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Anatomy Semester 2 Exam

Terms in this set (251)

what part of the brain is the pituitary associated?
hypothalamus
which gland produces the most hormones
anterior pituitary
which hormones affect another in endocrine gland?
TSH
ACTH
FSH/LH
type 1 diabetes mellitus
Due to lack of insulin
Results in sugar in the urine
Is less common than type II diabetes
What is the target organ of thyroxine
no specific organs; most body cells
simple goiter
thyroid enlarges due to lack of iodine in the diet
which hormone is needed for thyroxine production
TSH
Calcitonin
produced by the thyroid gland, lowers calcium levels
which are portions in the adrenal gland?
Cortex and medulla
ACTH
is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex
Epinephrine
produced by the adrenal medulla
which portion of the adrenal gland may be associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
medulla
How does PTH maintain blood calcium levels
absorbs calcium from the gut
reabsorbs calcium by the kidneys
stimulus calcium release from bone tissue
pancreatic islets
produce insulin and glucagon
lowers blood glucose
insulin
Lymphocyte differentiation occurs in the
thymus gland
Melatonin is associated with
pineal gland
ANH is antagonistic of
Aldosterone
Growth Hormone
stimulates growth and protein synthesis
Thyroxine
Increases the body's metabolism
Testosterone
stimulates the production of sperm cells
Oxytocin
stimulate contractions of the uterus in childbirth
Cortisol
reduces inflammation and raises blood glucose
TSH
causes the thyroid gland to function normally
ADH
causes kidney to reabsorb additional water
Glucagon
pancreatic hormone that opposes insulin
dwarfism
hyposecretion of growth hormone
Addison's disease
a hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids causing low blood pressure, not enough glucose and bronzing of the skin
acromegly
hyper secretion of GH in adulthood
hypoglycemia
low blood super
glycosuria
excess sugar in the urine
type 2 diabetes mellitus
diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival
graves disease
a type of hyperthyroidism in which you experience weight loss, nervousness, and swelling behind the eyes
Cushing syndrome
a hyper secretion of mineralocorticoids resulting in swelling and excessive fat deposits
cretinism
a hypothyroid disorder that affects a child's growth and brain development
Why is the anterior pituitary called the master gland?
It has the most hormones released from it (GH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, LH, etc.). It also releases stimulating hormones needed for the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads to function.
What effect will the secretion of aldosterone have on the sodium concentration of the blood?
The secretion will raise NA concentration of the blood. This is important because water follows sodium, hopefully giving a better chance of survival with the patient.
Do you think that parents should be able to have normal children injected with GH?
Nom God gave us our bodies and made us how he wanted us to be. It is also not healthy to increase a naturally occurring hormone when it is not necessary (just like melatonin).
hyperparathyroidism
excessive production of parathormone, can cause kidney stones and bone deformity
what hormone tells you that you are full?
leptin
embolism
the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus (drifting clot)
erythrocytes
red blood cells
hematocrit
percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
heme
a red, iron based pigment as a core molecule in hemoglobin
hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
leukocytes
white blood cells
thrombocytes
platelets
thrombocytopenia
a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood
thrombocytosis
an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
thrombus
stationary blood clot
life cycle of RBCs
120 days
when is bilirubin produced
when the liver breaks down the heme
universal blood donor
O negative
what percentage of blood plasma is water?
91.5%
coagulation
blood clotting
what is needed for blood clotting?
calcium and vitamin K
how many rbc's per one wbc?
1000 rbc's
pernicious anemia
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
iron based anemia
deficiency of iron
sickle cell anemia
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
how are polycythemia and leukocytosis similar? How are they different?
They are both when too much of something is produced. however, polycythemia has to do with # of RBC's, whereas leukcocytosis is referring to WBC's.
Describe the pressure changes and exchanges that occur between the capillary and tissues.
Aterial --> BPA is higher than osmotic pressure and forces out wastes and nutrients. Then (medial), they follow the concentration gradient. Finally (venous), Osmotic is higher than BPA and takes wastes. The pressure moves it all along.
List three structural characteristics of red blood cells and 3 for white blood cells.
WBCS's are much bigger. They also have a nucleus (1 or more). RBC's are smaller with no nucleus. They also follow a biconcave disk shape whereas WBC's have an irregular shape.
what two substances do basophils release to promote blood flow to injured tissue?
histamine and heparin
antigens
foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response.
Antigen types
chart
function of digestion
nutrients can be absorbed and used by the body
what part digests protein?
stomach
what part transports food?
esophagus
What absorbs water and forms feces?
Large intestine
What digests ONLY carbs?
mouth
what completes digestion and absorbs nutrients?
small intestine
what does fluoride treatment strengthen?
enamel
what are wisdom teeth?
molars/tricuspids
what does the pharynx connect?
nose, mouth, larynx
food leaving the stomach is
chyme
heartburn
contents of the stomach escaping into the esophagus
HCL
activates an enzyme and kills bacteria
gastric glands
secrete juice containing mucous
what is the function of the small intestine?
transports undigested food to the large intestine
what is the first portion of the small intestine?
duodenum
villi
in the small intestine
lacteals
are located in villi, absorb glycerol, and absorb fatty acids
Why are the pancreas and liver considered accessory organs?
Food does not enter them
the pancreas secretes enzymes acting on
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
The pancreas secretion of pancreatic juice is an
exocrine function
What is the largest gland in the body?
liver
which of these molecules Is emulsified before digestion of it begins?
fats
gallbladder
attached to the liver
liver functions
stores glucose, converts amino acids to glucose and urea, and produces plasma proteins
pancreatic juice and bile are released into the
duodenum
cirrhosis
liver damage caused by the abuse of alcohol
large intestine includes
the colon, cecum, and rectum
the salivary glands
secrete mucous and serous fluid
bacteria in the large intestine produce vitamins
appendicitis
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix, large intestine
chemical digestion begins in the
mouth
The hepatic duct and the cystic duct come together to form what?
common bile ducts
what digests all types of food>
Small intestine
Pepsin
An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins
hepatic portal vein
A vein connecting the capillary bed of the intestines with the capillary bed of the liver. This allows amino acids and gluocse absorbed from the intestines to be delivered first to the liver for processing before being transported throughout the circulatory system.
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
which organs in the digestive tract have no enzymes?
esophagus and large intestine
Chief cell
secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase
parietal cell
secretes HCl and intrinsic factor
celiac disease
disease caused by sensitivity to gluten
which layers of the esophagus and stomach are different?
serosa and mucose
Pathway of 3 major nutrients
look back on old test - ENTIRE PATHWAY
Long QT syndrome
a disease in which the heart takes too long to recharge its ventricles
Myocardial infarction
heart attack
atherosclerosis
a buildup of plaque on the endothelial lining of arteries causing reduced blood flow
ventricular fibrillation
an oft-fatal condition cause by the fluttering (arrhythmia) of the ventricles resulting in chest pain
angina
chest pain
hypertension
systolic pressure in excess of 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic pressure of greater than 90 mmHG
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
Stroke
a heart attack due to coronary blockage
murmur
a condition where the heart valve does not close properly, thus leaking blood backwards into the heart
chaga's
a disease caused by a bug bite that affects the normal rhythm of the heart
stent
wire-mesh tube used to keep arteries open
ECG/EKG
electrocardiogram
LVAD
left ventricular assist device
Angioplasty
surgical repair of a blood vessel
laser
a device used to burn open channels for blood to reach blocked heart muscle
ablation
a proceed whereby cells are killed to reduce the effects of arrhythmia
statins
drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
coronary bypass surgery
a surgical technique whereby a blood vessel taken from another part of the body is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery
framingham
a long-standing study of the risks and factors causing coronary heart disease
myocardium
major portion of the heart, largely cardiac muscle tissue
which are the strongest pumping chambers?
ventricles
What is the function of valves?
prevent backflow of blood
where does the aorta carry blood
carries blood toward the body tissues
left atrium receives
oxygenated blood from lungs
pulmonary vein
carries blood to the heart from the lungs
right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body
which vessels would have high oxygen content?
aorta and pulmonary vein
trace the path of the blood from superior vena cava to the lungs
right atrium, tricuspid, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar, pulmonary artery
which chambers contract simultaneously?
two atria
systole
contraction
heart sounds
are due to valves closing
what initiates the heartbeat?
SA node
On an EKG, the QRS complex represents
depolarization of the ventricles
sequence in the conduction system
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, purkinje fibers
what carries blood to the heart
veins
what handles tissue exchange
capillaries
what have a thick layer of smooth muscle and elastin
arteries
systemic circuit
involves the body
which are functions of the blood vessels?
direct the flow of blood to tissues most requiring it at the time
brachiocephalic artery
The first major branch off of the aorta and the major artery to the forelimbs and head.
what is blood pressure directly dependent on?
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
what accounts for blood flow in the arteries?
blood pressure
where is blood pressure the greatest?
arteries
why is it important that blood moves slowly through the capillaries?
to allow for molecular exchange between blood and the tissues
innermost layer of the heart
endocardium
typical blood pressure for a teen
100/70
cause of congestive heart failure
buildup of fluids in the body, usually near the heart
amount of blood ejected from a ventricle with each beat
stroke volum,e
wall that separates the lower chambers of the heart
inter ventricular septum
why is a pulse felt in an artery
smooth muscle layer
bradycardia
slow heart rate
aneurysm
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
if epinephrine is secreted into the blood, BPA goes
up
part most involved in peripheral resistance
blood vessels
which artery is used to determine blood pressure
brachial artery
by-pass surgery is usually done to the hearts
coronary arteries
purkinje networks are in
left ventricle
Sino-atrial node
pacemaker of the heart
differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries
arteries are made up of much more muscle than veins, and are larger than capillaries. Veins have less muscle, but a wider opening than arteries. Finally, capillaries are much thinner and smaller, and only have one layer
functions of the lymphatic system
absorb fat molecules, return fluid to the bloodstream, defend body against disease.
lymph vessels are similar to
veins
which produces antibodies
B lymphocytes
lymphoma
cancer of the lymphoid tissue
Edema
swelling due to excess fluid
the thymus is
larger in children
Complement
a series of protective proteins, attract phagocytes, encourages inflammatory response
examples of mechanical or chemical Barries include
skin, oil, sweat, mucus, cilia, tears, saliva
T and B cells are
lymphocytes
antibodies specifically bind to
antigens
allergies are due to
antibodies being produced for substances that ordinarily would do no harm
autoimmune disease
Antibodies that are produced against an individual's own normal cells.
vaccine contains
antigens
active immunity
occurs as a result of exposure to antigens
passive immunity
occurs when antibodies are given, short-lived
multiple sclerosis
myelin sheath destruction. disruptions in nerve impulse conduction
Asthma
A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.
bronchitis
partial closure of the bronchial tree due to viral infection, usually accompanied buy a deep cough and mucus
atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
cystic fibrosis
A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.
hay fever
An allergic response usually to outdoor airborne allergens such as pollen or sometimes indoor allergens such as dust mites or pet dander; also called allergic rhinitis.
influenza
viral infection of the respiratory system characterized by chills, fever, body aches, and fatigue.
emphysema
chronic destruction of the alveoli leading to less gas exchange
pneumonia
buildup of fluid in the lungs due to viral or bacterial infection
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
SIDS
sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep
hard palate
the bony layer that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
ciliated mucus membrane
Component of larynx that traps dust and debris from getting further
uvula
the portion of the soft palate that directs a sneeze to the nasal cavity
diaphragm
Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing
epiglottis
A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
hyaline
most common type of cartilage
nasal conchae
bony passageways within the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate
oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
pleural
the membranes that cover each lung and anchor them in the thoracic cavity
surfactant
a liquid that helps to support the alveolar wall to prevent collapsing
gas exchange is between
alveoli and capillaries
What causes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood or between blood and cells?
diffusion
respiratory passages that do not have cartilage are
bronchioles
how is CO2 carried by the blood
It is dissolved directly in the blood, bound to plasma proteins or hemoglobin, or converted into bicarbonate.
normal, shallow breath are referred to as
tidal volume
sum of ERV, IRV, and TV
vital capacity
inspiration
air pressure drops in the chest cavity
Boyle's law states that when volume goes up
pressure goes down
a scale like graph that permits one to predict vital capacity based on height and age is a
nomogram
active phase
inspiration, breathing
The portions of the brain that contain respiratory centers and set the breathing rate are the __________.
medulla and pons
tracheostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the trachea
how many lobes in right and left lung
3 right, 2 left
glottis
Opening between vocal cords
external respiration
exchange of gases between lungs and blood
intercostal muscles
muscles between the ribs
vocal cords
larynx
if CO2 decreases, ph will
decrease
what may respiration include?
external, internal, inspiration, expiration
passage for food and air
pharynx
alveoli
tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
bronchi
Passageway that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs.
vital capacity
The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.
residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
which lung infection are directly caused by smoking
cancer and emphysema
concentration of CO2 is ____ in tissues than in arterial blood
higher
bacterial infection of middle heart
otitis media
in what sex is the urethra part of the reproductive system
male
what does a nephron consist of
glomerular capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loop of nephron
nitrogenous waste
substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine
urea
filtered but not reabsorbed
glucose
filtered and reabsorbed
why are some salts excreted
to maintain proper salt concentration in the blood
diuretics
decrease water reabsorption
function of urinary system
excretion, secretion of hormones, maintenance
kidneys adjust
pH, volume, pressure of blood
micturition
urination
involuntary loss of urine
incontinence
urine is carried from the kidneys to the bladder through the
ureters
rugae
folds in the bladder
dialysis
a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function
glomerulus
filtration of water, glucose, salt, urea
PCT
reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
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