ETHN 142 Midterm 2

Why was Lewis Terman, psychologist, so invested in creating standardized testing in the US? (Stern Introduction)
A. He thought it would be a better way to judge people's academic performance than grades
B. He thought that standardized testing was a fair way of measuring intelligence across class
C. He was a eugenicist and thought that intelligence was racial and determined by genetics and was measured best in standardized tests so he used his statistical methods to dominate psychometrics
D. He wanted to try standardized testing in schools before implementing it at the polls to suppress Black voters
E. He wanted to try standardized testing in schools before implementing it into US citizenship tests
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Why was Lewis Terman, psychologist, so invested in creating standardized testing in the US? (Stern Introduction)
A. He thought it would be a better way to judge people's academic performance than grades
B. He thought that standardized testing was a fair way of measuring intelligence across class
C. He was a eugenicist and thought that intelligence was racial and determined by genetics and was measured best in standardized tests so he used his statistical methods to dominate psychometrics
D. He wanted to try standardized testing in schools before implementing it at the polls to suppress Black voters
E. He wanted to try standardized testing in schools before implementing it into US citizenship tests
He was a eugenicist and thought that intelligence was racial and determined by genetics and was measured best in standardized tests and he used his statistical methods to dominate psychometrics
In Gulbas's examination of the ways in which race motivates women in Venezuela to undergo cosmetic surgery procedures to resolve body dissatisfaction and low self-esteem often imposed by society, what physical characteristic is central to standards of facial and bodily harmony based on the ideal White body?
A. eyelids
B. nose
C. hair
D. lips
E. breasts
nose
Within the Dillaway reading, what makes surrogacy an attractive undertaking for the surrogates?
A. surrogates receive a surrogacy fee, often in the form of resources or installments of payments, that has the potential to improve their financial circumstances
B. It is not difficult for surrogates to make a claim to motherhood if they wish to keep the child they carry to term through the commercial surrogacy contract
C. Commercial surrogacy contracts are flexible and non-exploitative for the surrogates
D. Surrogates enjoy comfortable lifestyles and are always compensated fairly for their labor
E. During the gestational period of surrogacy, the safety and well-being of the surrogate often supersedes that of the child the surrogate carries
surrogates receive a surrogacy fee, often in the form of resources or installments of payments, that has the potential to improve their financial circumstances
Why was the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) ineffective for providing Navajo miners and their families compensation for exposure to uranium? (Lewis)
A. It did not consider Navajo sovereignty
B. The law required proof of lung cancer for compensation and fewer Navajo people smoked than non-Navajo people working in the mine so they were less likely to have it and thus be compensated than Non-Navajo people
C. It based compensation on wages and Navajo miners were paid less
D. It was too little too late
E. It was actually effective
The law required proof of lung cancer for compensation and fewer Navajo people smoked than non-Navajo people working in the mine so they were less likely to have it and thus be compensated than Non-Navajo people
Which states/countries do the Inuit peoples primarily inhabit? Select all that apply.
A. Alaska
B. Finland
C. Greenland
D. Canada
E. The Inuit peoples do not inhabit any of these states/countries.
F. The Inuit peoples inhabit all of these states/countries.
Alaska, Greenland, Canada
According to DePergola, which of the following is a problem of regulating compensated organ donation?
A. Difficulty of defining "safe practices" and conflicts of interest
B. Lack of infrastructure and policies (healthcare, transparency) to protect organ donors
C. Viewing organs as commodities raises questions over whether third parties (other than buyers or sellers) can claim an organ as property
D. Organs are limited in their fungibility as commodities
E. All are correct
All are correct
What is true about the 'one drop' rule? (Davis)
A. The 'one drop' rule and the underlying fear of racial mixing is a relic of the 19th century
B. Most Americans who are defined as white in the US have, according to the "one drop" rule, a significant percentage of African ancestry
C. Any white-skinned person who acknowledges African Ancestry, however distinct, does not implicitly acknowledge that they are Black
D. Does not live in the anxieties of White Americans in the US today
C. According to Davis, not the fear of exposure and having to internalize the external scapegoat, but rather a sense of shame about the past, is perhaps White America's most 'shameful' secret
Most Americans who are defined as white in the US have, according to the "one drop" rule, a significant percentage of African ancestry
According to Gulbas, which of the following are contemporary Venezuelan conceptions of race cluster:
I. Moreno
II. Negro
III. Blanco
IV. Mestizo

A. I, II, IV
B. II, III, IV
C. I, II, III,
D. I, III, IV
E. All of the above
I, II, III (Moreno, Negro, Blanco)
According to Vora, which of the following are considered part of the context of surrogacy that varies from clinic to clinic in India ?
A. Elective national guidelines for commercial assisted reproductive technology practice
B. Most clinics do not mandate surrogates to live in designated hostels
C. Many only accept non married women who have not given birth.
D. Self-care, concern, caution, and attention excluded from the affective labor produced by surrogates during pregnancy
E. Are not asked to breast-feed in order to prevent an emotional connection from forming
Elective national guidelines for commercial assisted reproductive technology practice
Which of the following are part of the three divisions of the female reproductive role within surrogacy?
I. Gestational
II. Genetic
III. Social
IV. Emotional
V. Financial

A. I, IV, V
B. II, III, IV
C. I, II, V
D. III, IV, V
E. I, II, III
I, II, III (Gestational, Genetic, Social)
What was the Cambodian Government's main reason for banning surrogacy? (BBC reading) A) surrogacy is seen as a form of human trafficking because the children, who are the victims, are sold as "goods". B) Surrogacy's economic profit didn't outweigh the harm done to the surrogate mothers. C) Surrogacy created a population decline in Cambodia. D) Surrogacy gave women greater freedom and economic advantage over men. E) None of the above.surrogacy is seen as a form of human trafficking because the children, who are the victims, are sold as "goods".Besides commercial surrogacy, what else did Cambodia ban? (BBC reading) (Choose all that apply) A) Bloodletting of children for any reason B) Organ Trafficking C) Exportation of breast milk D) Mixed race surrogacy E) All the aboveOrgan Trafficking Exportation of breast milkAccording to Singer, climate change threatens human health through climate-sensitive infectious diseases by: (select all that apply) A. Changing the spatial distributions of infectious diseases B. Affecting annual/seasonal cycles C. Altering disease incidence and severity D. All the above E. Creating more favorable hosts for diseasesChanging the spatial distributions of infectious diseases, Affecting annual/seasonal cycles, Altering disease incidence and severityClimate sensitive infectious diseases are more prevalent in zoonotic pathogens. Which of the following is the pathogen with the highest sensitivity? A. Liver disease B. Borrelia Burgdorferi C. Ebola D. Vibrio Cholera E. Bacillus AnthracicVibrio CholeraAccording to Bullard, select all that apply to what a Blackbelt is? A. Representation of geopolitical power B. Second-class status for Blacks C. Epitome of American apartheid with its rigid segregation practices D. Band of counties with 40% or more Black population extending from North Carolina to Louisiana E. Epitome of American apartheid with its flexible segregationRepresentation of geopolitical power Second-class status for Blacks Epitome of American apartheid with its rigid segregation practices Band of counties with 40% or more Black population extending from North Carolina to Louisiana (all except flexible segregation)What did the United Church of Christ find in their study? (select all that apply) A. Zip codes with more than one treatment, storage, or disposal facility (TSDF) or with one of the five largest landfills in the US had the highest proportion of minorities B. Zip codes with one TSDF had 12.3 percent minority population C. 3 out of 5 Black and Hispanic Americans lived in communities with uncontrolled toxic waste sites D. Zip codes with no TSDFs had 50 percent minority population E. Zip codes and TSDFs had NO correlation to minority populations.Zip codes with more than one treatment, storage, or disposal facility (TSDF) or with one of the five largest landfills in the US had the highest proportion of minorities 3 out of 5 Black and Hispanic Americans lived in communities with uncontrolled toxic waste sitesWhat ethical question did Amadio pose? A. Is social media responsible for setting the standards of beauty? B. Do specialists bear any responsibility for promoting injurious standards of beauty? C. Do men contribute to setting the standard of beauty? D. Are both society and specialists responsible for promoting injurious standards of beauty? E. All of the aboveDo specialists bear any responsibility for promoting injurious standards of beauty?According to Brook, which of the following is true? (Select one or more of the options below) A. Genocide is ultimately also homicide B. Instead of conquistadors armed with weapons of destruction and war, the new assault is disguised as 'political empowerment' promoted by politicians pushing poisonous technologies. C. 2 major categories of people who illegally dump waste on tribal land are "Nocturnal dumpers" and "Native entrepreneurs" D. Tribal governments consider or plan waste facilities because some reservations are sparsely populated and therefore have surplus land for business activities E. Many reservations are rural and remote, so there are many lucrative business opportunities available to themTribal governments consider or plan waste facilities because some reservations are sparsely populated and therefore have surplus land for business activitiesWhich of the following are true regarding the disparities that Native Americans face in health measures? Select all that apply A. Higher diabetes mortality rate than all races in the US B. Higher infectious disease mortality rate than all races in the US C. Higher liver disease mortality rate than all races in the US D. Suicide rate 2.5 times lower for Native youth E. 28% lower infant mortality rate compared to non-Hispanic whitesHigher diabetes mortality rate than all races in the US, Higher infectious disease mortality rate than all races in the US, Higher liver disease mortality rate than all races in the USMāori explicitly consider a healthy environment to be a prerequisite for good health. In what ways does climate change affect the Māori population? A. Loss of identity due to displacement and dispossession of lands, resources, and waters is intimately linked to adverse physical and mental health outcomes B. Māori economy is invested in climate-sensitive primary industries, and is likely to experience significant adverse effects from global environmental and socioeconomic trends as a result of climate change C. Losses in the Māori economy will increase unemployment and reduce average income, thereby affecting the capacity of households to secure the resources necessary for good health. D. Māori and other socially disadvantaged groups tend to experience disproportionately adverse health outcomes from economic changes that increase social inequality E. All of the aboveAll of the aboveAccording to Jones, how has colonization affected Indigenous communities? Choose all that apply. A. Dispossession of land B. Political marginalization C. Social marginalization D. Economic gain E. Destabilization of cultural foundationsDispossession of land Political marginalization Social marginalization Destabilization of cultural foundations (all except economic gain)Some communities are typical locations in toxic-waste facilities. What types of residents are a high percentage of these communities? A. Elderly B. Poor C. Minority D. Young E. Non-MinorityElderly, poor, minority, young (all except non-minority)Through what type of manipulation would 'reproductive imperialism' be achieved towards certain populations, according to the Kuumba reading? Select all that apply A. Foreign partnerships B. Migration C. Breeding D. Genocide E. All of the aboveMigration, breeding, genocideWhich of these statements are TRUE for the process of Amniocentesis? (Gupta reading) A. The process of sex determination for selective abortion of female fetuses B. It was first introduced in India, in 1975 C. Society had a preference towards female children D. Society had a preference towards male children E. New slogan of the Indian family planning program, NRR1 (Net Reproductive Rate of 1): No more than one daughter per couple.The process of sex determination for selective abortion of female fetuses It was first introduced in India, in 1975. Society had a preference towards male children, new slogan of the Indian family planning program, NRR1 (Net Reproductive Rate of 1): No more than one daughter per couple. (All except Society had a preference toward female children)Based on the Lewis reading, which of the following is NOT a reason why Native Americans are at greater risk for health disparities and suffering from environmental racism? a. From eating and harvesting local plants that have been contaminated from toxic waste b. Using contaminated local plants for ceremonial and medicinal purposes c. Native Americans are genetically predisposed to health disparities d. Drinking from historically used water sources e. Disregard for the ethical and legal guarantees of treaties made between Native American tribal nations and the United States GovernmentNative Americans are genetically predisposed to health disparitiesWhat is/are the key challenge(s) of tracking environmental inequalities at workplaces? a. Most environmental inequality studies focus exclusively on the proximity of pollutants to communities of color and low-income residential neighborhoods b. The US Environmental Protection Agency protects primarily white communities faster and more readily than communities of color c. Toxic pollution affects neighborhoods around the area of contamination equally, regardless of racial and class population concentrations d. Most electronics workers are selective recruited following ethnic and gender segregation, with hiring managers selecting primarily immigrant women. It is difficult for studies to identify "female" communities using census data, overlooking the disproportionate impact of toxic workplaces. e. It is difficult to connect studies on the effects of hazardous work to environmental justice studies.Most environmental inequality studies focus exclusively on the proximity of pollutants to communities of color and low-income residential neighborhoods Most electronics workers are selective recruited following ethnic and gender segregation, with hiring managers selecting primarily immigrant women. It is difficult for studies to identify "female" communities using census data, overlooking the disproportionate impact of toxic workplaces2. In our reading, Bienkowski mentioned that: (Select one or more of the following) A. Water contamination - more specifically alkali mine drainage - in Keweenaw Bay stem from the sulfide mining method and significantly impacts nearby rivers, lakes and ground water sources. B. Low income and environmental threats do not go hand-in-hand thanks to the government's efforts to address environmental justice concerns. C. According to EPA, the environmental justice issues facing Native American communities range from direct environmental, public health, cultural and sacred sites impacts, to lack of meaningful involvement and fair treatment in the governmental decision-making processes. D. Native Americans are less vulnerable than other disadvantaged groups because of the abundance of their natural resources. E. Since early European immigration - palpable culture clashes with Native Americans - Indigenous people have been on the losing end and have suffered from infectious diseases, forced assimilation, and land grabs.According to EPA, the environmental justice issues facing Native American communities range from direct environmental, public health, cultural and sacred sites impacts, to lack of meaningful involvement and fair treatment in the governmental decision-making processes Since early European immigration - palpable culture clashes with Native Americans - Indigenous people have been on the losing end and have suffered from infectious diseases, forced assimilation, and land grabs. (C and E)According to the Cohen reading which of these statements are true (Select all that apply): I. Few persons in India can afford the cost of transplantation or dialysis whether or not organ sales are legalized, the majority of persons with end stage renal disease will die. II. Buyers of kidneys often underestimate the risks and long term costs of immunosuppressive therapy leads to dose tapering and organ rejection after catastrophic expenditure. III. In major urban areas a growing number of transplant programs led to intensified competition in the mid-1990s for recipients who could afford the cost. IV. Most people in India have a high standard of living, with plenty of access to hospital care, and therefore are able to survive easily with one kidney. V. Men donate kidneys more often than women in India.Few persons in India can afford the cost of transplantation or dialysis whether or not organ sales are legalized, the majority of persons with end stage renal disease will die Buyers of kidneys often underestimate the risks and long term costs of immunosuppressive therapy leads to dose tapering and organ rejection after catastrophic expenditure In major urban areas a growing number of transplant programs led to intensified competition in the mid-1990s for recipients who could afford the costAmerican feminist thinker Donna Haraway argues that which of the options below is a breach of the ontological essentialism in her concept metaphor of the 'cyborg'? (George reading) a. organism and machine b. human and animal c. animal and machine d. all of the above e. organ and computerOrganism and machineFeminist critique of Marx's definition of reproductive labor include: 1. Reproductive labor as productive in and of itself as production of immediate life rather than just support of the masculine worker 2. Notes on the limit of the capacity of labor to fully encompass the accumulation made possible through gendered and racial dispossession 3. Critique on the Marx's view of reproductive labor as invisible: destruction and outsourcing of the family unit and domestic roles was essential to racial capitalist growth 4. Surrogacy and other sexual modes of production blur the boundaries of the Marxist definition of reproductive labor 5. All of the aboveAll of the aboveAccording to Brugge, what factor did NOT contribute to Navajo men working in the uranium mines? A. The location of the job site was close by B. They were paid above minimum wage and the job offered many benefits C. The men were thankful for the employment opportunity D. Uranium mining was one of the only jobs available E. Uranium mining represented a first contact with the broader US wage economy for many Navajo families'They were paid above minimum wage and the job offered many benefitsAccording to Pellow and Park, the high-tech industry drives down the cost of labor and environmental compliance by employing which of the following groups? Select all that apply. A. women B. immigrants C. People of color D. Young people under 30 E. All the groups above are specifically targetedWomen, immigrants, people of colorZwart analyzes the movie Crank 2: High Voltage where the white male protagonist Chelios runs through a multi-ethnic urban setting trying to find the heart that was taken out of his chest and implanted into a Chinese Gangster. What does Zwart make of the racial dynamics of this movie and other transplant cinema? A. It often is full of denial: for the most part, wealthy white people are the recipients of the harvested organs of vulnerable people of color B. It reflects the real dynamics of organ transplantation C. Race and ethnicity do not affect organ transplantation and harvesting D. Crank 2: High Voltage is based on a true story and has insightful commentary on the racial dynamics of the organ black market E. None of the above are trueIt often is full of denial: for the most part, wealthy white people are the recipients of the harvested organs of vulnerable people of colorWhat impact did Clarence Gamble have on birth control in Puerto Rico? (Briggs Chapter 3) A. Gamble was the first person to introduce birth control specifically for male people to Puerto Rico B. Gamble wanted to spread birth control and limit female fertility across all classes C. Gamble was a radical Catholic who believed all birth control was unethical and campaigned to eliminate birth control D. Gamble spread the use of spermicidal jellies and limited the use of the more effective diaphragm, paving the way for sterilization in the future E. Gamble pioneered the use of birth control pills and supported local clinicsGamble spread the use of spermicidal jellies and limited the use of the more effective diaphragm, paving the way for sterilization in the futureIn Chennai, India where a lot of women donate their kidneys, what is the social connotation of the scar from the transplant surgery? A. The scar has a lot of social stigma like a dark mark B. The scar is never connected to sexism and domestic abuse C. At the start, the scar is like a badge of survival but over time it becomes a symbol of constant debt D. The scar is a badge of honor E. None of the aboveAt the start, the scar is like a badge of survival but over time it becomes a symbol of constant debtWhat did the GAO report reveal about the Indian Health Service (IHS) and their role in sterilizing Indigenous women? (Lawrence) A. The IHS violated Department of Health Education and Welfare (HEW) regulations around consent form and procedures and sterilized between 25 to 50% of Indigenous women between 1970-1976 B. It was not the IHS but the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) who forcibly sterilized Indigenous women C. The IHS NEVER had Indigenous women sign forms to be sterilized right after giving birth D. The IHS provided sterilization but emphasized other forms of birth control for Indigenous women E. The IHS followed the HEW regulations on the consent forms and did not sterilize many Indigenous women.The IHS violated Department of Health Education and Welfare (HEW) regulations around consent form and procedures and sterilized between 25 to 50% of Indigenous women between 1970-1976According to Kaw, what are the consequences of the association of rationality with Western medicine? A. Because Western medicine is so rational, it is never wrong B. With its emphasis on rationality, Western medicine often misses the metaphysical and social aspects of health C. Because Western medicine is so rational, it rejects the notion that some racialized features (ex. noses) are better than others because this is untrue and race is a social construct D. Because Western medicine is associated with just rationality, we often miss the emotional labor that doctors perform E. Scientific rationality gives Western medicine considerable social power and legitimacy to define health, with consequences such as naturalizing racial features and associating non-white features with negative connotationsScientific rationality gives Western medicine considerable social power and legitimacy to define health, with consequences such as naturalizing racial features and associating non-white features with negative connotationsWhat is the current situation regarding the Chippewa tribe and the Treaty of 1842? A. After the treaty of 1842, the Chippewa tribe ceded the land bordering Lake Hudson, and have not used the land since. B. The treaty of 1842 resulted in the removal of the Chippewa tribe from the Michigan area with relocation to the Arizona area. C. After the treaty of 1842, the Chippewa tribe ceded the land bordering Lake Superior, but are still allowed to use the land for fishing, gathering, and hunting purposes. D. The treaty of 1842 resulted in the Chippewa tribe's land being forcibly seized and the Chippewa were relocated to Utah. E. Due to sickness and suppression by the US government, most of the Chippewa people never made it to relocated areas.After the treaty of 1842, the Chippewa tribe ceded the land bordering Lake Superior, but are still allowed to use the land for fishing, gathering, and hunting purposes.What are some of the risk factors associated with disparities in health outcomes that Native populations who are close to community waste sites face? Select all that apply. A. Compromised underlying health status B. Poor infrastructure / lack of community funds C. Poverty D. Low educational status E. All of the aboveAll of the aboveJones discusses Māori health disparities despite their internationally recognized autonomy in their health services by the treaty of Te Tiriti o Waitangi. What are some expected Māori health impacts of climate change in Aotearoa/New Zealand discussed by Jones? Choose all that apply A. Decreased infant mortality/miscarriages B. Increased cardiorespiratory diseases from air pollution C. Ultraviolet radiation causing increased eye disease D. Increased mental health issues E. No change in outdoor activityIncreased cardiorespiratory diseases from air pollution, Ultraviolet radiation causing increased eye disease, Increased mental health issues