or viral response phase during which symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection dominate.

2. Stage II: The pulmonary phase when the patients develop full-blown pneumonia with all its associated symptoms.

3. Stage III: The hyperinflammation phase when patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, and kidney and other organ failures.

COVID-19 incubation period: from 2-14 days
how does COVID-19 affect the body and the exacerbating role of underlying health conditions
Viruses attack the body by infecting cells directly. In the case of COVID-19, the virus primarily attacks the lungs

Having heart conditions, high blood pressure, cancer, etc. can make you more likely to get severely ill from COVID-19
identify disparities in COVID-19 and their causes
- The highest percent of COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations are among non-Hispanic White people. However, racial and ethnic minority groups are disproportionately represented among COVID-19 cases

- Data on race and ethnicity for more than 90% of people who died from COVID-19 reveal that the percent of Hispanic or Latino, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native people who have died from COVID-19 (red bars) is higher than the percent of these racial and ethnic groups among the total U.S. population

Why? could be due to access to healthcare, occupation and exposure to virus, education, and income and wealth
describe the prevention of COVID-19, the current status of vaccines, and how these vaccines work
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describe the range of health policies (and levels at which they occur) that have/are being used to combat COVID-19
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