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CNA exam review

Terms in this set (296)

hypertension
130/80
How long after exercise or exertion should you wait to take a person's blood pressure?
15 minutes
Care provided in a hospital is called:
acute care
parts of medicare
Part C → Allows private health insurance companies to provide Medicare benefits,
Part A → Care in a hospital or skilled nursing facility, from home health agency or hospice,
Part D → Medications prescribed for treatment,
Part B → Doctor Services and other medical services and equipment
medicaid is for
more poor people

and is affected by how much money you make
occupational therapist
Helps residents learn to adapt to disabilities.
A Resident/Patient has rights while being treated in any health care setting.
Quality of life
Services and activities to maintain a high level of wellness
The right to be fully informed about rights and services
The right to participate in their own care
The right to make independent choices
The right to privacy and confidentiality
The right to dignity, respect, and freedom
The right to security of possessions
Rights during transfers and discharges
The right to complain
The right to visits
Rights with social services
One responsibility of an ombudsman is to:
advocate for residents
The Minimum Data Set (MDS) is an assessment tool developed by the government.
true
An incident report is created to protect the facility and employees from lawsuits.
false
Medicare will pay for
Only care that it determines to be medically necessary
Verbal communication is the use of spoken words but not written words.
false its both
observations that should be immediately reported to a nurse.
Falls
Chest Pain
Severe headache
Trouble breathing
Abnormal pulse, respiration, or blood pressure
Change in mental status
Sudden weakness or loss of mobility
Fever
Loss of consciousness
Change in level of consciousness
Bleeding
Swelling of a body part
Change in resident's condition
Bruises, abrasions, or other signs of possible abuse
components of proper communication)
Always greet the resident by his or her preferred name.
Identify yourself
Focus on the topic to be discussed
Face the resident while speaking and avoid talking into space.
Talk with the resident, not other staff members while giving care.
Listen and respond when the resident speaks.
Praise the resident and smile often.
Encourage the resident to interact with you and others.
Be courteous
Tell the resident when leaving the room
barriers to communication
1. Resident does not hear, or hear correctly, or does not understand.
2. Resident is difficult to understand.
3. NA, resident, or others use words that are not understood.
4. NA uses slang or profanity.
5. NA uses clichés.
6. NA responds with "Why?"
7. NA gives advice
8. NA asks questions that only require yes/no answers.
9. Resident speaks a different language
10. NA or resident uses nonverbal communication.
11. Defense mechanisms
barriers to communicating. Name 6 common defense mechanisms:
1. Denial
2. Projection
3. Displacement
4. Rationalization
5. Repression
6. Regression
Which item below is not an aspect of culture (according to the book)?
language
What four questions should you ask yourself before you try to communicate with a resident who has a different culture than you do?
1. What information do I need to communicate to this person?
2. Does this person speak English as a first or second language?
3. Do I speak this person's language, or do I need an interpreter?
4. Does this person have any cultural practices about touch or gestures that I should know about?
guidelines for communicating with someone who is hearing impaired/deaf:
If the person has a hearing aid, make sure he or she is wearing it and it is turned on.
Keep hearing aids clean and cared for.
Reduce or remove noise.
Get residents' attention before speaking.
Speak clearly, slowly, and in good lighting.
Do not shout.
Keep the pitch of your voice low.
Do not chew gum or eat while speaking.
If the resident hears better out of one ear, try to speak and stand on that side.
Use short sentences and simple words.
Repeat what you have said using different words when needed.
Use picture cards or a notepad as needed
Be patient and empathetic.
Do not pretend to understand if you do not.
Be understanding and supportive
guidelines for communicating with someone who is visually impaired/blind:
1. If the resident has eyeglasses, make sure they are clean and that he or she wears them.
2. Knock on the door and identify yourself as soon as you enter the room. Do not touch the resident until you have identified yourself.
3. Make sure there is proper lighting in the room and face the resident while speaking.
4. Orient the resident to where things are when entering a new room.
5. Always tell the resident what you are doing while caring for them.
6. Use the face of an imaginary clock as a guide to explain the position of objects.
7. Do not move personal items or furniture.
8. Tell the resident where the call light is.
9. Leave doors completely open or completely closed.
10. If the resident needs guidance walking around, walk slightly ahead.
11. Encourage the use of the other senses, such as hearing, touch and smell.
12. Use large clocks, clocks that chime, and radios to help keep track of time.
13. If the resident has a guide dog, do not play with, distract, or feed it.
things a mentally healthy person is able to do:
1. Get along with others
2. Adapt to change
3. Care for self and others
4. Give and accept love
5. Deal with situations that cause anxiety, disappointment, and frustration
6. Take responsibility for decisions, feelings, and actions
7. Control and fulfill desires and impulses appropriately
In general, combative behavior is not about:
not a reaction to the caregiver so they should not be taken personally
When someone is angry, stay ________. Do not argue or respond to __________ __________.
calm, verbal attacks
things a CNA should check before leaving a resident's room:
1. Call light within reach
2. Room tidy and items put away
3. Furniture in same place, bed lowest position
4. Clear walkway in room and to bathroom
factors that can increase the risk of falls:
1. Clutter
2. Throw rugs
3. Exposed electrical cords
4. Slippery or wet floors
5. Uneven floors or stairs
6. Poor lighting
7. Call lights that are out of reach or not promptly answered
ways you can help prevent falls:
Feedback


Clear walkways of clutter, trash, throw rugs and cords.
Use rugs with non-slip backing
Have residents wear non-skid shoes with tied laces
Residents should avoid wearing clothing that is too long or drags
Keep often-used items close to resident.
Answer call lights right away
Immediately clean up spills
Report loose handrails
Mark uneven flooring/stairs with tape
Improve lighting
Lock wheels and move footrests out of the way
Lock bed wheels before helping a resident into and out of bed
After completing care, return bed to lowest position
Get help when moving residents.
Offer help with toileting often.
Leave furniture in the same place as you found it.
Know which residents are at risk for falls.
If a resident starts to fall, be in good position to help support her.
When a resident falls, report it to the nurse.
ways you can help prevent burns:
1. Always check water temperature with a water thermometer or on your wrist before using.
2. Report frayed electrical cords or unsafe looking appliances.
3. Let residents know you are about to pour or set down a hot liquid.
4. Pour hot drinks away from residents.
5. Keep hot drinks and liquids covered with a lid and away from edges of tables
6. Make sure residents are sitting down before serving hot drinks.
7. If plate warmers are used, monitor them carefully.
abrasion
first layer of skin is scraped or rubbed off,
OSHA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is a federal government agency that makes rules to protect workers from hazards on the job.
'safety data sheet'?
A sheet that details the chemical ingredients, chemical dangers, and safe handling, storage, and disposal procedures for the product
emesis
vomiting
A TIA is the result of a lack of __________ in the brain.
oxygen
A ____________ ___________ ___________ is a warning sign of a CVA.
Transient ischemic attach (TIA)
signs and symptoms of insulin reaction include:
1. Hunger
2. Rapid pulse
3. Headache
4. Low blood pressure
5. Cold, clammy skin
6. Confusion
7. Trembling
8. Nervousness
9. Blurred vision
10. Numbness of the lips and tongue
11. Unconsciousness
The first signs of __________ ____________ include feeling weak or different, nervous, dizzy and perspiring.
insulin reaction
Insulin reaction or ______________ can result from either too much insulin or too little food.
hypoglycemia
Insulin reaction and __________ ______________ are problems associated with diabetes.
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Signs and symptoms of fainting include:
a. Dizziness
b. Nausea
c. Perspiration
d. Pale skin
e. Weak pulse
f. Shallow respirations
g. Blackness in visual field
h. All of the Above

answer H
things you should do for more serious burns:
1. Remove the person from the source of the burn.
2. Notify the nurse immediately
3. Check for breathing, pulse, and severe bleeding
4. Do not use any type of ointment, water, salve, or grease on burn
5. Do not try to pull away any clothing from burned areas. Cover burn with thick, dry sterile gauze, a clean cloth, or a clean sheet.
6. Wait for emergency help.
7. Remove and discard gloves. Wash your hands.
8. Report and document the incident properly.
ABCs of bleeding
A: Alert-call 911
B: Bleeding-find the bleeding injury
C: Compress - apply pressure
How long does it take for an adult to bleed to death?
20 seconds if bleeding is from arterial source
What are the eight steps you should use to control bleeding?
1. Notify nurse immediately
2. Put on gloves
3. Hold a thick, sterile pad, clean cloth, handkerchief, or towel against the wound
4. Press down hard directly on the bleeding until help arrives
5. If you can, raise the wound above the level of the heart
6. When bleeding is under control, secure the dressing to keep it in place.
7. Remove and discard gloves
8. Report and document the incident properly.
signs or symptoms of a heart attack:
1. Sudden, sever pain in the chest
2. Pain or discomfort in other areas of the body, such as one or both arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach
3. Indigestion or heartburn
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Dyspnea, or difficulty breathing
6. Dizziness
7. Bluish or gray (cyanotic) skin
8. Perspiration
9. Cold and clammy skin
10. Weak and irregular pulse rate
11. Low blood pressure
12. Anxiety and a sense of doom
13. Denial of a heart problem
things that you should check on a victim.
1. Severe Bleeding.
2. Changes in Consciousness
3. Irregular breathing
4. Unusual color or feel to the skin
5. Swollen places on the body
6. Medical alert tags
7. Pain
two things you should do when you come upon a medical emergency.
asses the situation and the victim
Microorganisms are always present in the ____________.
environment
What are the two main types of infections?
localized
systemic
HAI?
Healthcare-associated infection
links in the "chain of infection":
1. Causative Agent
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of Exit
4. Mode of Transmission
5. Portal of Entry
6. Susceptible Host
standard precautions
1. Wash your hands
2. Wear gloves
3. Remove gloves immediately after a procedure
4. Immediately wash all skin surfaces that have been contaminated
5. Wear a disposable gown
6. Wear a mask with protective goggles
7. Wear gloves and use caution when handling razor blades, needles, and other sharps.
8. Never attempt to recap needles or sharps after use
9. Carefully bag all contaminated supplies
10. Clearly label body fluids that are being saved for a specimen
11. Dispose of contaminated wastes according to your facility's policy
Don and Doff PPE
Order to put on: (donning)
Step 1: [Wash hands]
Step 2: [Put on gown ]
Step 3: [Put on mask ]
Step 4: [Put on goggles or face shield]
Step 5: [Put on Gloves]
Order to take off: (doffing)
Step 1: [Remove and discard gloves]
Step 2: [Remove goggles or face shield]
Step 3: [Remove and discard gown]
Step 4: [Remove and discard mask]
Step 5: [Wash Hands ]
Handle all equipment in a way that prevents:
1. Skin/mucous membrane contact
2. Contamination of your clothing
3. Transfer of disease to other residents or areas
guidelines for cleaning spills involving blood, body fluids and glass:
1. Apply gloves
2. Absorb the spill with whatever product is used by the facility
3. Scoop up the absorbed spill and dispose in a designated container
4. Apply disinfectant and allow to stand wet for a minimum of 10 minutes
5. Clean up spills immediately with proper cleaning solution
6. Do not pick up pieces of broken glass. Use a dustpan and broom or other tools.
7. Waste containing broken glass, blood, or body fluids should be properly bagged. Follow facility policy
three categories of Transmission Based Precautions:
Airborne
Droplet
Contact
hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver caused by certain viruses and other factors, such as alcohol abuse, some medications and trauma
How is Hepatitis B spread?
BLOOD
Tuberculosis (TB) is a __________ ______________ lung disease.
highly contagious
through droplet contact in coughs

need to be put in AIIR
neg rooms
MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus)
An antibiotic-resistant infection often acquired in healthcare facilities.

most common way to get:Healthcare facilities

spread through: direct physical contact with infected people

through proper hand washing this is prevented
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus VRE
bacteria mostly live in gastronintesinal or urinary

difficult to treat

spread through both direct and indirect contact

easier to prevent than to treat
C-Diff - clostridium difficile
causes a toxin that causes diarrhea.

direct contact
responsibilities employers have for infection control?
1. Establish infection prevention procedures and an exposure control plan to protect workers.
2. Proved continuing in-service education on infection prevention, including bloodborne and airborne pathogens and updates on any new safety standards
3. Have written procedures to follow should an exposure occur, including medical treatment and plans to prevent similar exposures.
4. Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) for employees to use and teach them when and how to properly use it
5. Provide free hepatitis B vaccinations for all employees.
Which of the following is the proper order to don personal protective equipment (PPE)?
Put on gown, mask and goggles, and gloves.
When washing hands, an NA should use friction for
. At least 20 seconds
Which of the following is true of Transmission-Based Precautions?
They are practiced in addition to Standard Precautions
RACE is an acronym for a safety rule, and means
Remove residents, Activate alarm or call 911, Contain fire, Extinguish
What does ADLs stand for?
Activities of Daily Living
examples of a.m. cares?
Offering a bedpan or urinal or helping the resident to the bathroom
Helping the resident wash face and hands
Assisting with hair care, dressing, and shaving
Assisting with mouth care before or after breakfast
examples of p.m. cares?
Offering a bedpan or urinal or helping the resident to the bathroom
Helping the resident wash face and hands
Giving a snack
Assisting with mouth care
Assisting with changing into nightclothes
Giving a back rub
ways a CNA can promote respect, dignity and privacy for residents:
Encouraging residents to do as much as they are able to do and being patient
Knocking and waiting for permission to enter the resident's room
Not interrupting residents while they are in the bathroom
Leaving the room when residents receive or make phone calls
Respecting residents' private time and personal things
Not interrupting residents while they are dressing
Keeping residents covered whenever possible when helping with dressing
What are pressure points and why do they matter?
Areas of the body that bear much of its weight and is at higher risk for skin breakdown over bony prominences, due to reduced circulation

can cause pressure ulcer
In which stage does the pressure ulcer go down to muscle, bone, or tendon?
fourth
things to observe and report to the nurse about the skin.
1. Pale, white, reddened, or purple areas 2. Blisters or bruises 3. Differences in temperature of the skin when compared to the area around it 4. Complaints of tingling, warmth, or burning of the skin 5. Dry or flaking skin 6. Itching or scratching 7. Rash or any skin discoloration 8. Swelling 9. Fluid or blood draining from skin 10. Broken skin 11. Changes in existing injury (size, depth, drainage, color, odor)
Reposition immobile residents in bed every two hours
t
Shearing is rubbing due to skin moving one way, and a bone another.
t
Reposition immobile residents in wheelchairs every two hours
false every hour
Bed [BLANK] or foot [BLANK] are used to keep the bed covers from resting on a resident's legs or feet.
cradles, boards
Another name for "turning sheets" is [BLANK]
draw sheets
[BLANK] is a weakness of muscles in the feet and ankles
foot drop
orthotic device:
Splints
areas of the body that are washed when helping with a partial bat
face, hands, axillae (underarms), and perineum (genital and anal area), chest/under breasts
perineaum
genital and anal area
How often should you bathe an elderly resident with dry skin?
1-2 times a w
some equipment or supplies do you need when giving a bed bath:
bath blanket, bath basin, soap, bath thermometer, 2-4 washcloths, 2-4 bath towels, bed pads, clean clothes, 2 pairs of gloves, orangewood stick or nail brush, lotion, deodorant, brush or comb
The water in a bath should not be hotter than [BLANK] degrees Fahrenheit.
105
When giving a back rub, which is correct?
Use the full palm of each hand and make long, smooth, upward strokes
What are five things you should observe when providing foot care?
a. Dry, flaking skin b. Non-intact or broken skin c. Discoloration of the feet, such as reddened, gray, white, or black areas d. Blisters e. Bruises f. Blood or drainage g. Long, ragged toenails h. Ingrown toenails i. Swelling j. Soft, fragile, or reddened heels k. Differences in temperature of the feet
How long should you soak a resident's feet for before continuing with foot care?
10-20 mins
[BLANK] is a medical term for an infestation of lice.
Pediculosis
all procedures start with exactly the same steps. Name two of these:
1. Identify yourself by name. Identify the resident by name.
2. Wash your hands.
3. Explain procedure to resident.
guidelines when using a mechanical or hydraulic lift:
1. Have another person help you if possible
2. Keep the chair or wheelchair to which the resident is to be moved close to the bed so that the resident is only moved a short distance in the lift.
3. Check that the valves are working on the lift before using it.
4. Use the correct sling for the lift being used.
5. Check the sling and straps for any fraying or tears. Do not use if you see any.
6. Open the legs of the stand to the widest position before helping the resident into the lift.
7. Be aware of emergency releases on electric/battery-powered lifts.
Where do you place the wheelchair when transferring a resident from the bed?
On the resident's strong side
If a resident starts to fall during a transfer, what are three steps a CNA should follow?
1. Widen your stance
2. Bring the resident's body close to yourself to break the fall
3. Bend your knees and support the resident as you lower the resident to the floor. If needed, you can drop to the floor with the resident to avoid injury to either of you.
definitions
The correct answer is: Lying on stomach or front side of body → Prone, Lying on side → Lateral, Moving the person as a unit without disturbing the alignment → Logroll, The science of designing equipment, areas and work tasks to make them safer → Ergonomics, Lying on left side with right leg drawn up → Sim's, Sitting on the edge of the bed with legs hanging down → Dangle, Made of canvass and helps a resident walk → Gait belt, Partially reclined (head & shoulders elevated 45-60 degrees) → Semi-Fowler's, Lying flat on back → Supine
When helping a resident to sit up on the side of the bed, place one arm under the resident's blank . You should place your other arm under the resident's blank .
shoulder blades and thighs
What does logrolling mean?
Moving a resident as a unit, without disturbing the alignment of the body.
What does BSC stand for?
Bedside commode
Describe the correct position when using each of the following to help a resident toilet:
a. Standard bedpan:b. Fracture pan:
a. Standard bedpan: with wider end aligned with the resident's buttocks
b. Fracture pan: with handle toward the foot of the bed
How is a fracture pan different from a bedpan?
flatter
When not in a resident's mouth, where should dentures be stored?
In solution or in clean moderate/tepid water
Oral care needs to be performed more frequently on unconscious patients
true and position it to the side
You should first brush inner, outer, and chewing surfaces of the ________ teeth.
upper
clothing that's used to help prevent embolisms:
Anti-embolism stockings
When undressing, you should start with the stronger side first.
t
For residents with a weaker side, you should start dressing with the strong arm first.
f start with weaker sside
What is the weaker side called in a resident who's suffered a stroke or injury?
affected or involved
When bathing a resident, a nursing assistant should
warm enough before beginning
Which of the following is true of nail care?
d. An accidental cut when providing nail care poses no great risk.
Which of the following statements is true of properly positioning a standard bedpan?
A standard bedpan should be positioned with the wider end aligned with the resident's buttocks
A _______ is used for residents who cannot assist to raise their hips onto a bedpan.
fracture pan
On admission OBRA requires residents must be told of their _________ _________.
legal rights
Before performing any procedure make sure
Select one:
a. You have identified yourself
b. You have identified the resident and confirmed his or her identity
c. You have described what you intend to do and why
d. All of the above
d
things should be documented when a resident is discharged?
1. The vital signs at discharge
2. Time of discharge
3. Method of transport
4. Who was with the resident
5. What items the resident took with her (inventory checklist)
How many ounces are in a pound?
16
On some wheelchair scales, the CNA will need to add the weight of the wheelchair to the resident's weight to get a true measurement.
true
How many inches are there in a foot?
12
one method of measuring the height of a resident who is unable to get out of bed:
Make a pencil mark on the sheet under the resident at the top of the resident's head and another at his hell and measure the distance between the marks
problems that restraint use may cause:
1. Pressure injuries
2. Pneumonia
3. Risk of suffocation
4. Reduced blood circulation
5. Stress on the heart
6. Incontinence
7. Constipation
8. Weakened muscles and bones
9. Muscle atrophy
10. Loss of bone mass
11. Poor appetite and nutrition
12. Depression and/or withdrawal
13. Sleep disorders
14. Loss of dignity
15. Loss of independence
16. Stress of anxiety
17. Increased agitation
18. Loss of self-esteem
19. Sever injury
20. Death
restraint alternatives:
1. Improve safety measures to prevent accidents and falls.
2. Make sure call lights are within reach. Respond to call lights promptly.
3. Ambulate the resident when he is restless.
4. Provide activities for those who wander at night.
5. Encourage activities and independence. Escort the resident to social activities.
6. Give frequent help with elimination needs.
7. Offer food or drink. Offer reading materials.
8. Distract or redirect interest. Give the resident a repetitive task.
9. Decrease the noise level. Listen to soothing music and offer massage.
10. Reduce pain levels through medication.
11. Provide familiar caregivers.
12. Use a team approach to meeting needs.
If restraints must be used (according to a doctor's order), which of the following must be done at regular intervals?
Select one:
a. Offer the resident fluids or food.
b. Reposition the resident.
c. Reassure the resident.
d. All of the above
D
Generally, a person needs about ____ ounces of fluid each day
64
A hat is clothing you wear on your head, but in the medical world it's also a:
collection container sometimes put into a toilet to collect and measure urine or stool.
A clean catch urine specimen is also known as a:
. Mid-stream urine specimen
About how much stool do you need to put in a container when collecting a stool sample?
2 tbls
catheters
Indwelling Catheter → Remains in the bladder for a period of time, Condom Catheter → External attachment that fits over the penis, Straight Catheter → Drains urine and then removed immediately
For urinary catheters, make sure that the drainage bag is always lower than the ______ __ _________.
hips or bladder
How much of the catheter nearest the meatus do you clean during catheter care?
4inches at least
safety guidelines when working around oxygen:
Post No Smoking and Oxygen in Use signs.
Remove all fire hazards from the room or area.
Do not burn candles, light matches, or use lighters around oxygen.
Do not use and extension cord with an oxygen concentrator.
Do not place electrical cords or oxygen tubing under rugs or furniture.
Avoid using fabrics such as nylon and wool that can cause static electricity discharges.
Report if the nasal cannula or face mask causes skin irritation.
Do not use any petroleum-based products, such as Vaseline, or Chapstick on the resident.
Learn how to turn off oxygen in case of fire.
things you should report to the nurse about an IV:
The tube/needle falls out or is removed
The tubing disconnects
The dressing around the IV site is loose or not intact
Blood is in the tubing or around the IV site
The site is swollen or discolored
The resident complains of pain
The bag is broken or the level of fluid does not seem to decrease.
The IV fluid is not dripping or is leaking
The IV fluid is nearly gone
The pump beeps, indicating a problem
The pump is dropped
OBRA requires long-term care facilities to maintain facilities at a temperature range between
71-81 degrees
When making a bed, always work from the cleanest head of the bed to the dirtiest foot of bed area of the bed to prevent infection.
t
beds
Open bed → a bed made with the linen folded down to the foot of the bed, ready to receive a resident, Occupied bed → a bed made while a person is in the bed, Closed Bed → a bed completely made with the bedspread and blankets in place
15 minutes after putting an elastic bandage on a resident, the CNA should check for signs of poor circulation. List four signs and symptoms:
Swelling
Bluish/cyanotic skin
Shiny, tight skin
Skin that is cold to touch
Sores
Numbness
Tingling
Pain or discomfort
What must a nursing assistant do to get an accurate weight on a resident when using a wheelchair scale?
Weigh the resident in the wheelchair, remove resident from chair, weigh wheelchair again and then subtract the weight of the wheelchair from the original weight
What do nursing assistants call the name for the container used to empty a down drain catheter?
A graduate
What is the extra sheet placed on top of the bottom sheet called when making a bed?
. A draw sheet
What does the abbreviation BID stand for:
2x/d
Which type of urine specimen does not include the first and last urine in the sample?
Clean-catch
To convert ounces to milliliters, the NA should multiply be
30
What should a nursing assistant do at the end of completing making an occupied bed?
Pull bedding up to make a toe tuck
Which type of urinary catheter remains inside a person for a period of time?
indwelling
Just as physical activity has beneficial outcomes, inactivity and immobility will result in physical and mental problems. List five problems that can be caused by inactivity and immobility:
Loss of self‐esteem
Depression
Boredom
Pneumonia
Urinary tract infection
Skin breakdown and pressure ulcers
Constipation
Blood clots
Dulling of the senses
r ways physical activity can help:
Lessening the risk of heart disease, colon cancer, diabetes, and obesity
Relieving symptoms of depression
Improving mood and concentration
Improving body function
Lowering the risk of falls
Improving sleep quality
Improving the ability to cope with stress
Increasing energy
Increasing appetite and promoting better eating habits
problems that can result from losing independence:
Loss of spouse, family members, or friends due to death
Loss of workplace and its relationships due to retirement
Loss of ability to go to favorite places
Loss of ability to attend services and meetings at their faith communities
Loss of home and personal possessions
Loss of health and the ability to care for themselves
Loss of ability to move freely
Loss of pets
LGBT residents may fear the loss of a comfortable and accepting environment
holistic
approach to health care takes into consideration a person's emotional needs as well as his or her physical ones

mind and body
maslows needs
Water → Physiological biological needs, Playing the piano well → Self-actualization needs, Closeness → Loving and belonging needs, Elimination → Physiological biological needs, Opinion of self → Self-esteem needs, Meaningful relationships → Loving and belonging needs, Food → Physiological biological needs, Rewarding career → Self-actualization needs, Marriage → Loving and belonging needs, Affection → Loving and belonging needs, Protection from harm → Safety and security needs, Clothing → Safety and security needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Base/bottom of triangle → Physiological biological needs, Fourth step up triangle (from bottom) → Self-esteem needs, Top of triangle → Self-actualization needs, Second step up triangle (from bottom) → Safety and security needs, Third step up triangle (from bottom) → Love and belonging needs
kinds of families:
Feedback

1. Nuclear families
2. Single-parent families
3. Married or committed couples of the same sex or opposite sex, with or without children
4. Extended families
5. Blended families
identified stages of development:
1. Infancy
2. Toddler
3. Preschool
4. School-age
5. Preadolescence
6. Adolescence
7. Young adulthood
8. Middle adulthood
9. Late adulthood
characteristics of the Infancy stage of development
1. Grow and develop quickly
2. In one year, a baby moves from total dependence to the relative independence of moving around
3. Development moves from the head down
4. Infants gain control over the muscles of the neck before the muscles in their shoulders
5. Control over muscles in the trunk develops before control of arms and legs
characteristics of the Toddler stage of development:
1. Children gain independence
2. Learn to speak, gain coordination of their limbs, and learn to control their bladders and bowels.
3. They assert their independence by exploring.
4. They learn that they are individuals separate from their parents
5. They may try to get what they want by throwing tantrums, whining, or refusing to cooperate
characteristics of the Preschool stage of development:
1. Develop new skills
2. Learn new words and language skills
3. Learn to play in groups
4. Become more physically coordinated and learn to care for themselves
5. Develop ways of relating to family members
6. Begin to learn right from wrong
characteristics of the School-Aged stage of development:
1. Centered on cognitive and social development
2. Explore the world around them
3. Relate to other children through games, peer groups, and classroom activities
4. Learn to get along with each other
5. Begin to behave in ways common to their gender
6. Begin to develop a conscience, morals, and self-esteem
What body changes take place during adolescence?
Body hair appears, reproductive organs begins to function, and the body begins to secrete reproductive hormones
Many important decisions happen in young adulthood. Name 6 described in the book.
1. Selecting an appropriate education
2. Selecting an occupation or career
3. Selecting a mate
4. Learning to live with a mate or others
5. Raising children
6. Developing a satisfying sex life
characteristics of middle adulthood:
More comfortable and stable, difficulty maintain weight, decrease in strength and energy, metabolism slows, wrinkles and gray hair appear, diseases and illness can develop
aspects of late adulthood that is hard to deal with?
Loss of strength and health, death of loved ones, retirement, and preparation for their own death.
normal changes with aging
Changes in senses → Normal,Nerve sensitivity is decreased→ Normal,Skin is thinner → Normal, Constipation is common → Normal, Depression → Not normal, Shortness of breath is common → Not normal,Muscles weaken → Normal, Changes in hormone production → Normal, Less efficient heart → Normal, Short term memory is affected → Normal, Memory loss is inevitable → Not normal, Incontinence is frequent → Not normal, Appetite decreases → Normal, More frequent elimination → Normal, Decreased oxygen flow → Normal, Reflexes are slower → Normal, Weakened immunity → Normal
guidelines you should keep in mind while helping a person with developmental disabilities carry out activities of daily living (ADLs):
1. Treat adult residents as adults, regardless of their behavior
2. Praise and encourage often, especially positive behavior
3. Help teach ADLs by dividing a task into smaller units
4. Promote independence
5. Encourage social interaction
6. Repeat words you use to make sure they understand
7. Be patient
signs of clinical depression
1. Pain, including headaches, stomach pain, and other body aches
2. Low energy or fatigue
3. Apathy
4. Irritability
5. Anxiety
6. Loss of appetite or overeating
7. Problems with sexual functioning and desire
8. Sleeplessness, trouble sleeping, or excessive sleeping
9. Lack of attention to basic personal care tasks
10. Intense feelings of despair
11. Guilt
12. Trouble concentrating
13. Withdrawal and isolation
14. Repeated thoughts of suicide and death
What is anxiety?
Uneasiness or fear, often about a situation or condition
schizophrenia
A method of treating mental illness that involves talking about one's problems with mental health professionals
OCD
an anxiety disorder characterized by obsessive behavior or thoughts
mental health term
Sudden feeling of panic, fear or apprehension → Anxiety, State of sadness that disrupts a person's ability to function → Depression, Disturbance in the person's ability to cope with stress of life → Mental Health Disorder, An intense form of anxiety or fear → Phobia, Repeated episodes of intense fear → Panic disorder, Fear of being in a confined space → Claustrophobia, A false belief → Delusion, Seeing, hearing, or feeling something not real → Hallucination
Name the five stages of dying:
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
What is an Advanced Directive?
A legal document that allows people to choose what medical care they wish to have if they are unable to make those decisions themselves
What is a living will?
A document that outlines the medical care a person wants, or does not want, in case he or she becomes unable to make those decisions
What is a durable power of attorney for health care?
A signed, dated, and witness legal document that appoints someone else to make medical decisions for a person in the event he or she becomes unable to do so.
What is a DNR or Do Not Resuscitate Order?
An order that tells medical professionals not to perform CPR if breathing or the heartbeat stops
ways to care for a dying resident or what you need to do or look for.
1. Reduce glare and keep room lighting low
2. Give mouth care often
3. Give bed baths and incontinence care as needed.
4. Observe and report signs of pain
5. Put favorite objects and photographs where the resident can easily see them.
6. Pay attention to conversations and report comments about fear
three legal rights a dying resident has:
1. Right to refuse treatment
2. Right to have visitors
3. Right to privacy
other rights a resident has according to 'The Dying Person's Bill of Rights':
1. Be treated as a living human being until I die
2. Maintain a sense of hopefulness
3. Be cared for by those who can maintain a sense of hopefulness
4. Express my feelings and emotions about my death in any way
5. Participate in decisions concerning my care
6. Expect continuing medical and nursing attentions
7. Not die alone
8. Be free from pain
9. Have my questions answered honestly
10. Not be deceived
11. Have help from and for my family in accepting my death
12. Die in peace and dignity
13. Retain my individuality and not be judged for my decisions
14. Discuss and enlarge my religious and/or spiritual experiences
15. Expect that the sanctity of the human body will be respected after death
16. Be cared for by caring, sensitive knowledgeable people who will attempt to understand my needs
____________ ____________ are legal documents stating a person's wishes about health care, when that person who cannot make his or her own decisions.
Advanced Directives
things an aide can and should do for postmortem care:
1. Bathe the body
2. Do not remove any tubes or other equipment
3. If instructed, put dentures back in the mouth and close the mouth
4. Close the eyes carefully
5. Position the body on the back with legs straight and arms folded
6. Follow facility policy on personal items.
7. Strip the bed after the body has been removed
8. Document according to facility policy
apathy
lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.
Which of the following stages of child development involves children learning to speak, gaining coordination of their limbs, and gaining control over their bladders and bowels?
toddler 1-3
What does palliative care involve?
Pain relief and comfort
Children in their _________ years develop language skills, learn to play cooperatively in groups, and begin to learn right from wrong.
preschool 3-6
brain terms
Loss of the ability to think logically and clearly → Cognitive impairment, Ability to think logically and clearly → Cognition, General term for conditions causing serious loss of mental abilities → Dementia, Fibers and protein deposits in the brain cause loss of mental function → Alzheimer's, Sever confusion, occurs suddenly → Delirium, Inability to think clearly → Confusion
Confusion may be brought on due to a number of factors. Of the 14 causes in the book, list six:
1. Urinary Tract Infection
2. Low blood sugar
3. Head trauma or head injury
4. Dehydration
5. Nutritional problems
6. Fever
7. Sudden drop in body temperature
8. Lack of oxygen
9. Medications
10. Infections
11. Brain Tumor
12. Diseases or illnesses
13. Loss of sleep
14. Seizures
ways to aid the confused resident with communication:
1. Do not leave a confused resident alone
2. Stay calm. Provide a quiet environment
3. Speak in a lower tone of voice
4. Introduce yourself each time you see the resident
5. Remind the resident of his or her location, name, and the date.
6. Explain what you are going to do, using simple instructions
7. Be patient, do not rush the resident.
8. Talk to confused residents about plans for the day.
9. Encourage the use of eyeglasses and hearing aids.
10. Promote self-care and independence
11. Do not leave cleaning agents or personal care products where the resident can access them.
12. Report observations to the nurse
Signs and symptoms of delirium include (List 10):
1. Agitation
2. Anger
3. Depression
4. Irritability
5. Disorientation
6. Trouble focusing
7. Problems with speech
8. Changes in sensation and perception
9. Changes in consciousness
10. Decrease in short-term memory
five most common diseases that are considered dementia:
1. Alzheimer's Disease
2. Multi-infarct or vascular dementia
3. Lewy body dementia
4. Parkinson's disease
5. Huntington's disease
____________ ____________ causes tangled nerve fibers and protein deposits to form in the brain.
Alzh D
Name seven attitudes that helps aides give the best care to residents with AD:
1. Do not take things personally.
2. Be empathetic.
3. Work with the symptoms and behaviors noted
4. Work as a team
5. Be aware of difficulties associated with
caregiving.
6. Work with family members.
7. Remember the goals of the care plan.
Tell the resident what he or she wants to hear, even if it is not true.
f
things that an aide can do if a resident is frightened or anxious:
1. Speak slowly in a low, calm voice.
2. Speak in a quiet area free of noise and distractions.
3. Try to see and hear herself as they might.
4. Always describe what she is going to do.
5. Use simple words and short sentences.
6. If helping with care, list steps one at a time.
7. Check her body language. Make sure she is not tense or hurried.
Perseveration is when a resident
Keeps repeating the same words, phrases or questions
For residents with AD who repeatedly ask to go home, the aide could:
1. Ask the resident to tell her what his home was like and how he felt being there.
2. Redirect or guide the conversation and/or the resident's activities to something he enjoys.
3. Expect that the resident may continue to ask to go home and be patient and gentle in her responses.
Routine is important for residents with dementia. Name 3 general principles to give best care:
1. Develop a routine and stick to it.
2. Promote self-care.
3. Take good care of themselves, both mentally and physically.
What can an aide do if an AD or demented resident has trouble bathing? List a few ideas.
Schedule bathing when the resident is least agitated.
Prepare the resident before bathing.
Take a walk down the hall with the resident.
Make sure the bathroom is well-lit and is at a comfortable temperature.
Provide privacy during the bath.
Be calm and quite when bathing a resident.
Be sensitive when talking to the resident about bathing.
Give the resident a washcloth to hold.
Always follow safety precautions, etc. [Textbook lists many more options]
What can an aide do if an AD or demented resident has trouble with getting dressed or grooming? List seven suggestions:
1. Avoid delays or interruptions while dressing.
2. Show the resident clothing to put on.
3. Provide privacy and close doors and curtains.
4. Encourage the resident to pick clothes to wear.
5. Give just a few options of clothing.
6. Lay out the clothes in the order in which they are put on.
7. Break the task down into simple steps.
8. Use a friendly, calm voice when speaking.
What can an aide do if an AD or demented resident has trouble with elimination? List a few ideas
Encourage fluids. Mark the bathroom with a sign or a picture. Make sure there is enough light in the bathroom, etc. [Textbook lists more]
What can an aide do if an AD or demented resident has trouble with nutrition? Name six suggestions:
1. Encourage nutritious foods.
2. Have meals at regular times each day.
3. Make sure there is proper lighting.
4. Keep noise and distractions low during meals.
5. Keep the task of eating simple.
6. Try smaller, more frequent meals.
7. Try finger foods to allow eating while moving around.
8. Avoid serving steaming or very hot foods or drinks.
9. Etc. [Textbook lists many more options]
What are some tips for promoting health in residents with AD? Name six:
1. Prevent infections and follow Standard Precautions.
2. Observe the resident's physical health and report any potential problems.
3. Help residents wash their hands frequently.
4. Give careful skin care to prevent pressure injuries.
5. Watch for signs of pain.
6. Maintain a daily exercise routine.
7. Maintain self-esteem.
8. Encourage independence in ADLs.
9. Share in fun activities, looking at pictures, talking
and reminiscing.
10. Reward positive and independent behavior with smiles and warm touches.
If an AD resident is agitated, the aide should (Name three activities):
1. Try to remove triggers, keep a routine, and avoid frustration.
2. Help the resident focus on a soothing, familiar activity.
3. Stay calm and use a low, soothing voice.
What is sundowning?
When a person gets restless and agitated in the late afternoon, evening, or night.
What are four (of many) things an aide might do to help a resident who is sundowning?
Feedback
1. Avoid stressful situations during this time.
2. Play soft music.
3. Set a bedtime routine and keep it.
4. Recognize when sundowning occurs. A calming activity can be done just before.
5. Remove caffeine from the diet.
6. Distract the resident with a simple, calm activity like looking at a magazine.
7. Maintain a daily exercise routine.
Select all statements below that are TRUE of residents exhibiting violent behavior.
Select one or more:
a. Call for help if needed
b. Block blows. Never hit back.
c. Step out of reach. Stay calm.
d. Avoid leaving the resident alone.
e. Try to remove triggers.
all are correct
Name six of several causes in the textbook for pacing and wandering:
Feedback
1. Restlessness
2. Hunger
3. Disorientation
4. Need for toileting
5. Constipation
6. Pain
7. Forgetting how or where to sit down
8. Too much daytime napping
9. Need for exercise
Name five causes of depression:
1. Loss of independence
2. Inability to cope
3. Feelings of failure or fear
4. Reality of facing a progressive, incurable illness
5. Chemical imbalance
Describe ways you would handle a resident who is being disruptive:
Gently direct the resident to a private area.
Notice and praise improvements in the resident's behavior.
Tell the resident about any changes in schedules, routines, or the environment in advance.
Encourage the resident to join in independent activities that are safe. Help the resident find ways to cope.
What is inappropriate social behavior? what do i do?
May be cursing, name calling, any physical abuse, or serious verbal abuse.

Try not to take it personally. Stay calm and be reassuring. Try to find out what caused the behavior.
Respond positively to any appropriate behavior.
Name four things an aide should do to help with sleep disturbances:
1. Make sure that the resident gets moderate exercise/activity throughout the day.
2. Allow the resident to spend some time each day in natural sunlight if possible.
3. Reduce light and noise as much as possible during nighttime hours.
4. Discourage sleeping during the day.
Which of the following is a type of therapy that involves having residents with Alzheimer's disease remember and talk about the past?
Reminiscence therapy
When is using reality orientation a good idea for residents with AD?
a. Early stages of AD
Which of the following statements is true of Alzheimer's disease (AD)?
Skills a person has used over a lifetime are usually kept longer.
basic function for the six nutrients:
1. Assists in digestion and absorption of food.
2. Supply the body with energy and extra protein
3. Tissue growth and repair, supply energy
4. Helps the body store energy
5. Needed by the body to function
6. Help build bones, make hormones, and help in blood formation.
Minerals include ______, ______, ___________, and _______________.
zinc, iron, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus
...
What might influence food preferences?
religion
Residents with what health issues may be on a low-sodium diet?
High blood-pressure, heart disease, kidney disease, or fluid retention.
Residents with what condition may be on a fluid-restricted diet?
Select one:
a. Severe heart disease
b. kidney disease
...
veg diets
Eliminates meat, fish, eggs and dairy products → Vegan, Excludes meat and fish and dairy, but allows eggs → Ovo-vegetarian, Eliminates meat, fish, eggs but allows dairy → Lacto-vegetarian, Excludes meat and fish, but allows eggs & dairy → Lacto-ovo
liquid diets are usually ordered as clear or full.
What are two examples of clear liquids?
water and broth
Feedback
1. Juices
2. broth
3. gelatin
4. popsicles
What are two examples of full liquids?
milkshakes, pudding
Feedback
1. Cream soups
2. milk
3. ice cream
...
Name a difference between a soft and a mechanical diet:
soft diet is soft in texture and consists of soft or chopped foods that are easier to chew and swallow where as mechanical soft diet consists of chopped or blended foods that are easier to chew and swallow
...
Proper fluid intake is important because:
Select one:
a. Dilutes wastes and flushes out the urinary system
b. Helps prevent constipation
c. Helps prevent confusion
d. All of the above
...
What acronym is used for nothing by mouth?
NPO
1. Dehydration: a serious condition that occurs when a person does not have enough fluid in the body
2. Fluid overload: occurs when the body cannot handle the fluid consumed
3. Edema: swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues
...
List five signs and symptoms of dehydration:
dry mouth, cracked lips, sunken eyes, dark urine, strong-smelling urine, weight loss, complaints of abdominal pain
...
Name two illnesses or conditions patients may have that puts the patient as greater risk of weight loss or malnutrition: ____________ and _______.
cancer and dementia
Feedback
Diabetes and COPD. [ALSO: cancer, and HIV]
...
six signs and symptoms of Dysphagia:
1) Coughing during or after meals
2) Choking during meals
3) Dribbling saliva, food, or fluid from the mouth
4) Having food residue inside the mouth or
cheeks during and after meals
5) Gurgling during or after meals or losing voice
6) Eating slowly
7) Avoiding eating
8) Spitting out pieces of food
9) Swallowing several times per mouthful
10) Clearing the throat frequently during and
after meals
11) Watering eyes when eating or drinking
12) Food or fluid coming up into the nose
13) Making a visible effort to swallow
14) Breathing rapidly or with shorter breaths
while eating or drinking
15) Difficulty chewing food
16) Difficulty swallowing medications
This liquid will pour slowly, and usually requires a spoon to consume → Honey thick, Thicker than water; thickness of juice (e.g. pear/tomato) → Nectar thick, Semi-solid consistency; spoon will stand straight up in glass of this thickened liquid → Pudding thick
...
parenteral nutrition PN
is intravenous administration of nutrition, which may include protein, carbohydrate, fat, minerals and electrolytes, vitamins and other trace elements for patients who cannot eat or absorb enough food through tube feeding formula or by mouth to maintain good nutrition status.
A percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube is placed into the stomach through ____ ____________ _______.
abdominal wall
...
1. A [nasogastric ] tube is inserted through the nose.
2. A [PEG] tube can be placed in the stomach through the abdominal wall.
3. A [gastrostomy ] tube opening into the stomach.
...
After meals, keep a resident upright for as long as ordered, at least ___ minutes.
Answer:
Feedback
The correct answer is: 30
...
Name two diseases or conditions residents may have that could require special assistance when eating:
stroke, parkinson's disease, alzheimer's disease
Feedback
1. Stroke
2. Parkinson's disease
3. Alzheimer's disease or other dementias
4. Head trauma
5. Blindness
6. Confusion
...
Question 72
Complete
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Question text
How can you help a visually-impaired resident to navigate the foods in front of them?
-read menus to them
-place tray directly in front of them
-use the face of an imaginary clock on plate to direct where food is
Feedback
Use the face of an imaginary clock to explain the position of foods
...
If a resident has balance issues sitting in a dining room chair, you should:
seat the in a chair with armrests, push the chair under the table and place forearms on table
Feedback
seat him in a regular dining room chair with armrests, rather than a wheelchair. Ask him to keep his elbows on the table.
...
Which of the following are signs of unintended weight loss that should be reported?
Coughing or choking while eating
Residents who need some assistance with eating may benefit from
The nursing assistant using the hand-over-hand approach
Which of the following is a symptom of dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)?
Select one:
a. Sweating during meals
b. Eating everything on the tray at every meal
c. Fever during meals
d. Watering eyes during meals
d
Which statement best describes a pureed diet?
Select one:
a. This diet consists of clear juices, broth, gelatin, and popsicles
b. This diet restricts protein for people who have kidney disease.
c. This diet consists of lean cuts of meat and nonfat dairy products
d. This diet consists of food that is blended into a thick paste for easier swallowing.
D?
goal of a rehabilitation program:
1.To help a resident regain function or recover from illness
2. To develop and promote a resident's independence
3. To help a resident to feel in control of his life
4. To help a resident accept or adapt to the limitations of a disability.
The goal of restorative care is to:
restoring a patient to the greatest potential for independence
Feedback
keep the resident at the level achieved by rehabilitative services.
...
Your only job in restorative care is to give encouragement and act as a cheerleader.
Select one:
True
False
f
List four problems that can result from inactivity and immobility:
loss of self-esteem, depression, constipation, blood clots
Feedback
1. Loss of self-esteem
2. Depression
3. Anxiety
4. Boredom
5. Pneumonia
6. Urinary tract infection
7. Skin Breakdown and pressure injuries
8. Constipation
9. Blood clots
10. Dulling of the senses
11. Muscle atrophy
12. Contractures
13. Problems with independence and self-esteem
...
List four benefits of regular ambulation or exercise:
quality and health of skin, circulation, sleep and relaxation, mood
Feedback
1. Quality and health of skin
2. Circulation
3. Strength
4. Sleep and relaxation
5. Mood
6. Self-esteem
7. Appetite
8. Elimination
9. Blood flow
10. Oxygen level
...
A device with a straight grip handle for improved grip control → Functional grip cane, A cane that bears more weight than other canes and has a rectangular base with four feet → Quad cane, A metal frame that may have feet and/or wheels, used for residents who are able to bear some weight on the legs → Walker, Straight cane with a curved handle on top → C Cane, Used for residents who can bear no weight or limited weight on one leg → Crutches
...
When using crutches, the resident's weight should be on:
Select one or more:
a. Arms
b. Underarm area
c. Hands
Feedback
Your answer is incorrect.
The correct answers are: Hands, Arms
...
For proper alignment of hips, you want to preventAnswer rotation of the hips.
Feedback
The correct answer is: external
...
Active range of motion (AROM) exercises are done by the residentAnswer help from the CNA.
Active assisted range of motion (AAROM) exercises are done by the residentAnswer some help and support from the CNA.
Passive range of motion (PROM) exercises are performed by a staff member Answer the resident's help
...
Turning downward → Pronation, Bending backward → Dorsiflexion, Straightening a body → Extension, Touching the thumb to any other finger → Opposition, Moving a body part toward the midline of the body → Adduction, Moving a body part away from the midline of the body → Abduction, Turning upward → Supination, Turning a joint → Rotation, Bending a body part → Flexion
ROM exercises 3-5x/d
When doing ROM exercises, the CNA should begin where?
head and go down
Feedback
At the resident's shoulders and work down the body
...
What's one way to help a resident with incontinence?
be patient and positive, praise and encouragement are essential,
Feedback
Re-establish a regular routine with bladder/bowel retraining
...
When providing bowel or bladder retraining, your attitude matters. Praise [success] or even [attempts] to control the bladder or bowels. Don't talk to residents like they're [children]; never show [frustration] or [anger] towards residents who are incontinent.
...
Which of the following body parts is included in passive range of motion (PROM) exercises?
Select one:
a. Back
b. Buttock
c. Neck
d. Finger
finger
Proximal → Closer to the torso, Distal → Farther away from the torso, Posterior/dorsal → Back of the body or body part, Inferior → Away from the head, Superior → Toward the head, Anterior/ventral → Front of the body or body part, Medial → Toward the midline of the body, Lateral → To the side, away from the midline of the body
...
Blood vessels __________ when the outside temperature is too high. This helps cool the body.
Select one:
a. Explode
b. Constrict
c. Contract
d. Dilate
dilate
Name four normal changes that occurs with the integumentary system in aging:
1. Skin is thinner, drier, and more fragile.
2. Skin is less elastic
3. Protective fatty tissue is lost, so person may feel colder.
4. Hair thins and may turn gray.
5. Wrinkles and brown spots, or "liver spots" appear.
6. Nails are harder and more brittle
7. Dry, itchy skin may result from lack of oil from the sebaceous glands
...
Due to a decrease in glandular sections most elderly people generally need a complete bath only how often?
twice a week
...
List four things to observe and report to the nurse about the integumentary system:
-pale white, reddened or purple areas
-blisters or bruises
-dry or flaking skin
-itching or scratching
-swelling
Feedback
1. Pale, white , reddened, or purple areas
2. Blisters or bruises
3. Complaints of tingling, warmth, or burning
4. Dry or flaking skin
5. Itching or scratching
6. Rashes or any skin discoloration
7. Swelling
8. Cuts, boils, sores, wounds, abrasions
9. Fluid or blood draining from the skin
10. Broken skin
11. Changes in moistness/dryness
12. Changes in wound or ulcer (size, depth, drainage, color, odor)
13. Redness or broken skin between toes or around toenails
14. Scalp or hair changes
15. Skin that appears different from normal or that has changed
16. Skin that appears different from normal or that has changed
...
What is atrophy?
muscle wastes away, decreases in size, and becomes weak
...
Contractures occur when the muscle shortens, becomes inflexible and "Answer" in position.
...
Muscle atrophy is a normal change if aging
Select one:
True
False
false
List four things to observe and report to the nurse about the musculoskeletal system:
Feedback
1. Changes in ability to perform routine movements and activities
2. Any changes in resident's ability to perform ROM exercises
3. Pain during movement
4. Any new or increased swelling of joints
5. White, shiny, red, or warm areas over a joint
6. Bruising
7. Aches and pains reported
...
Osteoarthritis may occur with aging or injury. Also known as degenerativeAnswer disease.
Feedback
The correct answer is: joint
...
NWB: [Non]-weight-bearing
PWB: [Partial]-weight-bearing
FWB: [Full]-weight-bearing
...
List four things about hip replacements you need to report to the nurse:
-redness, drainage, bleeding, or warmth, incision area
-an increase in pain
-numbness or tingling
-problems with appetite
Feedback


Redness, drainage, bleeding, or warmth in incision area
An increase in pain
Numbness or tingling
Tenderness or swelling in the calf of the affected leg
Shortening and/or external rotation of affected leg
Abnormal vital signs, especially a change in temperature
Resident cannot use equipment properly and safely
Resident is not following doctor's orders for activity and exercise
Any problems with appetite
Any improvements, such as increased strength and improved ability to walk
...
An abduction pillow immobilize and positions the hips and lower extremities.
...
For patients with knee replacements, why might a special stocking be ordered?
to prevent blood clots
Feedback
To prevent blood clots
...
AnkleAnswer are done by raising the toes and feet toward the ceiling and lowering them again.
Feedback
toes, feet
The correct answer is: pumps
...
List six things to observe and report to the nurse regarding the nervous system:
-fatigue or pain with movement or exercise
-shaking or trembling
-inability to move one side of the body
-difficulty speaking or slurring of speech
-numbness or tingling
-dizziness or loss of balance
Feedback
1. Fatigue or any pain with movement or exercise
2. Shaking or trembling
3. Inability to move one side of the body
4. Difficulty speaking or slurring of speech
5. Numbness or tingling
6. Disturbance or changes in vision or hearing
7. Dizziness or loss of balance
8. Changes in eating patterns and/or fluid intake
9. Difficulty swallowing
10. Bowel and bladder changes
11. Depression or mood changes
12. Memory loss or confusion
13. Violent behavior
14. Any unusual or unexplained change in behavior
15. Decreased ability to perform ADLs
...
List five things a resident may experience after a stroke:
-hemiplegia: paralysis on one side of the body
-hemiparesis: weakness on one side of the body
-tendency to ignore one side of the body called one sided neglect
-expressive aphasia: trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing
-receptive aphasia: difficulty understanding spoke or written words
Feedback
1. Hemiplegia
2. Hemiparesis
3. Tendency to ignore one side of the body, called one-sided neglect
4. Loss of ability to tell where affected body parts are
5. Expressive aphasia 6. Receptive aphasia
7. Laughing or crying without any reason, or when it is inappropriate, called emotional liability
8. Loss of sensations such as temperature or touch
9. Loss of bowel or bladder control
10. Cognitive problems such as poor judgement, memory loss, loss of problem-solving abilities, and confusion
11. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
...
Pill rolling and shuffling gait are common symptoms of Parkinson's.
Select one:
True
False
t
When aAnswer develops, the lens of the eye becomes cloudy.
Feedback
The correct answer is: cataract
...
WithAnswer, the pressure in the eye increases.
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The correct answer is: glaucoma
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Name two normal changes of aging on the circulatory system.
-the heart pumps less effectively
-blood flow decreases
-blood vessels narrow
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1. Heart pumps less efficiently
2. Blood flow decreases
3. Blood vessels narrow
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Name four things a CNA should observe and report about the circulatory system:
-changes in pulse rate
-weakness, fatigue
-chest pain
-severe headache
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1. Changes in pulse rate
2. Weakness, fatigue
3. Loss of ability to perform ADLs
4. Swelling of ankles, feet, fingers, or hands (edema)
5. Pale or bluish hands, feet, or lips
6. Chest pain
7. Weight gain
8. Shortness of breath, changes in breathing patterns, inability to catch breath
9. Severe headache
10. Inactivity (which can lead to circulatory problems)
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What does a diuretic do?
medications that reduce fluid in the body
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Reduces fluid in the body
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Coronary artery disease occurs when the blood vessels in the coronary arteriesAnswer.
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The correct answer is: narrow
Question 57
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Angina pectoris can occur when the heart muscle is not getting enoughAnswer.
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The correct answer is: oxygen
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Name one thing people who have had a myocardial infarction should do:
low-cholesterol, low-saturated fat and low-sodium diet and a regular exercise program
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Follow a healthy diet, follow a regular exercise program, take appropriate medication, get blood testing regularly, quit smoking, avoid cold temperatures, avoid stress
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Patients who suffer from peripheral vascular disease do not have enough blood circulation to the legs, feet, arms, or hands. Why?
due to fatty deposits in the blood vessels that harden over time
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Fatty deposits in the blood vessels that harden over time
Question 62
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What are some risk factors for peripheral vascular disease?
smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, hypertension, inactivity, and obesity
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smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, hypertension, inactivity, and obesity
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List four things to observe and report to the nurse about the respiratory system:
-change in respiratory rate
-coughing or wheezing
-pain in chest area
-need to sit after mild exertion
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1. Change in respiratory rate
2. Shallow breathing or breathing through pursed lips
3. Coughing or wheezing
4. Nasal congestion or discharge
5. Sore throat, difficulty swallowing, or swollen tonsils
6. The need to sit after mild exertion
7. Pale, bluish, or gray color of the lips, arms, and/or legs
8. Pain in the chest area
9. Discolored sputum
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What is Sputum?
a mix of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract, typically as a result of infection or other disease
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Mucus a person coughs up from the lungs
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Name the two chronic lung diseases grouped under Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:
1. [__blank___]
2. [__blank___]
Answer:
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The correct answer is: Chronic bronchitis Emphysema
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What are the two most important functions of the urinary system?
1. [__blank__]
2. [__blank__]
1. eliminates waste products created by cells
2. maintains water balance in the body
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List four things to observe and report to the nurse about the urinary system:
-weight loss or gain
-swelling in the upper or lower extremities
-confusion
-changes in frequency

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1. Weight loss or gain
2. Swelling in upper or lower extremities
3. Pain or burning during urination
4. Changes in urine, such as cloudiness, odor, or color
5. Changes in frequency and amount of urination
6. Swelling in the abdominal/bladder area
7. Complaints that bladder feels full or painful
8. Urinary incontinence/dribbling
9. Pain in the kidney or back/flank region
10. Inadequate fluid intake
11. Confusion
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Incontinence is a normal part of aging.
Select one:
True
False
f
Name four conditions or diseases of this system
Urinary incontinence and UTI?
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1. Urinary incontinence (in Textbook)
2. Urinary tract infection(in Textbook)
3. Bladder Infection (Cystitis) (in Lecture)
4. Enlarged Prostate (in Lecture)
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What is Constipation?
the inability to eliminate stool or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination or a hard dry stool
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What are hemorrhoids?
enlarged veins in the rectum
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What is an ostomy?
is the surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body to the outside
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Name four functions of the endocrine system:
-maintain homeostasis through hormone secretion
-influence growth and development
-maintain blood sugar levels
-regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the body

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1. Maintains homeostasis
2. Influences growth and development
3. Regulates levels of sugar in the blood
4. Regulates levels of calcium in the bones
5. Regulates the body's ability to reproduce
6. Determines how fast cells burn food for energy
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This hormone converts glucose into energy for the body:Answer
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List four signs or symptoms people with diabetes may exhibit:
-excessive thirst
-extreme hunger
-weight loss
-high blood sugar levels
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1. Excessive thirst
2. Extreme hunger
3. Frequent urination
4. Weight loss
5. High blood sugar levels
6. Glucose (sugar) in the urine
7. Sudden vision changes
8. Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
9. Feeling very tired much of the time
10. Very dry skin
11. Sores that are slow to heal
12. More infections than usual
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A resident with AIDS who has nausea and is vomiting should eat
Select one:
a. Quickly
b. Small, frequent meals
c. high-fat dairy products
d. Spicy foods
b
What should an NA do when providing oral care for a resident with cancer?
Select one:
a. The NA should assist the resident with brushing and flossing regularly.
b. The NA should use a hard-bristled toothbrush.
c. The NA should use a commercial mouthwash for rinsing
d. The NA should avoid giving oral care or give limited oral care
a
Why are females more likely to have urinary tract infections than males?
Select one:
a. Due to the different location of the meatus
b. Due to incontinence
c. Due to having a shorter urethra
d. Due to not filtering blood properly in the kidneys
c
Which of the following statements is true of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Select one:
a. The NA will administer nitroglycerin to relieve painful episodes.
b. Residents will usually have a force fluids order directing them to drink more fluids
c. Residents with CHF will generally need to eat a diet high in sodium to eliminate swelling.
d. Residents may take medication that makes them urinate more often
d
How is glaucoma often treated?
Select one:
a. By surgical removal of the optic nerve
b. With eye drops
c. With special eyeglasses
d. By reducing the amount of light in the room or area
b
What kind of shoes are best for diabetic residents to wear?
Select one:
a. Leather shoes
b. Plastic shoes
c. Pleather shoes
d. Rubber shoes
a
Which of the following is helpful when providing skin care for a resident with cancer?
Select one:
a. Avoid applying lotion to areas receiving radiation therapy.
b. Do not offer backrubs.
c. Do not use lotion on dry, delicate skin.
d. Avoid moving the resident at all.
a
Which of the following is helpful for numbness, tingling, and pain in the feet for a resident who has AIDS?
Select one:
a. Tucking the sheet around the feet
b. Wearing snug, firm shoes
c. Wearing loose slippers
d. Wrapping the feet tightly in elastic bandages
c
What can be done to help a resident who has gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Select one:
a. Ask the resident not to lie down for at least two to three hours after eating.
b. Serve spicy foods.
c. Serve the largest meal of the day at dinner.
d. Assist the resident to eat in a reclined position.
a
What happens when a cataract develops?
Select one:
a. The lens of the eye becomes swollen
b. The lens of the eye becomes cloudy.
c. The lens of the eye disappears
d. The lens of the eye stops functioning.
b
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