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PSYCH 381 midterm

Terms in this set (88)

You use only 10% of your brain (t/f)
false
people are left/right brained (t/f)
false
brain size= intelligence (t/f)
false
selective breeding of rats
Tryon focused his selective-breeding experiments on the behavior that had been the focus of early psychologists in their investigations of learning: the maze running of laboratory rats. Tryon began by training a large heterogeneous group of laboratory rats to run a complex maze; the rats received a food reward when they reached the goal box. Tryon then mated the females and males that least frequently entered incorrect alleys during training—he referred to these rats as maze-bright. And he bred the females and males that most frequently entered incorrect alleys during training—he referred to these rats as maze-dull.
Development of birdsong
phase 1-sensory
phase 2-sensorimotor (Partially innate and partially learned
Innate: Birds hatch with a species-specific "crude template"
Learned: Birds can learn to improve the song they've inherited
Singing attracts a mate (reproduction) and deters rivals (survival)
-Memorization: 100 days (sensitive period), attempts to match crude template with full adult song; if no adult songs = will not modify template
-Motor: practices song heard, hears self, modifies own song to match adult song)
single-gene metabolic disorder
phenylketonuria (PKU)
Horizontal cut of the brain
axial (horizontal plane)
frontal cut of the brain
coronal (frontal plane)
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
where is the basal ganglia located?
telencephalon
Forebrain
telencephalon and diencephalon
Hindbrain
metencephalon and myelencephalon
telencephalon
isocortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
Metencephalon
pons and cerebellum
where is the pons?
in the metencephalon in the hindbrain
Medial
toward the midline
Lateral
away from the midline
dorsal
toward the back (so if you are on all fours, the top of your head would be dorsal)
Anterior
front
posterior
back
Ventral
Toward the belly
nervous systerm
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
afferent nerves and efferent nerves
autonomic nervous system
afferent and efferent nerves but also goes into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
the forebrain develops into
telencephalon and diencephalon
the midbrain develops into
mesencephalon
the hindbrain develops into
metencephalon and myelencephalon
what developed first
from the bottom and goes up.
mesencephalon
midbrain, tectum, and tegmentum
electron microscopy
provides information about the details of neuronal structure (up to 1,500x magnification)
weakness of electron microscopy
because so detailed difficult to think in terms of systems/generalize ideas
Golgi stain
-first stain and individual neurons were observed
-silver chromate
-used when identifying overall shape of neuron
Nissl stain
-uses cresyl violet
-identify number of neurons in an area
-1880s
amino acids
glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA
Monoamines
catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) and indolamines (serotonin)
Catecholamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Indolamines
serotonin
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction
unconventional neurotransmitters
Soluble gases (nitric oxide) and endocannabinoids (anandamide)
Neuropeptides
pituitary peptides, hypothalamic peptides, brain-gut peptides, opioid peptides, miscellaneous peptides
small molecule neurotransmitters
amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, unconventional neurotransmitters
large molecule neurotransmitters
neuropeptides
what is more concentrated inside the neuron at rest?
potassium (k)
what is more concentrated outside the neuron at rest?
Na and Cl
What does the sodium potassium pump do?
moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell
resting membrane potential
-70mV
sodium-potassium pump
sodium opens, potassium opens, sodium closes, potassium opens
Hyperpolarization
The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.
synaptic transmission
(1) The action potential travels down the axon and (2) stimulates the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles. (3) The neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, where they float to bind with receptor sites on a dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron, initiating a new action potential. The neurotransmitters are cleared out of the synapse by (4) reuptake into the sending neuron, (5) being broken down by enzymes in the synapse, or (6) binding to autoreceptors on the sending neuron.
electrophysiology
"stick an electrode in the brain and see what happens"
cheap
high spatial resolution
high temporal resolution

very invasive
gene knockout
removing a particular gene from an organism ("knockout mice)
gene replacement
replacing one gene for another. can be from different organism family . transgenic mice can contain human genes.
GFP (green fluorescent protein)
can be modified and spliced into neuron genes. was used to create the brainbow
opsins
Light-sensitive ion channels that are found in the cell membranes of certain bacteria and algae. When opsins are illuminated with light, they open and allow ions to enter the cell. (protein)
EEG
electroencephalography- electrodes placed on the scalp read the sum of electrical signals

-low spatial resolution
use of EEG
diagnose eplipsy/seizures
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
provides very high quality structural data
-able to get full 3D images of the entire brain
functional MRI
reads brain activity by looking at blood flow
increased activity = increased blood (t/f)
true
pros of fMRI
non invasive and high spatial resolution
cons of fMRI
brain is always doing something, even when resting. fMRI cannot distinguish what types of activity and has low temporal resolution
PET scan (positron emission topography)
Injecting radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose FDG and maps the radioactivity from FDG
what do patients with damage to the frontal lobe sometimes exhibit?
perservation- repeating a specific pattern of action, even when presenting with evidence it is faulty
Pavlovian Paradigm
conditioned and unconditioned stimulus
operant conditioning paradigm
reward and punishment for target behavior
cone receptors
Receptor cells that function in daylight or well lit conditions, detect fine detail and give color. (Color Vision)
rod receptors
The eye contains these for night vision. (long, thin shape)
fovia has a high number of cones but not many rods (t/f)
true
optic nerve connects your eyes to what
the optic chiasm (where information begins to organize itself)
right field info goes into left visual cortex (t/f)
true
losing a cortex is not as bad as losing an eye (t/f)
false
three types of cones for R B G colors
blue, red and green cones
primates are "trichromates" (t/f)
true (most mammels can see only two, there are some rare species that see four colors)
What is agnosia?
impaired ability to interpret stimuli
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces (they can identify that it is a face-know what objects are but they struggle in distinguishing specific)
Akinetopsia
inability to see objects in motion (can be triggered by antidepressants)
parietal association cortex
provides spatial information, directs attention, recognize and interprets what is going on (the spotter)
DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
the planner (interprets the information from the PAC and begins to plan how to respond)
secondary motor cortex
probably the coder (they code the specific motor functions)
primary motor cortex
the Junior Varsity coach (tells you what to do all the time)
motor homunculus
the body map on the motor cortex
cerebellum
10% of the mass, 50% of the neurons
procedural memory
lesions may affect ability to balance, speak, and learning motor skills
basal ganglia
subcortical set of structures, thought to moderate motor control
substantia nigra damage can lead to parkinson's
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