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A and P final exam

Terms in this set (44)

- long bones
- long and narrow with expanded ends.
- short bones
- cube-like, length=width
- flat bones
- plate-like
- irregular bones
- variety of shapes
Define each of the 4 types of bones.
- compact bone
- strong and solid, weight-bearing
- spongy bone
- somewhat flexible, reduces bones weight.
What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?
- osteoclasts
- break down calcified matrix
- osteoblasts
- build up calcium

- PTH
- stimulates osteoclasts
- calcitonin
-causes replacement of cartilage with bone in osteoblast activity
What are the differences between osteoclasts and osteoblasts and the effect of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on these cells?
- ligaments
- periosteum
What is the connective tissue that connects bone to bone? What is the connective tissue that covers the outer layer of the bone?
- air-filled cavities that are lined with mucous membranes
- 4
- cranium
- maxillary sinuses
What are paranasal sinuses? How many are there? Where are they found? What is the name of the largest sinus?
- connect cranial bones, where intramembranous ossification is incomplete.
- posterior
- anterior
- mastoid
- sphenoid
What is the purpose of fontanels and what are their names?
- coronal suture
- squamous suture
- lambdoid suture
- sagittal suture
Know the sutures of the skull and be able to recognize their locations.
- cervical curvature (secondary)
- thoracic curvature (primary)
- lumbar curvature (secondary)
- sacral curvature (primary)
What are the curvatures of the vertebral column? When are these curvatures developed?
- atlas (C1)
- supports the head
- axis (C2)
- atlas pivots around the dens

- 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 or 9 sacral
What are the axis and the atlas and what is their purpose? How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrum vertebral.
- mucous membrane
- serous membrane
- synovial membrane
- cutaneous membrane
What are the four major types of membranes?
- epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous layer
What are the layers of the skin?
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
What are the layers of the epidermis?
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands
- hair
- nails
What organs are found in the dermis?
- thick skin
- 5 layers
- palms and soles
- thin skin
- 4 layers
- everywhere else
How is thick skin different from thin skin?
- carcinoma
- cutaneous
- basale cell
- squamous cell
- melanomas
- cutaneous
- melanocarcinomas
- malignant
How are skin cancers classified?
originates from the epidermis, extend into dermis or subcutaneous layer
Explain how the skin hair and fingernails grow.
- the "rule of nines" divides the body surface into regions of 9%.
- it is used to determine what and how much skin, electrolytes, and fluids need to be used.
Explain the rules of nine and how it is relevant to the treatment of burn victims.
- simple squamous
- single layer of thin, flat cells
- simple cuboidal
- single layer of cube-shaped cells
- simple columnar
- single layer of elongated cells
- pseudo-stratified columnar
- single layer, but appears layered
- stratified squamous
- many cell layers, thick
- stratified cuboidal
- 2 to 3 layers of cube-shaped cells
- stratified columnar
- top layer of elongated cells. cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
- transitional
- many cell layers, cubed and elongated.
Name and describe the types of epithelial tissue.
- simple squamous
- blood, lymphatic vessels, air sacs, and capillaries
Identify the organs associated with each epithelial type of tissue.
- simple squamous
- kidney tubules, thyroid follicles, ovaries, ducts of some glands
Identify the organs associated with each epithelial type of tissue.
- simple cuboidal
- uterus, stomach, intestines
Identify the organs associated with each epithelial type of tissue.
- simple columnar
- respiratory passageways
Identify the organs associated with each epithelial type of tissue.
- pseudo-stratified columnar
- skin, oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
Identify the organs associated with each epithelial type of tissue.
- stratified squamous
- mammary, sweat, and salivary glands, and pancreas
Identify the organs associated with each epithelial type of tissue.
- stratified cuboidal
- part of the male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands
Identify the organs associated with each epithelial type of tissue.
- stratified columnar
- urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
Identify the organs associated with each epithelial type of tissue.
- transitional
- connective tissue
- loose connective tissue
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
- dense connective tissue
- dense regular
- dense irregular
- elastic
- specialized connective tissue
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
List and define the types of connective tissues.
- fibroblasts
- macrophages
- mast cells
- collagen fibers
- elastic fibers
- reticular fibers
What are the major cell types and fibers of connective tissue?
- endocrine glands
- secrete into tissue fluid or blood.
- exocrine glands
- secrete into ducts that open onto surface.
What are the different gland types and how do they secrete their products?
- skeletal tissue
- cardiac tissue
- smooth tissue
List three types of muscle tissues.
- multinucleated
- sarcolemma
- myofibrils
- sarcomeres
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- transverse tubule
- triad
- SR cisternae
List the major part of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe the function of each.
- sarcomere
- contractile unit of the muscle
Describe the sarcomere
- sarcolemma
- the cell membrane of a muscle cell
Describe the sarcolemma
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- network of membranous channels that surrounds each myofibril and runs parallel to it.
Describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- neuromuscular junction
- the site where a motor nerve fiber and a skeletal muscle fiber meet; (also called a synapse or synaptic cleft)
Describe a neuromuscular junction.
...
Describe the function of a neurotransmitter at the synaptic cleft.
...
Describe the initiation, shortening of the sarcomere and relaxation—(How a muscle fiber contracts).
- myoglobin stores extra oxygen in muscles.
Define the function of myoglobin.
- slow twitch
- use energy slowly and evenly to make it last long.
- fast twitch
- use energy up quickly and gets tired and needs a break.
Distinguish between slow twitch [red] and fast twitch [white] muscle fibers.
- isotonic
- muscle contract and change length
- isometric
- muscles contracts but does not change length
Distinguish between isotonic and isometric contractions. Define muscle tone.
- origin
- less movable end
- insertion
- more movable end
Distinguish between a muscle's origin and its insertion.
- agonist primarily responsible for movement
Define prime mover, synergist, and antagonist.
- muscles that assist agonist/prime mover
synergist
- muscles whose contraction causes movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover.
antagonist
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