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Bio350 Final Exam

Terms in this set (43)

SHORT ANSWER
Describe the structure of the DNA molecule in as much detail as you are able:
The structure of DNA is the shape of a double helix which is two polypeptide strands twisting around one another. Each polypeptide strand is a bunch of nucleotides bound together tightly that all contain equal amounts of sugar, phosphate, and a base. The structure contains around 10-15 np per twist of the double helix along with two grooves where the proteins can enter.
SHORT ANSWER
Erwin Chargaff studied the average amount of the four DNA bases found in samples collected from various species. What patterns did he observe in the results, and what did the results suggest about the structure of DNA?
Erwin Chargaff results showed the four DNA bases were Adenine(A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). He saw that there was a pattern with A and T in each strand along with G and C in each strand. These patterns showed that the percent of A is similar to the percent of T; along with the percent of G was similar to the percent of C. These results suggested that A pairs with T and G pairs C in the structure of DNA strands.
SHORT ANSWER
Compare and contrast DNA replication and transcription; describe precisely how the processes are different and how they are similar
DNA replication copies the codons exactly from the original DNA strand and does not flip the strand from 5' to 3'. While transcription converts the original DNA strand into RNA by flipping or reading backwards from 3' to 5'. DNA replication is the copy of the original stands while transcription is converting the original strand into RNA.
Match the following researchers with their experiment tool used to search for the identity and/or structure of the genetic material
-Franklin-
X-ray diffraction
radioactive labeling
protease, DNases, and RNases
nuclear transfer
X-ray diffraction
Match the following researchers with their experiment tool used to search for the identity and/or structure of the genetic material
-Chase and Hershey-
X-ray diffraction
radioactive labeling
protease, DNases, and RNases
nuclear transfer
Radioactive labeling
Match the following researchers with their experiment tool used to search for the identity and/or structure of the genetic material
-Avery, MacLeod and McCarty-
X-ray diffraction
radioactive labeling
protease, DNases, and RNases
nuclear transfer
Protease, DNases, and RNases
Match the following researchers with their experiment tool used to search for the identity and/or structure of the genetic material
-Hammerling-
X-ray diffraction
radioactive labeling
protease, DNases, and RNases
nuclear transfer
Nuclear transfer
tRNAs have two important parts that interact with amino acids as well as messenger RNA molecules. These two parts are:
a. the 3' end, the anticodon
b. the 5' end, the codon
c. the P site and the A site
d. the small and large tRNA subunits
a. the 3' end, the anticodon
The upstream DNA base sequences that are involved initiating transcription are called
a. promoters
b. start codons
c. origins of replication
d. primers
a. promoters
A typical tRNA is able to become charged with (bind to) how many different types of amino acids?
a. 1
b. 0
c. 20
d. 3
a. 1
When a gene is expressed to produce one polypeptide, which occurs first?
a. reverse transcription
b. transcription
c. topoisomerase removes the SSB primer
d. translation
b. transcription
Which sequence is important in helping to facilitate the initial unwinding of DNA, so the transcription can begin at the correct location in an E. coli cell?
a. the poly-A signal sequence
b. +252 sequence
c. the -10 promoter sequence
d. a termination sequence
c. the -10 promoter sequence
Why is the unique tRNA fmet able to initiate translation?
a. interaction with IF-2 allows this tRNA to bind directly to the P site
b. this tRNA is able to add its own primer
c. the tRNA contains an unusually long poly-A tail
d. it contains the AUG codon
a. interaction with IF-2 allows this tRNA to bind directly to the P site
Primase is involved in what process(es)?
a. adding a primer to initiate translation
b. removing primers on the lagging strand
c. adding a primer to initiate transcription
d. adding primers during DNA replication
d. adding primers during DNA replication
After experimenting with types lllS and llR Frederick Griffiths conclusions included:
a. the Acetabularia plant contained chromosomes made of nuclein (DNA, RNA, and protein)
b. a transformation factor passed from lllS to llR, enabling type llR to make a type lllS capsule
c. one gene controls one metabolic reaction
d. during transformation, viral RNA is injected into host E. coli cells
b. a transformation factor passed from lllS to llR, enabling type llR to make a type lllS capsule
Select the items that are either partly or entirely made of RNA polynucleotide:
a. transcription units
b. Shine-Dalgarno sequence
c. the ribosome
d. RNA polymerase
e. tRNA
f. codons
b. Shine-Dalgarno sequence
c. the ribosome
e. tRNA
f. codons
Sometimes an incorrect nucleotide (containing a non-complimentary base) is added to the new strand during DNA replication. If so, what can replace the incorrect nucleotide with the correct nucleotide?
a. a topoisomerase or telomerase
b. DNA proofreading
c. the sigma factor
d. SSB protein
b. DNA proofreading
Chase and Hershey investigated which molecule from the T2 virus entered E. coli cells during infection; which of the following was one of their important results?
a. living llR mutated to living lllS to produce a virulent bacterium
b. heat-killed llS combined with living lllR to produce a virulent bacterium
c. protein labeled with S35 entered the E. coli cells, protein labeled with P32 did not
d. DNA labeled with P 32 entered the E. coli cells, protein labeled with S35 did not
d. DNA labeled with P 32 entered the E. coli cells, protein labeled with S35 did not
Select the statements are correct?
a. tertiary protein structure is when segments of a polypeptide from repetitive structures
b. all proteins have at lease some type of quaternary structure
c. amino acid sequence is called the secondary level of protein structure
d. genes code for protein structure
d. genes code for protein structure
DNA replication begins at what base sequence on a chromosome?
a. the promoter
b. the initiator codon
c. an origin of replication
d. at +1
c. an origin of replication
If the percentage of adenine in a DNA sample from one cell is about 30%, then what is the approximate percentage of cytosine in the sample?
a. 10%
b. 40%
c. 20%
d. 60%
e. 30%
c. 20%
To what part of the polypeptide are new amino acids added during protein synthesis?
a. to the A site
b. to the amino terminus
c. to the side group
d. to the carboxyl terminus
d. to the carboxyl terminus
When primers are removed and replaced which functions last to join the Okazaki fragments together?
a. the rho protein
b. the terminator
c. topoisomerase
d. DNA ligase
e. the sigma factor
d. DNA ligase
Within one nucleotide, the base is bonded to which carbon atom?
a. 2'
b. 1'
c. 5'
d. 3'
e. depending on the nucleotide, either the 3' to the 5'
b. 1'
Transcription can be terminated in prokaryotic cells by the action of
a. topoisomerase
b. stop codons
c. DNA ligase
d. rho protein
d. rho protein
Where does a DNA polymerase molecule begin to add nucleotide during new strand synthesis?
a. at the promoter
b. at +1
c. at an AUG anticodon
d. at a primer
d. at a primer
The enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands in eukaryotic cell is
a. topoisomerase
b. peptidylase
c. RNA polymerase
d. DNA polymerase
d. DNA polymerase
RNA processing in eukaryotic includes:
a. addition of a poly-A tail
b. intron removal
c. 5' capping
d. intrinsic termination
a. addition of a poly-A tail
b. intron removal
c. 5' capping
Which play an important role in the synthesizing of complimentary RNA from DNA in a eukaryotic cell?
a. transcription factors
b. concurrent transcription and translation
c. E, P, and A sites
d. anticodons
a. transcription factors
Which of the following are part of a bacterial ribosome?
a. Shine-Dalgarno sequence
b. tRNA binding sites
c. RNA
d. protein
a. Shine-Dalgarno sequence
b. tRNA binding sites
c. RNA
d. protein
During translation, the RNA code is read in what direction?
a. from 5' to 3'
b. from 3' to 5'
c. from the A terminus to the N terminus
d. from the P site to the D site
a. from 5' to 3'
Which describe DNA replication?
a. bidirectional
b. semiconservative
c. a process that always begins at a promoter
d. occurs at the ribosome in a eukaryotic cell
a. bidirectional
b. semiconservative
Which can separate nucleic acid strands?
a. RNA polymerase
b. DNA helicase
c. DNA ligase
d. DNA polymerase
a. RNA polymerase
b. DNA helicase
Which type of activity can be found in a normal DNA polymerase molecule?
a. ability to add one or more amino acids to the chain
b. 5' to 3' polymerase activity
c. DNA unwinding capability
d. ability to add a primer, if necessary
e. DNA proofreading
b. 5' to 3' polymerase activity
e. DNA proofreading
During the elongation step of translation in E. coli each incoming charged tRNA binds first to:
a. the amino acyl site
b. the exit site
c. the peptidyl site
d. the promoter
a. the amino acyl site
RNA strands are copied from DNA strands in a process called
a. translation
b. transcription
c. protein synthesis
d. lagging strand synthesis
b. transcription
Of the following, which function in DNA replication to either stabilize strands or to remove problematic structures that form?
a. topoisomerase
b. rho proteins
c. anticodons
d. single strand binding proteins
e. promoters
a. topoisomerase
d. single strand binding proteins
Both UCU and AGC code for the amino acid serine (Ser); this is an example of what property of the genetic code?
a. order
b. degeneracy
c. universality
d. semiconservative
b. degeneracy
Each nucleotide of DNA contains at least:
a. one deoxyribose, one purine base, one pyrimidine base, and one phosphate
b. one deoxyribose, one purine base, one pyrimidine base, and three phosphates
c. one sugar, one base, and one phosphate group
d. one base pair
c. one sugar, one base, and one phosphate group
The enzyme that prevents shortening of eukaryotic chromosomes is called:
a. DNA polymerase
b. ligase
c. primase
d. telomerase
d. telomerase
What are features of DNA?
a. base pair stacking
b. complimentary base pairing
c. sugar-phosphate backbones
d. chemically parallel strands
a. base pair stacking
b. complimentary base pairing
c. sugar-phosphate backbones
Hammerling experimented with _________, and demonstrated that ________ was located ______
a. fruit flies; DNA; in chromosomes
b. a virus; DNA; cell pellet (after centrifugation)
c. algae; genetic material; in the nucleus
d. algae; RNA; in the nucleus and in the ribosome
e. bacteria; DNA; in the nucleotide
c. algae; genetic material; in the nucleus
Which enzyme has an important role in transcription?
a. DNA polymerase
b. primase
c. peptidyl transferase
d. RNA polymerase
d. RNA polymerase
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