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UCFS

Terms in this set (80)

Which of the following is a difference between cellular respiration and anaerobic respiration?
Only anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide.
Only cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates.
Only anaerobic respiration produces water.
Only cellular respiration breaks down carbohydrates.
Only cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates
Photosynthesis is essential to most ecosystems because it produces _____, which are used in cellular respiration by most prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

carbon dioxide and carbohydrates
oxygen and carbohydrates
carbon dioxide and proteins
oxygen and proteins
oxygen and carbohydrates
In both photosynthesis and chemosynthesis, _____.

carbon dioxide and oxygen are produced
carbohydrates are produced
oxygen and carbohydrates are produced
carbon dioxide is produced
carbohydrates are produced
The products of photosynthesis are the materials that react in the process of _____.

osmosis
cellular respiration
chemosynthesis
anaerobic respiration
cellular respiration
The growth of a population of sparrows accelerates with each generation. The chances of dying are about the same for these sparrows, regardless of age. This population of sparrows therefore demonstrates _____.

arithmetic growth and a type I survivorship curve
exponential growth and a type II survivorship curve
arithmetic growth and a type II survivorship curve
exponential growth and a type III survivorship curve
exponential growth and a type II survivorship curve
A population will grow the fastest when total fertility rates are _____.

low and generation times are short
high and generation times are short
low and generation times are long
high and generation times are long
high and generation times are short
A population will not change in size if the _____.

birth rate equals the immigration rate and the death rate equals the emigration rate
birth rate equals the emigration rate
death rate equals the emigration rate
birth rate equals the death rate and the immigration rate equals the emigration rate
birth rate equals the death rate and the immigration rate equals the emigration rate
As a population increases to near its carrying capacity, _____.

birth rates decline, death rates decline, and the overall rate of population growth declines
birth rates decline, death rates increase, and the overall rate of population growth declines
birth rates decline, death rates decline, and the overall rate of population growth increases
birth rates increase, death rates increase, and the overall rate of population growth declines
birth rates decline, death rates increase, and the overall rate of population growth declines
In logistic growth, how does population growth change as the population nears its carrying capacity?

population growth increases
population growth typically crashes when a population reaches its carrying capacity
population growth decreases
population growth remains steady
population growth decreases
The various activities that define an organism's role in an ecosystem are that organism's _____.

habitat
range of tolerance
fitness
ecological niche
ecological niche
Some beetles escape from a ship and fly to a small island covered with grass that has no trees or beetle predators. As the beetles feed on grass, they destroy the grasses. With abundant food, the beetle population soars, doubling in size every month. After about a year, the population crashes as thousands of beetles have destroyed almost all of the plants and there is little left to feed the larger population. This scenario best illustrates _____.

exponential growth ending at its carrying capacity
a population that has stabilized near its carrying capacity
logistic growth followed by a population crash
constant growth followed by equilibrium
logistic growth followed by a population crash
Largemouth bass and rainbow trout are stocked in a small, deep 10-acre pond. The bass are most active in 20-30 °C water, and the rainbow trout prefer water at about 6-22 °C. We expect to find few places in this pond where the two species interact because they have different _____.

carrying capacities
ranges of tolerance
generation times
growth rates
ranges of tolerance
The different Galápagos finch species are an example of _____.

disruptive selection
random evolution
adaptive radiation
artificial selection
adaptive radiation
Studies of human birth weight and infant health reveal that babies who are heavier than 10 pounds or lighter than 6 pounds have decreased survival rates. This pattern of survival is an example of _____.

stabilizing selection
directional selection
bimodal selection
disruptive selection
stabilizing selection
From an evolutionary perspective, the most important property that defines a species is _____.

its dietary habits
the ability of a species to extend the its range
its type of natural selection
reproductive isolation
reproductive isolation
In Missouri, the marbled salamander breeds in the late fall (October-December). In the same region, the closely related spotted salamander breeds in early spring (February-March). Thus, these species are kept separate because of _____.

behavioral isolation
structural isolation
temporal isolation
geographic isolation
temporal isolation
In the second stage of the demographic transition, called the mortality transition, the death rate _____ while the birth rate _____.

decreases, remains high or increases
decreases, decreases
increases, decreases
increases, remains high or increases
decreases, remains high or increases
Over the course of human history, the greatest increases in human populations have been due to_____.

increased food production
improved medicine
discovery of new land
improved water supplies
increased food production
Over the past 20 years, the human population in China has experienced great economic development. The government has imposed controls on birth rates, limiting most families to a single child, yet the population has continued to grow. These conditions in China are typical of which stage in the demographic transition model?

stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
stage 4
stage 3
Malthus found that populations in the American colonies were increasing _____ than populations on the European continent due to _____.

slower, fewer resources were available in the American colonies
slower, greater disease in the American colonies
faster, greater resources were available in the American colonies
faster, no political conflicts or wars
faster, greater resources were available in the American colonies
Predictions about global growth rates have been difficult because of changes in human values and behavior largely based upon _____.

shifting weather patterns
economic development
the spread of infectious disease
increasing abilities to travel between countries
economic development
Compared to women in the United States, women in poor countries such as Ethiopia typically have _____ children at _____ age.

more, an older
more, a younger
fewer, a younger
fewer, an older
more, a younger
Which of the following events would most likely increase the net migration rate in a country?

increased economic growth in the country
a drought over several years
an outbreak of a serious disease
widespread political rebellion against the current government
increased economic growth in the country
Women in two developed countries have similar total fertility rates of 3.5. However, women in country A typically have their children about 2 years earlier than women in country B. How will the populations of the two countries compare?

The populations of both countries will be stable, with similar totals and little increase or decrease.
The population of country A will increase faster than country B.
The population of country A will increase but the population of country B will decline.
The population of country B will increase faster than country A.
The population of country A will increase faster than country B.
Overall population growth rates are most likely to be highest when the median age of a population is _____ and a country is in stage _____ of the demographic transition.

younger, 2
older, 1
younger, 4
older, 3
younger, 2
Because human suffering _____ as the human population approaches its carrying capacity, sustainability of the global human population must be _____ the carrying capacity of the Earth.

increases, below
decreases, above
decreases, below
increases, above
increases, below
Countries that are ecological debtors _____.

have ecological footprints that are below their biocapacity
have relatively small ecological footprints
are poor populations that use very few environmental resources
have ecological footprints that are greater than their biocapacity
have ecological footprints that are greater than their biocapacity
If everyone in the world had the ecological footprint of people currently living in the United States and Canada, the world would _____.

have just enough biocapacity without any additional population growth
still have enough biocapacity for 20% more humans
exceed its biocapacity by 40%
exceed its biocapacity by five times over
exceed its biocapacity by five times over
If the population of the United States continues to grow and consumption levels also increase, we expect that the _____.

biocapacity will eventually exceed the ecological footprint of the environment
United States will eventually become an ecological debtor
ecological debt of the United States will continue to increase
ecological footprint will eventually exceed the biocapacity of the environment
ecological debt of the United States will continue to increase
According to the IPAT formula, which of the following would most likely reduce the environmental impact of a society?

a shift in the population to the suburbs, further away from sites of employment
greater use of birth control by most members of a society
construction of new industrial plants
the discovery of large reserves of fossil fuels within a nation's borders
greater use of birth control by most members of a society
Given the increasing global population and increased rates of consumption in developing countries, the most likely avenue to sustainability is _____.

more efficient use of natural resources
increase our reliance upon fossil fuels
the discovery of ways to dramatically increase the global biocapacity
to have developed countries use more natural resources from developing countries
more efficient use of natural resources
Which one of the following typically contributes to population growth?

empowerment of women
economic development
better education
high infant mortality
high infant mortality
Members of the neo-Malthusian movement advocated for _____.

increasing population size to support greater economic development
greater use of natural resources to increase the biocapacity of Earth to support a growing human population
greater conservation of natural resources to limit the environmental impact of a growing human population
birth control to limit population growth
birth control to limit population growth
China, Mexico, and India have all made progress in reducing the population growth rates in their countries by adopting policies that encourage _____.

limits on family size
women to work only inside of their homes
women to start having children at a younger age
couples to marry earlier
limits on family size
Which of the following will slow the rate of global population increases?

increasing life expectancy and reproducing earlier
reproducing earlier
increasing life expectancy
delaying the age of first reproduction
delaying the age of first reproduction
A red-tailed hawk swoops down and captures a young rabbit feeding on dandelions growing in a park. The relationship between the hawk and the rabbit represents _____.

a carnivore feeding on an herbivore
an herbivore feeding on a carnivore
a parasite feeding on an herbivore
an herbivore feeding on a parasite
a carnivore feeding on an herbivore
Energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next because _____.

one trophic level does not consume the entire trophic level below it
some of the calories consumed drive cellular activities and do not add mass
some ingested materials are undigested and eliminated
All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
In examining a terrestrial food web, we expect that the _____.

number of tertiary consumers exceeds the number of secondary consumers
biomass of primary consumers exceeds the biomass of producers
biomass of primary consumers exceeds the biomass of secondary consumers
number of secondary consumers exceeds the number of producers
biomass of primary consumers exceeds the biomass of secondary consumers
Consumers are ________.

organisms that feed on dead organic matter
organisms that feed on one another
organisms that feed soils and soil nutrients
organisms that feed on other living organisms
organisms that feed on decomposers
organisms that feed on other living organisms
The feeding interactions among species in a community are best described as a(n) ________.

trophic cascade
energy flow
trophic level
succession
food web
food web
Tertiary consumers are usually in which trophic level?

Decomposers
1st trophic level
3rd trophic level
2nd trophic level
4th trophic level
4th trophic level
An organism occupying the 3rd trophic level is best described as a ________.

predator
tertiary consumer
keystone species
top carnivore
secondary consumer
secondary consumer
Agriculture originated during a time when human populations were _____.

increasing, climates were getting cooler and wetter, and wild food was more available
increasing, climates were getting warmer and dryer, and wild food was less available
decreasing, climates were getting cooler and wetter, and wild food was more available
decreasing, climates were getting warmer and dryer, and wild food was less available
increasing, climates were getting warmer and dryer, and wild food was less available
To best reduce the environmental impact of agriculture, consumers should choose _____.

foods that are in season
more meats
more canned products
foods that are grown in other countries
foods that are in season
Which of the following represents food with the largest ecological footprint? A student in Alabama eats a lunch that includes _____.

tomatoes raised in Brazil
catfish raised on a farm about 100 miles away
beef raised on a farm in Argentina
corn from a farm just down the road
beef raised on a farm in Argentina
Which of the following is the greatest obstacle to feeding all of Earth's people?

equitable food distribution
overreliance upon grains as food
global disease that has greatly reduced crop yields in most parts of the world.
decreased productivity of farms in developed nations
equitable food distribution
If the global human population increases by 30-40% in the next few decades, how will we feed the people of the world? Which of the following is the best way to address this challenge?

We should increase our use of fertilizers and pesticides.
We should increase production of the few plant species that are now widely grown, using agricultural practices of the past 40 years.
We should decrease our use of grains to produce meat and biofuels.
We should engineer plants that can grow without sunlight.
We should decrease our use of grains to produce meat and biofuels
The approximate transfer of energy in the form of biomass (usable energy, not energy that is for metabolism, waste or function) from one trophic level to the next higher trophic layer is ________.

a 50% decrease
unable to be determined
1%
increasing, the higher one goes in the food web
10%
10%
A rural Minnesota farmer grows a variety of vegetables to feed her family. In addition, she cuts down some of her dead trees for firewood to heat her home in the winter. This farmer is adding to the flux of the carbon cycle in her region by _____.

encouraging photosynthesis as she raises crops
burning carbon-based fuels
by consuming vegetables grown on her farm
All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Humans are a(n) ________-based life form.

oxygen
phosphorus
hydrogen
carbon
nitrogen
carbon
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the increased flux of carbon into the atmosphere has been primarily due to ________.

addition of fertilizers to the soil
desertification
addition of phosphate in detergents
deforestation
burning of fossil fuels
burning of fossil fuels
Which one of the following statements is correct?

The amount of time that water spends in an ocean is the cycling time.
The cycling time is how long it takes an element or molecule to pass through a biogeochemical cycle.
The cycling time of an element or molecule in an ecosystem is equal to the sum of all the flux times.
The cycling time of water moving through an ecosystem is typically shorter than the resident time in any pool in this system.
The cycling time is how long it takes an element or molecule to pass through a biogeochemical cycle.
A large reservoir behind a dam is rapidly rising, as rain and melting snow add more water than is being released out of the dam's spillway. In this situation, _____.

the net flux is negative and the capital of water within the reservoir is decreasing
the net flux is positive and the capital of water within the reservoir is decreasing
the net flux is negative and the capital of water within the reservoir is increasing
the net flux is positive and the capital of water within the reservoir is increasing
the net flux is positive and the capital of water within the reservoir is increasing
A lake is currently at high pool, with the same amount of water flowing into the lake as is flowing over the spillway. Which of the following temporary changes would increase the resident time of water in this lake?

Double the rate of water flow into the lake and double the rate of water flow out of the lake, while keeping the lake at the same level.
Decrease the inflow into the lake by half, and decrease the outflow of the lake by half.
Keep the inflow into the lake the same, but release twice as much water from the lake, resulting in a lowering of the lake level.
None of the choices would increase the resident time in the lake.
Decrease the inflow into the lake by half, and decrease the outflow of the lake by half.
Which one of the following primarily results from the effects of solar energy?

the movement of water over a waterfall
the formation of ice on the top of a pond
evaporation of water from a lake
movement of ocean tides
evaporation of water from a lake
Most of the water on Earth is found in _____.

aquifers
lakes and streams
the oceans
the polar ice caps
the polar ice caps
Several inches of rain fall over a field of tall corn, soaking into the soil and draining into ditches. Within an hour, there is no standing water and the humidity over the field rises quickly. At a nearby shopping mall, the rainwater fell onto blacktop and drained to sewer pipes, which carried the water directly into a stream. Which of the following occurred in the cornfield but not in the parking lot?

transpiration
evaporation
precipitation
runoff
transpiration
In which of the following countries would we expect that the terrestrial ecosystems have the highest net primary production and biomass?

Australia
China
United States
Brazil
Brazil
In a terrestrial ecosystem, most carbon is stored in the biomass of _____.

air
the animals living there
living plants
the top layers of soil containing dead organisms
living plants
The majority of rain that falls onto land immediately _____.

returns to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration
percolates through soil and rock into underground aquifers
freezes into some form of ice
flows into streams and rivers
returns to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration
Building a dam on the Mississippi River to generate electricity is an example of _____.

a nonconsumptive use of water in an open watershed
a consumptive use of water in an open watershed
a nonconsumptive use of water in a closed watershed
a consumptive use of water in a closed watershed
a nonconsumptive use of water in an open watershed
The most efficient irrigation system currently in use is _____.

flooding fields
surge irrigation
an aerial sprinkler system
drip irrigation
drip irrigation
The two main methods used to desalinate water are _____.

mitosis and meiosis
condensation and irrigation
diffusion and osmosis
distillation and reverse osmosis
distillation and reverse osmosis
As cities in the United States grow, they are finding that increased water demands are best addressed by _____.

drilling more wells
building more reservoirs
conservation measures
building desalination plants
conservation measures
Which of the following contribute the most to global warming?

nitrogen, methane, and nitrous oxide
carbon monoxide, methane, and helium
carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide
carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrous oxide
carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide
When monthly measurements of carbon dioxide levels are taken in a remote island in Hawaii, the levels cycle up and down, depending upon the season of the year. This is primarily due to changes _____.

in human activities, such as times of the year when people drive automobiles more often
in ocean currents, bringing water that contains different levels of carbon dioxide
between the wet and dry seasons, and in the number of clouds in the sky
in the net productivity of the terrestrial ecosystems
in the net productivity of the terrestrial ecosystems
If Earth had no carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, _____.

Earth would be considerably cooler
Earth's surface would not give off as much heat
there would be fewer volcanic eruptions
less of the sun's radiation would strike Earth
Earth would be considerably cooler
Which of the following is the least abundant natural greenhouse gas?

Chlorofluorcarbons
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Methane
Water vapor
Methane
The major source(s) of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere was/were ________.

refrigerants, solvents and spray propellants
combustion of fossil fuels
microbial fermentation of organic matter in coal mines, oil wells and livestock
burning of fossil fuels and coal
emissions from automobile exhaust and chemical fertilizers
refrigerants, solvents and spray propellants
Which of the following gases has the greatest global warming potential (GWP)?

CO2
CFC
CH4
O3
N2O
CFC
Global warming leads to rising sea levels. About half of the increase in sea levels is due to _____.

the melting of icebergs
increased evaporation of water from the oceans
the expansion of heated water
increased rainfall on land, which then flows into the oceans
the expansion of heated water
Over the past 2 million years, Earth's climate has _____.

cycled between cold and warm periods
gradually warmed
shifted quickly between dry and wet periods
gradually cooled
cycled between cold and warm periods
Over the past 400,000 years, variations in global temperatures most closely paralleled changes in _____.

atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide
the movements of continental plates
the increased use of water for irrigation by humans raising crops
changes in the lunar orbit
atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide
Global warming over the past 200 years is most closely associated with _____.

the industrial revolution
increased volcanic activity
a shift in Earth's axis
increased solar radiation from the sun
the industrial revolution
As global warming continues, we can expect that the greatest increases in temperature will occur _____.

in the world's oceans
in the center of small ocean islands
along the coastline of large continents
near the center of large continents
near the center of large continents
The accuracy of computer forecasts of global climate change is measured by _____.

comparing these computer models to each other
climatologists who understand the many aspects of global climates
backcasting to see if the models accurately describe the weather and climate in the past
comparing predictions to the actual climates over following periods of 20-30 years
backcasting to see if the models accurately describe the weather and climate in the past
Halting deforestation and planting trees in large areas that presently have no trees is part of the stabilization wedge addressing _____.

biostorage
fossil fuel use
nuclear energy
conservation
biostorage
Biofuels and wind energy are examples of the stabilization wedge called _____.

fossil fuel use
nuclear energy and biostorage
renewable energy
conservation
renewable energy
When we consider the causes and impacts of global warming, we can generally conclude that _____.

the countries that least contributed to the problems are best able to cope with the consequences
developing countries are largely to blame
the countries that mostly caused the problems are least able to cope with the consequences
the countries that least contributed to the problems are least able to cope with the consequences
the countries that least contributed to the problems are least able to cope with the consequences
For more than 20 years, scientists have been analyzing expected climate change and the impact on crops grown in particular regions. For example, states that typically plant corn and soybeans may need to switch to growing cotton. Such a change is an example of _____.

mitigation
a cap and trade policy
forecasting
adaptation
adaptation
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