Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

chapter 17, 18, 19 objectives- nutrition

Terms in this set (87)

identify the stages of pregnancy and the critical periods of prenatal development
-a healthy pregnancy lasts 39-40 weeks and is divided into 3 trimesters

-the placenta is an organ through which oxygen, nutrients, and waste products are exchanged

-however, the maternal and fetal blood supplies do not mix. Toxins and insufficient nutrient intake during critical periods may cause irreversible damage to the embryo or fetus.

-Proper nutrition positively influences the metabolic programming during pregnancy and may help limit future chronic disease in the child and adult.
discuss the key diet and lifestyle factors associated with a successful pregnancy
· Good nutrition and healthy lifestyle habits are important for women and men before conceiving a child.

· Smoking, alcohol use and abuse, and overweight and obesity are some of the factors associated with decreased production and function of sperm.

· Conception is easier for women at a healthy weight.

· Women should consume adequate amounts of folic acid prior to getting pregnant and continue to take the suggested amount during pregnancy.

· Women should also avoid fish high in methylmercury and consume caffeine in moderation.

· They should also avoid cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke, alcohol, illicit drugs, and botanicals.

· Women should work closely with their health care provider to manage preexisting medical conditions prior to conception.

· Proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle before pregnancy help prevent certain birth defects and may reduce future health risks in both mother and child.
identify key nutrient needs, health behaviors, and nurtrition-related concerns during the first trimester of pregnancy
· Women who begin their pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain from 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy; underweight and overweight women will be advised to gain different amounts.

· The need for many micronutrients increases during the first trimester, but, with the exception of iron, most can be met with a balanced diet.

· For pregnant women to obtain the iron they need, a supplement is often prescribed.

· Pregnant women must avoid excessive intake of preformed vitamin A, as it can cause birth defects.

· Morning sickness and cravings are common during the first trimester and are usually not dangerous; however, hyperemesis gravidarum and pica can seriously threaten the health of the mother and the embryo/fetus.

· Pregnant women should avoid raw or undercooked animal foods and unpasteurized milk, cheese, and juice to reduce their chances of foodborne illness.

· Sugar substitutes are safe to consume in moderation during pregnancy
identify key nutrient needs, health behaviors, discomforts, and potential complications during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy
· Pregnant women who conceive at a healthy weight should consume an additional 340 kilocalories daily during the second trimester.

· During the third trimester, a woman who began her pregnancy at a healthy weight needs an additional 450 kilocalories daily and should continue gaining about a pound per week.

· A varied selection of nutrient-dense foods helps to satisfy increased kilocalorie needs. Exercise can provide numerous benefits during pregnancy.

· Heartburn and constipation commonly occur during the third trimester.

· Regular exercise, increasing fiber in the diet, and consuming plenty of fluids can help reduce constipation.

· Some women develop gestational diabetes and pregnancy-induced hypertension and need to be closely monitored by a health care provider
discuss nutrition-related challenges of younger, older, and low-income mothers to be
· Teens who become pregnant are at higher risk of hypertension, anemia, and premature birth and having a low-birthweight baby.

· Because a teen is still growing, she may have difficulty meeting both her own nutrient needs and her baby's, unless she is diligent about eating a well-balanced diet.

· Women over age 35 may have a harder time conceiving, are at higher risk for hypertension and diabetes during pregnancy and have higher rates of babies born with developmental disabilities.

· The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is a government-funded program that provides food assistance for nutritionally at-risk mothers during pregnancy and for at-risk children through the first 5 years of life.
describe the benefits and dietary requirements of breastfeeding
· Breastfeeding helps reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and postpartum depression and may help mothers return to their pre-pregnancy weight.

· Breastfeeding is the least expensive and most convenient way to nourish an infant and helps the mother and baby bond.

· Human milk is rich in nutrients, antibodies, and other compounds that protect the infant against infections, allergies, and chronic diseases and may enhance the child's cognitive development.

· Women are advised to breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months of their baby's life, and then breastfeed to supplement solid food for the remainder of the first year, or longer if desired.

· A mother must increase her fluid and nutrient intake to help her body produce breast milk.

· Nursing mothers should limit caffeine consumption and avoid illicit drugs, alcohol, smoking, and overly spicy foods
determining kilocalories and fat content of breast milk
-the daily energy needs of infants 0-6 months are typically met with a liter of breast milk. One liter of breast milk provides about 60 grams of carbohydrate, 9.1 grams of protein and 31 grams of fat
approx how many kilocalories are found in a liter of breast milk?
60 g of carb x 4 kcal/g= 240 kcal

9.1 g of protein x 4 kcal/g = 36.4 kcal

31 g of fat x 9 kcal/g= 279 kcal

answer: a liter of breast milk provides approx 555 kilocalories
-the fat in breast mil contributes what proportion of the kilocalories

answer: from the above calculations, 279 kilocalories come from fat
279 kcal from fat/ 555 total kcal= 50.3 x 100= 50%
explain why infant formula a healthy alternative to breast milk is
· Commercially prepared infant formula is the only healthy alternative to breastfeeding.

· Commercially made formulas are modified from soy or cow's milk and patterned after human breast milk.

· Cow's milk should not be given before age 1, as it is too high in protein and some minerals and too low in fat.

· Powdered and concentrated formulas need to be mixed carefully so they are not too diluted or concentrated for the baby's digestive system.

· Avoid putting infants to sleep with baby bottles to help prevent early childhood tooth decay and ear infections
discuss the nutritional needs of infants
· Infants grow at a dramatic rate during the first year of life.

· Caregivers and health care providers can monitor infant growth by making sure the child achieves appropriate developmental milestones and by using CDC growth charts.

· Nutrient needs during the first year of life are substantial, and supplementation of vitamin K, vitamin D, and iron may be required
explain when and how solid foods should be introduced to infants
· An infant must be physically and physiologically ready before being introduced to solid foods.

· Solid foods should be introduced gradually and cautiously.

· Choking hazards and honey should be avoided, and infants should always be supervised while eating.

· Avoid excessive amounts of seasonings such as salt, sugar, and butter in the infant's diet, as well as too much fiber.
explain how a food allergen causes a potentially life-threatening reaction
· Food allergies are caused by proteins called allergens, which are interpreted by the body as foreign and trigger an immune response that ranges in severity from uncomfortable to life-threatening.

· They are on the rise in children.

· The reason for the increased prevalence is not known but may be due to delayed introduction of allergenic foods.

· Most food allergies are caused by eggs, cow's milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish.

· Children may outgrow food allergies, but the only way to safely manage them is to avoid the offending allergen
conception
moment when a sperm fertilizes an egg
zygote
fertilized egg prior to the first cleavage (which occurs at approx 72 hours)
embryo
fertilized egg during the third through the 8th week of pregnancy
Other sets by this creator