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A&P ch 15

Terms in this set (57)

Where do the great vessels enter and leave the heart
base
Where is the point of maximal impulse?
apex of the heart
Which valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle to the right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle to the left atrium
Mitral/bicuspid valve
Which valve prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Which valve prevents backflow from the aorta to the left ventricle
Aortic valve
What is the route in which the blood flows through the heart to the body
Superior & inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, right and left pulmonary artery, to the lungs, left and right veins , left atrium , mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, to the body
What would happen if the mitral valve was damaged
Backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium would occur which could cause A-fib or the passing of a blood clot
What is automaticity?
The ability of the heart to start and maintain rhythmic activity without the use of the nervous system
What causes the heart beat
Automaticity
If a pt comes in and has a pulse of 60-100 which node is this beat coming from
SA node
If a pt comes in with a pulse rate of 40-60 which node is this beat coming from
AV node
If a pt has a pulse of 40-20 where is this beat coming from
Purkinje fibers
In what order does the electrical impulse of the heart travel
SA node, AV node, AV bundle (bundle of his) purkinje fibers
What happens if the SA node fails and is unable to to control the heartbeat
AV node takes over and begin firing at 40-60 beats per minute
Pacemakers other than SA node
Ectopic pacemaker
What does the P wave represent?
atrial depolarization
What does the QRS wave represent?
ventricular depolarization
What does the T wave represent?
ventricular repolarization
At what point during cardiac cycle can you hear the first heart sound
Isovolumetric contraction (R wave)
At which point during cardiac cycle can you hear the second heart sound
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (T-wave)
What is systolic pressure?
pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction
How do we analyze EKG strip
Consistency within beats, each beat looks alike
Where is the pacemaker of the heart located?
right atrium
In regards to the sympathetic nervous system what does it do to your heart rate when stimulated
Increases
When the vagus nerve was stimulated, what happened to the heart rate?
heart rate decreased
When the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated what does it do the heart rate
Decreases
What is cardiac output?
heart rate x stroke volume
What are some characteristics of atrial fibrillation in regards the the rhythm on an EKG strip
P- wave is missing, inconsistent rhythm, quivering of the atria
What medications treat A-fib
Coumadin/warfarin and aspirin
What is BNP?
Used to diagnose the extent of heart failure
What two hormones does the heart produce
ANP, BNP
What electrolyte does the heart release
Potassium
What labs need to monitored in regards to anticoagulant
PT, PTT, INR
What are the two heart rhythms that we need to shock
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation
What are some characteristics of the left ventricle
Thickest heart chamber, largest heart chamber responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body
Which term is used to describe a pulse rate greater then 100 beats per minute
Tachycardia
What is ejection fraction and the range
60%-80% and is measurement of how much blood the ventricles pump out with each contraction
A pt has a heart arrhythmia, what are some foods that are high in potassium that this pt could eat
Bananas, potatoes, green leafy vegetables, oranges
What are medications that end in -dipine and how do they effect the heart
They are calcium channel blockers and they reduce arterial pressure and vascular resistance
What are medications that end in -pril and how do they effect the heart
They are ace inhibitors and they help relax your veins and arteries to lower BP, they prevent an enzyme in your body from producing angiotensin ll which narrows your blood vessels
What are medications that end in -lol and what effect do they have on the heart
They are beta blockers and they slow heart rate and reduce myocardial contractility
How does furosemide effect the heart
Long term use can lead to stroke, heart failure, and damaging of blood vessel of the heart
Why is the process of the AV node important
The impulse is slowed considerably to allow time for the atria to fully contract and let the ventricles fill with blood
Which cholesterol is good?
HDL
What blood does the superior vena cava bring to the hear
Blood from the head and neck
What blood does the inferior vena cava being to the heart
Blood from the lower part of the body
What is happening in the body with someone who was diagnosed with left ventricle failure
The left ventricle is falling behind in ejecting all of the blood it receives from the lungs which causes blood to back up in the lungs
What is happening in the body with someone who was diagnosed with right ventricle failure
The right ventricle falls behind in ejecting all of the blood it receives from the systemic circulation which causes blood to back up in the vena cava and throughout the peripheral vascular system
What action does ANP have on the heart
It's realized by the hearts atria when when elevated blood pressure stretches the walls of the heart causes vasodilation, stimulates the kidneys to excrete sodium , reducing blood volume
What are the two Saved mechanisms that aid in venous return
Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory part
How does the skeletal muscle pump work and venous return
Leg muscles contract, massaging the veins which propels blood towards the heart
How does respiratory work in venous return
During inhalation chest expand and diaphragm moves downward. This causes the pressure in the abdominal cavity to rise which squeezes the inferior vena cava forcing blood upward toward the thorax , lowers pressure in the thorax helps draw blood toward the heart
What is pulmonary circulation?
Routes blood to and from the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen, it doesn't supply the lungs tissue itself with oxygen
What is diffusion in relation to the heart
Blood flows into the capillaries from the arterial system which Carries a supply of oxygen. The concentration of O2 inside capillaries is greater than the surrounding tissue fluid as a result O2 diffuses out of the capillaries and into the surrounding fluid at the same time CO2, more concentrated in fluid of surrounding tissue diffuses into capillary
What is filtration in regards to the heart
The higher pressure in the capillaries pushes plasma and dissolved nutrients (such as glucose and AA) through the capillary wall and into the fluid in the surrounding tissues
What is the capillaries composed of
Endothelium and basement membrane
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