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WHAP: 1.1 The Song Dynasty

Terms in this set (26)

Bureaucracy
A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials. The Song Dynasty utilized this as a state structure by establishing 6 major industries that were overseen by a censorate.
Censorate
Part of the Chinese bureaucracy that made sure government officials were doing their jobs. Under the Song Dynasty, they oversaw 6 major industries.
Examination System
A system of selecting officials based on competitive written tests. The Song Dynasty revived the tradition established by the Hans but elaborated it by printing books.
Merit
Ability. Under the Song Dynasty, exams were based on this notion & Confucian texts.
social mobility
Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another. Under the Song Dynasty, sponsorship of commoners within the examination system occurred allowing this to happen.
nepotism
Favoritism shown to family or friends by those in power, especially in business or hiring practices. Under the Song Dynasty, this practice helped explain why the examination system didn't work as intended & why most aristocratic families held majority of public offices.
Hangzhou
Capital of the Song Dynasty that experienced urbanization thus allowing a population that exceeded 1 million people.
Champa Rice
A quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that can allow two harvests, of sixty days each in one growing season. It allowed The Song Dynasty to thrive with rapid population growth.
Metallurgy
The science and technology of metals. Under the Song Dynasty, industrial focus on this field focused on suits of armor, coins, tools, construction, & bells for Buddhist monasteries.
Coal
Fueled industrial production, provided energy to heat homes, & created pollution during The Song Dynasty.
Technological Innovation of the Song Dynasty
- printing (woodblock & movable type) led to world's first printed books
- navigation & shipbuilding
- gunpowder
Commercialization
Under the Song Dynasty, this occurred when people began to produce for the market, rather than for locals. It was supported by networks of internal waterways. The most significant of which was the Grand Canal.
Grand Canal
A canal linking northern and southern China. It allowed for cheap movement of goods & specialization of crop sales.
promissory notes
Written promise to pay back borrowed money. It became popular due to the Song government's requirement to pay taxes in cash which pushed peasants to sell products or labor.
Gunpowder
Invented in China. The Song Dynasty used it to make the first guns & the technology spread to Eurasia on the Silk Road.
scholar gentry
In China, a new social class that outnumbered aristocracy. They controlled much of the land and produced most of the candidates for civil service.
Proto-industrialization
Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.
Woodblock Printing
A type of printing in which text is carved into a block of wood and the block is then coated with ink and pressed on the page.
Buddhism In China
Spread from India via the Silk Roads, it became widespread during the Tang Dynasty & became popular, in part, due a 7th century Buddhist monk and as a result of the development of syncretic faiths that fused traditions together.
Theravada Buddhism
Focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. It became strongest in Southeast Asia.
Mahayana Buddhism
Focused on the spiritual growth for all beings and service. It became the strongest in China and Korea.
TIbetan Buddhism
Focused on chanting. It became strongest in Tibet.
Syncretic Faiths
Fused or combined religions. An example of this in China is Chan Buddhism / Zen Buddhism.
filial piety
In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.
Neo-Confucianism
A syncretic faith that combined rational thought with abstract ideas of Daoism & Buddhism. It was popular in Japan, Korea, & Vietnam.
Foot Binding
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.
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