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Terms in this set (153)

Why is the rugged geography of the Andes conducive to military conquests but not to consolidation (keeping control of conquered peoples and territories)? (Select all that apply)
Because the mountainous geography makes it easy to control chokepoints necessary for successful military action, but this also means that it's easy to hold off larger forces of empires and states

Because it's easy to conquer the ethnically separate and geographically distinct peoples but not easy to create a overarching state to govern them
What is the official language of the Inca Empire?
Quechua (Runa Simi)
Which of the following helped the Inca consolidate their territory?
Mitmaq (relocation of peoples for control and for economic exploitation)
Extensive road network
Hierarchical provincial administration
Khipu accounting system
Imposition of a common language
What is/are the problem(s) of relying on historical accounts from after the Inca empire fell to reconstruct Inca history?
Historical accounts are not contemporaneous, but written decades after the events have occurred
Historical accounts generally are biased toward elite perspectives
Historical accounts are filtered by Spanish biases
Historical accounts are filtered by Inca biases
History for Inca is cyclical, not lineal
Who was the first scientific archaeologist working in the Andes (used stratigraphy and careful recording)?
Max Uhle
How did Julio C. Tello and Max Uhle differ in their view of Andean archaeology?
Emphasizing continuity, Tello viewed Andean evolution as an organic flow of life that repeatedly diverged and converged again, whereas Uhle emphasized discontinuities and temporal successions of distinct cultures.
What are some of the human biological adaptations to high altitude in the Andes? (Select all that apply)
increased red blood cell count
Changes in the placenta
Barrel shaped chests for higher lung capacity
What natural episodes present challenges to human life in the Andes? (Select all that apply)
Earthquakes
Drought
Volcanoes
Landslides
Irregular rainfall and El Nino
What are the four quarters of the Inca empire?
Collasuyu, Antisuyu, Chinchaysuyu, Cuntisuyu
Which Inca quarter has the highest density of natural diversity?
Antisuyu
How do people spread agricultural risk in the ancient Andes? (Select all that apply)
They invented ways to store food long-term
They exploit diverse ecological zones
They let land lie fallow for a few years before planting again
They traded different varieties of foods to ensure genetic diversity and therefore resistance to disease wiping out all their food
In the Andes, we see "integration of agricultural and pastoral production, exploitation of multiple ecological zones, reliance on different crops from different altitudes, sequential timing of work in different ecological tiers, dependence upon dung fertilizer, frequent fallowing of fields, emphasis on long-term storage of food products, relatively little sexual division of labor in subsistence tasks, and a mixture of household and communal control of land use." Where else in the world also has similar cultural practices? (Select all that apply)
Alps, himilayas
Why did monetary systems have trouble taking hold in the Andes?
Andeans relied on direct resource procurement
What does it mean if you share the same mtDNA haplogroup as someone else?
That you share the same female lineage, or have a recent female common ancestor
Native Americans were more theologically prepared for the existence of Europeans than Europeans were about the existence of Native Americans.
true
What did most Europeans before the 20th century think the Native American tribes were descended from?
The Lost Tribes of Israel
What is distinctive (meaning unique) about the Clovis and Folsom points? (Select all that apply)
They had a flute
They were only found in the Americas
The Clovis culture is the oldest culture in the Americas.
false
How old is the Clovis culture?
13500-12900 years old
What also happened during the time that the Clovis culture flourished?
Mass extinction of a wide variety of animals, not just big ones.
What is the overkill hypothesis?
The hypothesis that Native Americans killed too many big game animals too quickly and led to their extinction
Most mtDNA evidence supports that people arrived in the Americas how long ago?
22-29 thousand years ago
What time period does Haplogroup A evidence suggest for when people first came to the Americas?
33-43 thousand years ago
What are the flaws with the "overkill" theory? (Select all that apply)
Two-thirds of species went extinct shortly before Clovis culture appeared in the archaeological record
Most Clovis sites do not show a reliance on big game hunting
Even small animals and shellfish went extinct
Contemporary hunter-gather societies show that none rely on big game hunting for most of their calories
What Andean Archaeological site first helped definitively disprove the "Clovis First" theory?
Monte Verde (Chile)
What is an alternative to the land migration over an ice-free corridor hypothesis?
Coastal migration by boat
What is "loess" and what is its significance?
Airblown soil particles that if irrigated with water, provides fertile agricultural lands
Which of the following plants were domesticated in the Americas? (select all that apply)
Tomato
Chili pepper
Potato
Squash
Maize
When and where did the first large public monuments appear in the Americas?
Norte Chico region of Peru 3200-2500 BC.
What is different about the relationship among the Old World cultural centers versus among New World cultural centers?
New World cultural centers had little interaction with each other, whereas the Old World cultural centers had a lot of interaction
Why is the Peruvian coast so dry?
Because it almost never rains due to "rain shadows" of the Humboldt current and the Andes mountains
Which is the dryest desert on earth?
Atacama desert
The earliest inhabitants of Peru ate a diet consisting mostly of terrestrial mammals.
false
Around what time did the earliest evidence of human occupation occur in Peru?
Around 10,000 BC
Which culture created the world's first artificial mummies?
Chinchorro
What did people of the Chinchorro culture eat?
Seafood
What does Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz believe that Norte Chico is so important in the context of global history?
Because they claim that Norte Chico is the second place where "government" independently arose
The maritime foundations of Andean civilization hypothesis says that all Andean civilizations were based on seafood and not on agriculture.
false
Andean civilizations before Europeans was influenced by what one major import?
maize
What is unique about maize compared to other grains?
It cannot self propagate and needs human intervention
What allowed hunter-gatherers of the Atacama desert to adopt a sedentary way of life?
Small rivers and bountiful marine food
Where the Chinchorro sedentary and how do archaeologists know?
They were sedentary because they had evidence of chagas disease, which you get from reduviid bugs in or near permanent housing
What were common ailments that afflicted the Chinchorro people? (Select all that apply)
Lower leg infections due to participating in mummification process
Tapeworm and anemia
Crushed vertebra and osteoporosis for women
Ear irritation due to cold water and wind exposure
Lower back problems due to hunting and fishing
The Chinchorro were a peaceful people, like most non-agricultural societies.
false
The Chinchorro women had low fertility compared to women in hunter-gatherer societies due to widespread anemia and osteoporosis.
false
What is the significance of the harpoon being the most common item found in Chinchorro graves?
That hunting large marine animals was more prestigious than other food gathering activities
What did the grave goods distribution suggest about gender roles in Chinchorro society?
That men did more large marine animal hunting than women, who did more fishing. Both genders gathered food using reed baskets. Women painted mummies because of reed brushes.
How long did the Chinchorro mummification practice last for?
3300-4000 years
What were most of Chinchorro textiles made of?
plant fibers
What did the Chinchorro people likely do with their mummies?
feasted with them
The Chinchorro people had physiological or biological adaptations to the maritime lifestyle.
false
Archaeologist Lanning found that the earliest evidence for marine resource exploitation was 5800 BP (years Before Present), but not before this, but people arrived in the area at least 13000 BP. What explains this discrepancy?
The older coast was inundated by rising sea levels
What did people of the Ring Site eat? Select all that apply
Sea urchins
Fish
Shellfish
Sea mammals
Sea birds
Quebrada Jaguay had obsidian that showed there was a connection to the highlands
true
When does the Preceramic period start and what is it characterized by environmentally?
3000 BC and characterized by stabilization of sea levels
What was a social trend that characterized the Preceramic period?
Increase in monumental public architecture showing the increasingly integrative nature of rituals
Agriculture gave the people living in the Preceramic most of their food calories.
false
The cultivation of plants led to an increased demand for distant commodities because people became more sedentary and therefore more greedy for luxury goods.
false
Permanent human migration in the Andes has always moved from lower to higher elevations.
false
What is a probable reason for the rise of monumental architecture in the highlands at sites like Kotosh and La Galgada?
They were located at hubs that were intermediary between lowland and highland ecological zones, becoming important nodes for trade and ritualism
Which of the following necessitated cooperation among many people in large groups?
Construction and maintenance of irrigation systems
Which of the following describes Paloman society? (Select all that apply)
Possible female infanticide
Sedentism
High protein intake
Answer Artificial mummification
Rare items and animals from distant ecological zones
What kind(s) of social organization was evident in Preceramic monumental architecture? (select all that apply)
moiety, chiefdoms based on lineage
Which was the largest preceramic masonry monument?
el pairiso
What is the possible significance of U-shaped platforms and temples?
The new emphasis on agriculture and mountain sources of water
Which of the following is the oldest city in South America?
huaricanga
What was distinctive about the "Norte Chico" complex compared to other places and what had come before?
Their economic base was a symbiotic relationship between farming and fishing
Which of the following is largest Initial (early ceramic) period monumental center in terms of size?
Sechin Alto
What was a contributing factor to almost all coastal monumental centers being abandoned around 900 BC?
A severe drought
What characterized the Initial Period's new food base?
Irrigation agriculture
Most early monumental centers in the Initial period were made possible by the leadership of chiefs (kurakas).
false
What allowed significant population growth in the Initial period?
Intensive agriculture
The Initial Period was characterized by religious orthodoxy.
false
Which of the following type of ritual architecture was the most enduring through space and time in the Andes?
U or V-shaped monuments
Which site had the earliest evidence of hereditary elites?
La Galgada
Which center provided the "template" for "door within a door" monolithic gateways of later Titicaca basin monumental architecture?
Chiripa
Which site most defined the Early "Horizon?"
Chavin
Which of the following artifact types exhibited the most standardization across space and time during the Early Horizon?
Textiles
What is the "circumscription theory"?
When land and water is limited and the population exceeds the carrying capacity of natural resources, conflicts result. In those conflicts, secular authoritarian leadership arises.
Chavin de Huantar ceased to be ritually important after construction ended and the structure started to decay.
false
Where are most of the animals represented in Chavin iconography from?
The forested eastern slopes and tropical lowlands far to the east
As time went on, which of the following occurred at Chavin?
Different residential zones with different specializations and statuses
What is peer polity interaction?
When you have multiple centers of power that are on par with each other in terms of power.
Chavín de Huántar promoted cultural differentiation in the Central Andes.
false
Which of the following was NOT a major economic and political transformation of the Early Intermediate Period?
Residential settlements were outnumbered by ceremonial centers
Moche state consolidation started with larger river valleys and then moved onto the smaller ones.
false
Early Intermediate Period had more inter-group hostilities because they had larger temples with walls around them
false
All walled enclosures in defensible locations were for military purposes in the Early Intermediate Period.
false
Which of the following was a major way for the "kuraka" class to gain wealth finance?
Controlling metallurgical production
Archaeologists believe that Gallinazo was a regional political center of a______ because ______
Loose confederation; it was the biggest settlement of that cultural group
Early centralized governance of the Moche was made possible by innovations in war technology.
false
What did the different makers' marks on the adobe bricks of the Moche monuments indicate?
That there were many different groups working in a modular fashion
What did small raised platforms above the agricultural fields indicate about the Moche?
That there were distinct social classes, with one supervising the other
Moche was a unified centralized state.
false
How were the mounds at Cahuachi built?
Multiple layers of "trash" encased with adobe on natural hills
The Nazca lines were only able to be seen completely from the sky
true
The Nazca lines were mostly geometric shapes
true
The Nazca lines were primarily aligned to astronomical correlations
false
The Nazca lines were incredibly difficult to make and required the labor of hundreds of people at a time making a figure.
false
Cahuachi, the capital of the Nazca culture, had a large residential population.
false
The Middle Horizon began during a time of stable weather conditions and abundant rainfall.
false
What disaster befell the city at Huaca de la Luna and Huaca del Sol?
massive flooding
What is the difference between intensive and extensive statecraft?
Intensive statecraft integrates local populations under direct rule involving state ideology and organization. Extensive statecraft uses isolated nodes of state authority scattered among local populations.
Huari was a centrally planned city with well-integrated grid-like roads.
false
Why did the city of Huari do so well during prolonged drought and irregular rainfall?
Because they had terraces and long canals drawing their water from high altitude water sources that were more resistant to drought
The Wari elites increased their influence mostly through violence.
false
Pikillacta is a Tiwanaku administrative center in the province of Cuzco.
false
Which of the following comprised the "international" identity shared between the Wari and Tiwanaku? (Select all that apply)
Goblets called keros
Trophy head taking
Staff-God iconography
The Tiwanaku, unlike the Wari, built raised-fields to increase their agricultural productivity.
true
Which of the following was most likely an expansive empire?
wari
According to Bruce Owen, what was the reason for the collapse of the Tiwanaku civilization in its heartland?
Rebellion or factionalism among the different ethnic groups that made up the Tiwanaku polity
Once the lake levels declined and the raised fields were therefore abandoned, people abandoned the city of Tiwanaku.
false
The Tiwanaku diaspora in the Osmore drainage experienced lower status and political fragmentation after the collapse of the Tiwanaku in the heartland.
true
The stronger the Wari Empire was, the more they engaged in overt and militaristic violence.
false
After the collapse of the Wari, interpersonal violence had decreased because there was no more state-sponsored violence.
false
Diet had not changed significantly immediately after the collapse of the Wari.
true
Cerro Baúl was a Wari settlement that collapsed primarily due to the protracted drought.
False
Which were the two competing empires near the end of the Late Intermediate Period?
Chimor and Tahuatinsuyu (Tawantinsuyu)
What new mortuary tradition began in Late Intermediate Period?
Burial towers called chulpas
Where is the capital of the Chimu (Chimor)?
chan chan
The Chincha people collaborated with the Inca and as a result may have been rewarded with exclusive access to the trade of Spondylus shells, which was previously controlled by the Chimu
true
Which of the following functioned most like cash money in the Late Intermediate Period?
naipes
Which of the following occupations was NOT present at Chan Chan?
agriculture
Which ecological zone did protracted drought most negatively affect?
coastal (chala)
Which site is perhaps the world's largest mass children human sacrifice site?
Pampa la Cruz-Huanchaquito-Las Llamas
The sacrificed children came from all over the Chimu domain and also outside of its domain
false
How do archaeologists know that the child sacrifice event occurred during an El Niño event?
Because there was a layer of deep mud
The children sacrificed at Pampa La Cruz-Huanchaquito-Las Llamas were malnourished and physically abused in their lifetimes.
false
How did the Wari and Tiwanaku influence Inka (Inca) statecraft?
The Wari influenced Inca political and economic models of statecraft and the Tiwanaku influenced Inca religious practice.
Which artifact class does Williams et al. argue is overemphasized in tracking the levels of imperial hegemony?
ceramics
The Wari and Tiwanaku assimilated their subject populations into the imperial culture (dress, customs, material culture).
false
What is the mitmaq system?
A system of relocating subject populations to work for the state and quell rebellion
Inka state formation began with the conquests of Emperor Pachacuti in 1437 AD.
false
Which of the following is an archaeological indicator of an emerging state?
Increasing complexity of settlement hierarchy.
What kind of archaeological investigation can address the full scope of state formation processes?
Regional archaeological survey of settlement patterns
What is an "Inca of privilege"?
A tribute-paying person who is subservient to the elite Inca but also occupies low level administrative positions in service of the empire
Agricultural terracing helped Inca state formation because it increased agricultural surpluses necessary to support a larger tribute-paying population and to reward loyal communities.
true
Which of the following is NOT a factor in Inca state formation?
raised field agriculture
How do state formation and the creation of political hierarchy affect the social landscape?
A reduction of ethnic diversity, political competition, and administrative redundancy
The Inka capital of Cuzco was a centrally planned city during the height of the Inka Empire.
true
The main plaza of the Inka imperial capital of Cuzco was covered in sand from the coast and the city itself had around 100-150 thousand inhabitants.
true
The mitmaqkuna of Yanawilka enjoyed a prosperous lifestyle due to the elevated status of the mitmaqkuna class in the Inka Empire.
false
There was a lot of Inka-directed top-down control of daily life at Yanawilka, but there was little restriction in interaction with other communities.
false
What were the functions of Saqsawaman (Sacsayhuaman)?
Temple
Fortress
Storage
What is the mit'a?
A rotational labor tax system
What was Machu Picchu?
A royal estate of Pachakuti
Under the Inka Emperor Wayna Qhapaq (Huayna Capac), which were the two capitals of the Inka Empire?
Cuzco and Tumipampa
Which of the following classes of people were NOT resettled from their homelands by the Inka?
suyurana
What was the punishment if you returned home without permission after you were resettled by the Inca?
torture on the first offense and death on the the second offense
What is a "tampu" and "chaski"?
A tampu is a way-station on a road, and a chaski is a runner who delivers items and messages
What were the three main goals of the resettlement of people in the Inka Empire?
Security, economy, and divine mandate
Which of the following was NOT a common strategy the Inka used to keep control of their empire?
Elite Inka competition among different royal lineages
What does a "tired stone" that cries blood refer to?
Large stones that were abandoned on the way to the construction site. The tears of blood refer to the physical hardship of the people who quarried and transported these stones.
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