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Cumulative Review 2 for Final Exam BIOL 319

Terms in this set (43)

What popularly underappreciated system is composed of one huge organ and its associated structures?
Integumentary system: skin and its associated structures (nails & hair)
What body systems discussed have examples of smooth muscle integrated into their structure?
Gastrointestinal, urinary, cardiovascular (aka circulatory), lymphatic and immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive systems all have smooth muscle
Surface anatomy and body
surface anatomy discussed in class anterior
surface anatomy discussed in class posterior
Know the body planes and the names of a sections made by a specific body plane. There are synonyms for each plane. Know them.
Frontal/Coronal plane: divides into anterior half and posterior half
Transverse/Horizontal plane: divides the body into inferior and superior halves
Sagittal/Median: divides into exact left and right
Frontal/Coronal plane
divides into anterior half and posterior half
Transverse/Horizontal plane
divides the body into inferior and superior halves
Sagittal/Median plane
divides into exact left and right
Know the common anatomy of all serous membranes and what general function they all have in common and the basic anatomical characteristics they all share.
Serous membranes surround an organ(s)
Have 3 features in common
Have an inner membrane (smaller) and an
Have outer membrane
Have a space between the two sacs that has serous fluid
Thoracic cavity broken down
Pericardial cavity: surrounds heart
Pleural cavities: each one surrounds a lung
Superior mediastinum: houses thymus, lymph nodes, biggest arteries & veins that connect to the heart, trachea, esophagus
abdominal cavity broken down
spleen, liver, stomach, small intestine, gallbladder, pancreas
***diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
pelvic cavity broken down
internal reproductive organs, bladder, rectum, part of sigmoid colon
What are examples of variables mentioned in class that are homeostatically regulated?
Blood pH, blood gases (CO2, O2), blood glucose, blood pressure, electrolytes, body temperature (thermoregulation)
What is the relationship between homeostasis and negative feedback?
Homeostasis is often enforced by negative feedback
What are the 4 components that all negative feedback systems have?
Signal, receptor, controller, effector
System-wise, which system(s) is (are) famous for being behind negative feedback?
Endocrine system and nervous system
Explain the "negative" in negative feedback.
Works to negatively affect (diminish) the deviation of the variable back to the average (delta=0)
Define "set point" in the context of negative feedback? Can set points vary? Explain.
an ideal normal value maintained by homeostasis; can be adjusted to meet physiological needs (ex: increasing blood pressure during exercise)
be able to label the component parts as to whether they are the controller, the signal .the effector, or the receptor.
Signal: change in variable (delta)
Receptor: detects the change in variable
Controller: remembers a set point, sends signal to effector when delta is too big
Effector: what's stimulated to affect change
Signal
change in variable (delta)
Receptor
detects the change in variable
Controller: remembers a set point, sends signal to effector when delta is too big
Effector: what's stimulated to affect change
Controller
remembers a set point, sends signal to effector when delta is too big
Effector
what's stimulated to affect change
Define positive feedback.
Increases the delta: the more the variable goes up, the more it is stimulated to go up
How does positive feedback tend to differ from negative feedback both in how it works and its purpose?
Negative feedback works to move the variable back toward the set point (delta=0), while positive feedback works to move the variable further and further past the set point (increases delta)
For the positive feedback integral for the human female to give birth, what is (are) the signal, the controller, effector, th receptor(s).
Variable: uterine contraction
Signal: uterine contractions force??
Controller: hypothalamus & pituitary gland
Effector: uterine muscular wall
Receptor: stretch receptors at base of uterus
What role does oxytocin and peripheral nerves play in the positive feedback loop of labor?
Oxytocin causes contractions; it is made by the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus is stimulated by the nerve impulses to make oxytocin
Peripheral nerves work with the stretch receptors: when stretch receptors are stretched to a certain point the nerves end an impulse (AP) to inform the brain that a certain amount of stretching has occurred
Where is the hypothalamus and what is its relationship to the pituitary gland and what roles do these play in the positive feedback that is central to giving birth?
Hypothalamus makes oxytocin, then its neurons release the oxytocin in the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then secretes oxytocin into the bloodstream.
Why and how is the skin so important (e.g., thermoregulation, protection, homeostasis, etc)? Is the skin an organ? Explain.
Protection:
Mechanical: physical barrier to bacteria, keeps skin from tearing easily
Chemical: secretions keep bacteria at bay, melanin protects from UV rays
Biological: immune cells in skin kill invaders
Homeostasis: skin is water-resistant, skin partners with circulatory system for thermoregulation
Thermoregulation: maintains body temperature by radiative cooling (move blood closer to skin) or evaporative cooling (sweat)
Endocrine fxn: initiates calcitriol (Vitamin D) synthesis when exposed to the sun
Sensory: touch, pain, pressure
Skin is an organ: made of more than 1 type of tissue and has a discrete job
What is a more scientific name for this organ and how does its size compare with other body organs?
skin= epidermis and dermis
Largest organ in the human body
How and why is it that the skin is so vital for survival?
It's the body's shield from the external environment
is the epidermis vascularized or innervated?
avascular and not innervated
Stratum corneum
(most superficial layer)
Thickest layer
Stratum lucidum
2nd most superficial. only in thick skin
Stratum granulosum
Cells commit apoptosis (programmed cell death) to then provide the skin with a layer dead cells that protect it and make it water resistant. 3rd layer of epidermis
Stratum spinosum
The spiny layer just above the stratum basal. lots of keratin to make spiny. 4 deepest layer
Stratum basale
(deepest layer)
Mitotic layer
What is the main cell type in the epidermis?
Keratinocyte
(epithelial cells that produce keratin)
Pacinian corpuscles function
found in the dermis; register deep pressure & vibrations
merkel cell function
found in the stratum basale; register light pressure
Dendritic cells (aka Langerhann's cells) function
found in stratum spinosum; first responders in immune response
Melanocytes function
found in the stratum basale; produce melanin
Skin pigment shields from UV rays
What is the role of keratin?
Keratin makes cells firmer and water resistant (inside the cells)
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