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Cumulative Review 4 for Final Exam BIOL 319

Terms in this set (57)

In general terms, (don't worry about all the details of the names of the layers and the transitions) how does the epiphyseal plate's presence drive long bone growth without changing its own thickness?
Every chondroblast that is added in the epiphyseal end of the plate is later kills itself (apoptosis) in the diaphyseal end of the plate
In general, how are osteoblasts and osteoclasts opposite yet complementary?
Osteoblasts generate new bone and osteoclasts destroy old bone. They need to work together to remodel bone: in order for osteoblasts to be able to add new bone, osteoclasts need to get rid of the old bone.
How long does the epiphyseal growth plate last? Is there an average difference between males and females in the mitotic activity and the persistence of the epiphyseal plate?
The epiphyseal plate goes away sooner in females (~17 yo) than in males (~22 yo). Also, the mitotic activity of the epiphyseal plate in males is more intense because of testosterone. (reason why males are typically taller than females)
What does the epiphyseal plate eventually change into?
The epiphyseal plate eventually becomes the epiphyseal line (a sign that long bone growth has ended).
Hyperplasia
tissue growth through mitotic division (NUMBERS)
hypertrophy
increase in cell size (SIZE)
Why is the epiphyseal growth plate so important in long bone growth?
Long bone growth can only occur if there is cartilage present (cartilage precedes bone). Since the epiphyseal plate is a thick band of hyaline cartilage, it is necessary for long bone growth.
Define appositional growth (Just know what it is, not the details) as used to describe how compact bone (of say the diaphysis of a long bone) can increase as described in class.
osteoblasts sitting on top of the diaphysis put down a new layer of bone, thus thickenning the outer surface of the diaphysis
What is the role of vitamin C in the size and health of the skeleton?
needed for collagen production (needed for bone growth)
What is the role of nutrition in the size and health of the skeleton?
improper nutrition can hinder bone growth (make them small)
What is the role of genetics in the size and health of the skeleton?
influences the size & shape of a bone but can be influenced by genetics and hormones
What organ(s) produces growth hormone and what are their major targets and effects?
stimulates interstitial cartilage growth & appositional bone growth
Produced by anterior pituitary
Target: liver (stimulates liver cells to make IGF-1)
What organ(s) produces insulin related growth factor-1 and what are their major targets and effects?
Stimulates chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate to undergo hyperplasia
Target: hyaline cartilage (chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate)
What organ(s) produces thyroid hormone and what are their major targets and effects?
makes growth hormone and IGF-1 reach their potential, and stimulates the brain to grow correctly
Produced by the thyroid gland
What organ(s) produces estrogen & testosterone and what are their major targets and effects?
first stimulate the epiphyseal plate to grow during puberty, then stimulate the epiphyseal plate to close (ending long bone growth)
Secreted by the ovaries & testes
Target: hyaline cartilage (chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate)
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