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Anatomy Final Exam Review

Terms in this set (42)

Breathing and heart rate would be affected if which part of the brain was badly injured
medulla oblongata
What are the functions of cerebral spinal fluid
nourishes by maintaining stable ionic concentration in central nervous system and gives wastes pathway to the blood, also cushions and absorbs forces
What part of the brain interprets vision
occipital lobe
Balance is interpreted in which brain section
cerebellum
Does a person who has Myopia see well near or far
nearsightedness so can see well near
what is the structure that changes mechanical waves into a nerve impulse
cochlea's organ of Corti
what does salivary amylase begin the digestion of in the mouth
carbohydrates
what are the rhythmic contractions of the esophagus that move the bolus down to the stomach
peristalsis
what does the stomach produce to break down proteins
pepsin
what activates pepsin to break down proteins
hydrochloric acid
what part of the lungs has the lowest oxygen content
blood approaching an alveoli (in a capillary) because that air has come into the lungs carrying CO2 to be reoxygenated
what system does the respiratory system work closely with
circulatory system
what greatly increases the surface area of the lungs
alveoli
what part of the brain controls breathing by detecting rises in CO2 concentration
medulla oblongata
what are functions of the thymus and spleen
both release T cells for immunity and spleen also filters blood
how is Histamine production resulting in inflammation and a "runny nose" a non-specific defense mechanism of the immune system
inflammation helps prevent the entry of pathogens and does not have to make specific anti bodies for the invading antigens
what is active immunity
production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
the lymph system recollects body fluids and filters them through what
lymph fluid
what are similarities and differences between the nervous and endocrine systems
both use chemicals to send messages to maintain homeostasis but nervous system uses electrical impulses and endocrine system uses hormones
what is the area on a target cell's membrane where the hormone actively binds
receptor
Which kind of hormone can NOT diffuse across cell membranes therefore, it must bind to a target cell receptor to communicate with the cell
nonsteroid/peptide hormone
what is the sequence for a peptide hormone like ADH to communicate with its target cells
Hormone->cell membrane receptor->G protein->adenylate cyclase->cAMP
why does a peptide hormone like ADH have to go through a signal transduction pathway
cannot diffuse through a cell membrane so it must bind to a receptor which activates a G protein to change adenylate cyclase to cAMP to act as a secondary messenger for the enzyme cascade
epinephrine is a protein-based hormone that will ultimately activate cAMP in liver cells so cAMP will activate a GLYCOGEN "breaker-downer" enzyme which results in what target cell response
breaks down glycogen to glucose to regulate blood glucose levels
signal transduction pathway
chemical initiates a cascade of events inside a cell without ever entering the cell
what hormones does the pancreas secrete as its endocrine function
insulin and glucagon
what do insulin and glucagon do
insulin lowers blood glucose levels while glucagon increases blood sugar levels
how are human blood glucose levels maintained
Negative feedback: pancreas increases insulin secretions at high blood sugar to store glucose as glycogen, pancreas releases glucagon at low blood sugar to tell live to release glucose
What are the specific cells that are affected by specific hormones
target cells
What are the first messengers of the endocrine system
hormones
what is negative feedback
any change in a parameter that sends the parameter in the opposite direction to reach the original set point
Are non-steroidal hormones like epinephrine able to cross the cell membrane directly
no they have to use signal transduction
if a red blood cell has antigen AB on it, what is its blood type
AB
What protein has a binding site for oxygen and carbon dioxide
hemoglobin
what is viscosity and how does it pertain to blood
viscosity is the difficulty the molecules of a fluid pass one another; blood cells and plasma proteins increase the viscosity of blood
What chemical made by the stomach helps vitamin B-12 be absorbed
intrinsic factor
What structures increase surface area for absorption in the small intestine
microvilli/villi
what are functions of the liver
carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, storage, blood filtering, detoxification, secretion
the electrical activity of the heart is started where and by what
right atrium; SA and AV nodes (worst place to have a heart attack)
What structure do you find on top of mature kidneys
adrenal glands
What renal process uses blood pressure to remove small particles from the blood
glomerular filtration
What is the relationship between blood volume and blood pressure
directly proportional because if volume decreases so does blood pressure
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