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Microbiology- Final Exam

Terms in this set (169)

what is disease
any deviation from a condition of good health and well being
a disease condition caused by the presence or growth of infectious microorganisms or parasites is called ---- disease
infectious
microorganisms that can cause disease are called
pathogen
examples of noninfectious disease
(those not caused by pathogens)
- inherited (genetic diseases)
-congenital (disease that is present at or before birth)
-degenerative (progressive, irreversible loss of fx)
-nutritional deficiency (impaired body fx due to lack of nutrients)
-endocrine (disease involving malfx of glands)
-neoplastic (abnormal growth)
-idiopathic (disease for which the cause is unknown)
SARS first occurred in ________, before becoming a(n) ________ disease.
China; pandemic
which of the following is true about modern emerging diseases?
they are diseases that increase in frequency after a period of decline
which is the transmission mechanism for West Nile Virus?
vector
the tsetse fly transmit which disease
African sleeping sickness
which of the following types of transplants has the lowest risk of rejection
autograft
when serum sickness occurs the immune complexes are removed by which of the following?
phagocytic cells
serum sickness is which of the following
systemic type III hypersensitivity
which of the following is an example of a CD4 Th1-mediated reaction
delayed type hypersensitivity
a deep lesion that develops from multiple boils is called a
carbuncle
the conjunctiva is the
mucous membranes of the eye
papillomas are also known as
warts
which bacterial genu is commonly associated with acne
Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes)
which of the following is not caused by a dimorphic fungus
aspergillosis
which of these infections is also referred to as Valley fever?
coccidioidomycosis
which of these viruses is responsible for causing shingles
varicella-zoster virus
which of the following diseases is not associated with coronavirus infections
german measles
refers to inflammation of the bladder
cystitis
true of kidneys
they are colonized by no normal microbiota
what tube(s) in the male reproductive system transfers sperm to the vas deferens
epididymis
refers to dysuria
painful urination
pathogen that can be transmitted via water is especially resistant to chlorination tx?
Giardia lamblia
hookworms penetrate the skin. They are considered GI pathogens for this reason
they migrate through the circulatory system to the lungs then are coughed up and shallowed to reach the GI tract
hepatitis virus that can only infect an individual who has already been infected by hep B virus
HDV
a distinctive blue halo, visible upon examination using UV fluorescence microscopy, indicates the presence of which of the following
cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts that are autofluorescing
chicken pox and herpes are the exs of
latent infection
Molecular Koch's postulates are used to identify which characteristic of pathogens?
virulence factor genes
why are pseudomonas aeruginosa infections difficult to treat
bc they form biofilms, which are difficult for ABs to penetrate
how salmonella typhi enters host cells
typhi secretes effector proteins that cause membrane ruffling
common secondary fungal disease
oral thrush
pathogen that cannot pass the blood placenta barrier and infect a fetus
salmonella typhi
florence nightingale's 1958 book included graphs showing that many causalities she observed were due to
preventable infectious diseases
mary mallon, aka typhoid mary was which of carrier
asymptomatic
Listeria monocytogenes the causative agent of listeriosis, can pass through the blood placenta barrier to infect a fetus. this type of transmission to the fetus is known as
vertical direct contact
a fruit fly lands on cow feces and then flies over to a bowl of watermelon. fruit fly is example of
mechanical vector
tuberculosis is typically transmitted via
air
which of the following is not a fomite?
catheter
nurse
scalpel
syringe
nurse
a granuloma is what type of infection
chronic local infection
Rh factors are
important RBC antigens
symptoms of a localized type-I hypersensitivity reaction
asthma, hay fever rhinitis, and hives
the A and B antigens on the surface of blood cells are
carbohydrates
one possible adaptive reason for type I hypersensitivities
they may have evolved as a response to helminth infections
neonatal conjunctivitis is commonly treated with
chloramphenicol
people who wear contact lenses are at risk of developing
keratitis
fifth disease is normally
allowed to resolve without tx
relatively mild viral disease caused by human herpes virus- 6, or sometimes human herpes virus-7, is better known as
roseola
blackheads differ from whiteheads bc whiteheads are covered by skin, whereas blackheads are open to the air. What causes the dark coloration
lipids within the sebum react with air, resulting in chemical oxidation and the formation of the black color
skin is an effective barrier against many pathogens. all the following describe ways that pathogens penetrate the skin except for which one
bacteria on the surface of the skin often gradually consume the epidermis and dermis creating a pathway to deeper parts of the body
what type of cells produce the mucus for the mucous membranes
goblet cells
correct order of the structures through which air passes during inhalation
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
outer surface of lungs is protected with a double-layered --- membrane
pleural
trachea bifurcates into left and right ---- as it reaches the lungs
bronchi
otitis media with effusion is distinguished from other forms by the presence of which of the following
fluid within the middle ear
ex of one of the sequelae of strep throat
acute glomerulonephritis
streptokinase is a protein that is responsible for which of the following
dissolving blood clots
not part of the immune defense of the upper respiratory system
lysozymes
most common acid producing bacterial genus in the vagina
lactobacillus
not a fx of urinary system
producing urea
STI caused by a protozoan
Trichomoniasis
in US which STI among 15-24 yo was common
gonorrhea
condition that occurs when the normal vaginal microbiota is unbalanced but there is no inflammation
bacterial vaginosis
oral thrush is caused by
candida spp., including C. albicans
shigellosis is also known as
bacillary dysentery
typhoid fever is caused by which pathogen
salmonella paratyphi or S. typhi
cholera is best controlled by
using good sanitation and hygiene practices to the greatest extent possible
plaque on teeth is an ex of
a biofilm
how does Staphylococcus aureus cause GI symptoms
by producing enterotoxins when growing in food
What is the scientific name of the unusual bacterium that can survive in the acidic environment of the stomach and is associated with peptic ulcers, as well as with increased risk of stomach cancer?
Heliobacter pylori
minimum safe holding temp for cooked food
60 degrees C
group that contains the most dangerous E. coli for causing GI illness
EHEC
You are hired as an epidemiologist for the following study. You wish to determine if potato salad, served at a local farmer's market a month ago, caused an outbreak of a food-borne illness. You specifically interview individuals who had eaten potato salad and developed the illness, as well as individuals who ate the potato salad and did not develop illness.Based on this description, which type of study was conducted?
case-control
period of disease is a patient most susceptible to developing a secondary infection
period of decline
study of the cause of disease
etiology
what describes the condition in which reduction in the number of blood cell
cytopenia
example of a nosocomial disease
obtaining a pseudomonas respiratory infection during a recent visit to the hospital
what is considered a symptom
body aches and chills
Tetanus, which is caused by Clostridium tetani, is an example of which type of disease?
epidemic
Which passageway connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear
eustachian tube
Which described the palatine tonsils
Which described the palatine tonsils
_____________ escalator effect is an important mechanism that prevents inhaled microorganisms from migrating further into the lower respiratory tract
mucociliary
The lower respiratory tract is protected by____________ that has phagocytic effect.
alveolar macrophages
1. The lower respiratory tract is protected by____________ that has phagocytic effect.
adhesins
20% of the human population carry __________ in their nostrils
Staphylococcus. Aureus
Rhinitis is an inflammation of which component of the respiratory system
nasal passages
1. An inflammation in the middle ear is called ________
Otitis media
1. The vocal cord infection is caused by the inflammation of the __________.
Larynx
FluMist is which of the following
live attenuated flu vaccine
teichoic acid is present in the cell wall of
gram positive bacteria
darkfield microscopes can create high contrast high resolution images to study
live, unstained microorganisms
who are the prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea
stain that dyes a specimen rather than the background
positive stain
who discovered that specific bacteria cause specific illnesses
robert koch
who invented the vaccination for rabies in animals and humans
louis pasteur
term for a lense's ability to gather light
numerical aperture
Characterization of Epsilonproteobacteria
they are gram negative
percentage of prokaryotes are thought to be pathogens
<1%
capsules and slime layers are exs of
cell walls
term for phenomenon in bacteria that makes constructing a linear tree of life difficult
horizontal gene transfer
What do active transport and facilitated diffusion have in common?
both require membrane proteins
yeast responsible for the rising of bread
saccharomyces cerevisiae
fx of cristae of mitochondria
increase surface area for reactions assoc. with cellular respiration
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
the standard reference on bacterial classification
eukaryotic microbe that has cell walls of chitin and is not photosynthetic
fungi
father of western medicine
Hippocrates
fx of the smooth ER
site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification
not a genus of betaproteobacteria
chlamydia
germ theory of disease
some infectious diseases are caused by tiny microbes invading a host organism
for a peritrichously flagellated bacterium, how does it run
counterclockwise flagellar rotation
MD that realized that doctors were causing maternal deaths by failing to wash their hands
ignaz semmelweis
not a kingdom in linnaeus taxonomy
protist
engulfing a bacteria by WBC's is called
phagocytosis
term for classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms
taxonomy
two factors that affect resolution
wavelength and numerical aperture
partners came up with the first genetics-based tree of life and first classified archaebacteria
carl woese and george fox
eukaryotic cells, the fx of the nucleolus is
ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins
primary purpose of a phylogeny
show evolutionary relatedness between organisms
prokaryotes are classified into which domains
Archaea and Bacteria
current phylogenetic analyses include
info from a range of sources including morphological, genetic, and biochemical data
one gram of soil contains up to --- microbes belonging to about 1000 species
10 billion
Term for a two word naming system and who came up with it
binomial nomenclature; Linnaeus
Magnifies the specimen to produce the virtual image of the specimen
ocular lens
bordetella pertussis is ex of which group organism
proteobacteria
unicellular eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
protists
lysosomes of eukaryotic cells contains
digestive enzymes
first to come up with the term for classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms
carolus linnaeus
cell organelles that make proteins. it can float within the cytoplasm or be attached to an organelle
ribosome
gram negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics bc of
outer lipopolysaccharides
not part of the cell theory
only animal cells are composed of cells
who came up with the idea to add protista and monera to the main branches of the classification tree linnaeus came up with
ernst haeckel
bc endospores are difficult to stain what is needed
heat must be used to make the endospore take up the stain
most basic taxonomic unit
species
scientist that used flies and meat to determine how maggots were created
francesco redi
treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis is ex of which group of organism
spirochetes
any interaction between different species with a community is
symbiosis
traces the path of light thru a compound microscope
light source, condenser, specimen, objective lens, ocular lens
difference between gram pos and gram neg peptidoglycan is
in gram pos bacteria, as much as 90% of the cell wall consists of peptidoglycan (30-100 nm thick) although another kind of constituent, teichoic acid is usually present in small amts
what is light
is an electromagnetic radiation that travels in waves
ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a specified medium is
refractive index
which genus contains the N-fixing bacteria that live in legume nodules
rhizobium
diffusion of water
osmosis
The resolution of a microscope can be improved by changing the
wavelength of light
stain with positively charged chromophores
positive dyes
distance between one peak of a wave and the next peak is
wavelength
never useful for observing living cells
scanning electron microscope
--- and --- are organelles that arose from endosymbiosis
mitochondria and chloroplasts
three currently accepted domains
archaea, bacteria, eukarya
has the highest energy
light with a short wavelength
starting from the inside, what is order of cell envelope components in gram neg bacteria
cell membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan outer membrane
process of converting CO2 to organic carbon products is
carbon fixation
kingdom that was the only one found in empire prokaryota
monera
first observed unicellular organisms, called them animalcules
leeuwenhoek
Theory of Spontaneous Generation was proposed by
greek
prokaryotes refers to
unicellular organisms that have no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
ability of microscope to make an object bigger
magnification
who added the branch fungi in linneus classification system
whittaker
what does the gram stain, acid fast stain, and endospore stain have in common
are used on a wet mount of the specimen
cell is placed in saltwater with a higher solute concentration then the cell cytoplasm
plasmolysis
hypotonic solution, cell is higher than outside of it, which way will water flow
into the cell
study of fungi
mycology
dyes are used to increase
contrast
microscope that achieves the highest magnification and greatest resolution
electron microscope
first to term cells
robert hooke
two monosaccharides that make up the disaccharide
N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic
organelle that checks, makes changes, packages and secretes proteins
golgi apparatus
bacterium bacteroides sp lives in the human gut and help to digest complex carbs polysacc. that humans cannot digest and absorb. this is a relationship
parasitism
steps for determining the causative agent of a particular disease
kochs postulates
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