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Public Health 2 Exam 1

Terms in this set (21)

Through public health and chiropractic care, Clinicians can (4):
1. enhance integration into existing health care
2. expand into the community
3. serve the needs of its patient population
4. bring wellness
Life expectancy ranges from just over __(1)__ years in the poorest countries to over __(2)__ years in the richest countries.
1. 50
2. 80
Child mortality is higher in low-income countries. In many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, more than ___% of children die before their 5th birthday. In rich countries, the corresponding figure is blow ___%.
1. 10
2. 1
A DALY is a variable that combines mortality patterns with the prevalence of disability and illness to represent the "burden of diseases." One DALY can be thought of as one lost year of healthy life. What is the overall global pattern of DALYs?
People in poorer countries generally have worse health.
"Burden of disease"
True/false: Today a large share of deaths in low-income countries can be prevented.
True
Lace of access to clean water affects health even when it doesn't kill you. Repeated bouts of diarrhea during childhood permanently impairs both physical and cognitive development. 2 cheap "miracle drugs" could already save thousands of children. They are:
Chlorine (purifies the water)
Salt and sugar (key ingredient of oral rehydration solutions)
True/false: Life expectancy is increasing as more money is spent on health.
True
Overall, childhood and maternal mortality have increased or decreased since 1990?
decreased
Primary prevention means intervening before health effects occur, through measures such as (3):
1. vaccinations
2. altering risky behaviors (poor eating/tobacco use)
3. banning carcinogens such as substances associated with disease or health conditions
Secondary prevention means screening to identify diseases in the earliest stages, before the onset of signs and symptoms through what measures? (3):
1. mammography
2. blood pressure
3. A1C and blood sugars
Tertiary prevention means managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression through measures such as: (3)
1. physical therapy
2. mental health screening
3. blood sugar montoring
What type of primary prevention efforts DO NOT work well on the individual level?
Environmental health - exposure any contaminant is beyond the control of the individual and is effectively reduced by the government programs and regulations
What is the purpose of ongoing environmental surveillance at the national, state or community level? (3)
1. determine prevalence of environmentally linked health outcomes
2. develop measure of tracking those issues
3. identify relationships between environmental hazards and health outcomes
True/false: laws making workplaces, restaurants, and bars completely smoke free can reduce heart attack hospitalizations
true
Why does mortality rate increase? An increase in mortality rate due to an infectious disease is a mathematical function of three factors:
1. rate of transmission of the pathogen
2. probability the pathogen will actually cause disease in the individual
3. probability that the disease will lead to death (case-fatality ratio)
During a risk assessment for an infectious disease, all of the following are risk factors that would increase excess mortality: (7)
1. overcrowding
2. inadequate water
3. insufficient nutrient intake
4. insufficient vaccination coverage
5. poor water/sanitation/hygiene products
6. high exposure to disease factors
7. lack of/delay in treatment
Think about translating the risk assessment from an infectious to a chronic disease. Which factors play a role in increasing chronic diseases related to sedentary lifestyles?
No one knows this answer and I haven't found anything for it.
Which risk factors could play a role in increasing both chronic and infectious diseases(3)
1. increased malnutrition
2. overcrowing
3. lack of treatment
During a risk assessment, which epidemiological and demographic settings are important to consider?
providing sufficient residential space and avoiding large camps
Distal factors are ongoing and a function of institutional structure. Immediate factors are an imminent threat to a person or their community. Both can influence the spread of infectious and chronic disease. What are the immediate factors?
Overcrowding, insufficient vaccination coverage, high exposure to disease vectors, inadequate shelter, poor water/sanitation/hygiene conditions, lack of/delay in treatment, insufficient nutrient uptake, and violence
Distal factors are ongoing and a function of institutional structure. Immediate factors are an imminent threat to a person or their community. Both can influence the spread of infectious and chronic disease. What are distal factors?
Extreme poverty, political instability, inequalities, ethnic rivalry, economic stagnation, competition for resources, arms proliferation, climate, seismic risk, environment vulnerability
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