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Ch 17

Terms in this set (55)

innate immunity
general defense against any pathogen; inherited genetic component
adaptive immunity
antibody and lymphocyte response to a specific antigen
antigen
antibody generators; a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells
antibody
proteins made in response to antigen; antigen --> antibody
antiserum
generic term for serum that contains antibodies
globulins
serum proteins, (Antibodies) Used to transport immunoglobins; Protein group to which antibodies belong
Behring
Showed that the culture media contained a TOXIN fatal to lab animals when injected.
If lab animals received a small dose of this substance they would survive.
Serum from the survivors would PROTECT others if administered shortly after injecting the toxin.
This protective factor was called ANTITOXIN
humoral immunity
B-cell immunity; specific immunity with antibodies that target toxins or particulate antigens; found in plasma, lymph, mucus; control of freely circulating pathogens
antibodies
these defend against: bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses circulating in body fluids; are the basis of vaccination and immunity to a disease after recovery
cellular immunity
also called cell-mediated immunity, depends on T cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens, reject foreign tissue recognized as non-self and destroy tumor cells; most effective against fungi, protazoa and helminths
antigenic determinants
Antigens are proteins or large polysaccharides; Antibodies recognize and react with antigenic determinants or epitopes.
haptens
these are too small to stimulate antibody production; may combine with a large carrier molecule (usually protein)
IgG
Found in blood, lymph, intestine, colostrum
Most of the antibodies found in your blood
Cross placenta
functions in phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn
uses opsonization
Trigger the Complement System - classical pathway
IgM
found In blood, lymph, and on B cells
this immunoglobulin is especially effective against micro-organisms and agglutinizing antigens; first antibodies produced in response to initial infection
IgA
characteristics of this antibody:
Most abundant Ab in the body and Most common Ab on mucous membranes
In secretions- mucus, saliva, tears, breast milk
Secretory component is added by mucosal cells and protects the dimer from enzyme destruction
IgA
Function of this antibody:
to prevent attachment of pathogens to mucosal surface
IgD
found in blood, lymph and on surface of B cells
funtion as *Ag receptor on B cells to initiate the immune response
IgE
found Tightly bound to mast cells and basophils; functions in Allergic reactions and Possible lysis of parasitic worms
Clonal selection
Production of a clone of cells from a single lymphocyte; B cells --> mature B cells -->A mature B cell has specific antigen receptors on its cell surface (IgD)

When the B cell IgDs bind to their epitope the B cell is activated.
clonal expansion
Activated B cell undergoes ________ as
1. long-lived memory cells and
2. antibody producing plasma cells
T- Dependent antigen
an antigen that requires a Th cell for antibody production
antibody production
Both T and B cells must be activated and interact. This results in ________AND the establishment of memory cell lines
T-independent antigens
weaker immune response than T-dependent antigens.
Primarily IgM
No memory cells form
Not recognized by the immune system of kids under 2 years old.
self-tolerance
body does not make antibodies against itself
clonal deletion
the process of destroying B and T cells that react to self antigens; occurs during fetal development
antigen-antibody complex
activates the classical pathway; binds with affinity and specificity; the complex tags foreign cells and molecules for destruction by phagocytes and complement
Ag-Ab binding
results in agglutination, opsonization, neutralization, activation of complement, antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxcicity
antigen presenting cells
Antigen recognition requires that the antigen be processed by these cells; APCs include B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells; APCs bring the Ag to the T cell.
Th
class of T Cell; cells have CD4 glycoproteins on their surface and bind to MHC Class II molecules on B cells and APCs
Tc
class of T Cell; have CD8 glycoproteins on their surface and bind to MHC Class I molecules; on all cells- unique for every individual
T cells
combat intracellular pathogens and cancer cells
specific for a particular antigen
have TCRs (T cell receptors)
develop from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus to lymphoid tissues
helper T cells (Th)
Involved in humoral immunity with T dependent Ags
essential to cellular immunity
have CD4 (surface glycoprotein) adhesion molecules that bind to MHC class II molecules on APCs
Recognize Ag on APC
activate macrophages
Cytotoxic T Cells
differentiate to an effector cell called cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL); have CD8(surface glycoprotein) adhesion molecules that bind to MHC class I molecules (found on any nucleated cell)
CTL
recognizes and kills cells that are nonself by release of perforins
cells altered by infection have endogenous antigens (viral or parasitic) displayed on cell membrane
tumor cells
transplanted tissue
apoptosis
fragment genome
Blebbing
Phagocytes digest cell before contents leak
limits spread of viral particles and lessens tissue damages
regulatory T Cells
Secrete cytokine IL-10 (interferes with activation of TH1 cells)
Suppress the activity of other T cells
Modify inflammation
Regulate response of the immune system to organ rejection and autoimmune diseases (e.g.Type I diabetes)
Primary function is to combat autoimmunity
dendritic cells
important as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs); plentiful in lymph nodes, spleen, skin; Branched Cells involved in adaptive immunity; main connectors between innate and adaptive immunity; important in the activation of CD4+
activated macrophages
phagocytes; activated by:
Ingestion of antigen
Cytokines produced by activated Th
Important to control of cancer cells, intracellular pathogens, virus infected cells
one activated, APCs migrate to lymph nodes or other lymphoid centers
Natural Killer cells
innate immune system, attacks and destroys target cells (virus infected cells, tumor cells, parasites); participates in cell-mediate cytotoxicity; not stimulated by antigens
cytokines
small protein released from human cells that regulates the immune response; directly or indirectly may induce fever, pain, or T-cell proliferation
interleukin
communicators between WBCs;
chemokines
type of cytokine; induce migration of WBCs into areas of infection.
interferons
protein that protects against viral infections; Antiviral proteins that enhance T-cell recognition of antigens and produce immune system suppression;
tumor necrosis factor
aTNF- cytotoxic to tumor cells; enhances activity of phagocytes
IL-1
stimulates TH cells in presence of Ag; attracts phagocytes (endogenous pyrogen)
IL-2
involved in proliferation of Ag stimulated TH cells, proliferation of B cells, activation of TC cells and NK cells
IL-8
attracts lymphocytes and phagocytes to site of inflammation
IL-10
secreted by TH2 cells and TR cell; interferes with activation of TH1 cells
IL-12
differentiation of CD4 T cells
Released by B cells and macrophages
Inhibits humoral response and activates TH1
natural active
antigens enter the body naturally, body produces antibodies specialized lymphocytes
natural passive
antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in the mother's milk
artificial active
antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
artificial passive
preformed antibodies in immune serum introduced into body by injection
childhood vaccinations
Diptheria - toxoid
Pertussis-
older form was a whole cell
pertussis vaccine
now use acellular pertussis vaccine
Tetanus - toxoid
Meningococcal meningitis
opsonization
the antigen is coated with antibody to enhance its ingestion and lysis by phagocytic cells
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