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biol 319- exam 1

Terms in this set (70)

What is anatomy?
the scientific discipline that investigates the body's structures (STRUCTURE)
what is physiology?
the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things (FUNCTION)
How are anatomy and physiology linked?
structure determines function, can't have one without the other
Can A&P be studied together or separately?
yes, but there is a greater benefit in studying them together
can a&p be studied regionally?
yes
can a&p be studied systematically?
yes
what does regionally mean?
study all systems in a region (region by region)
what does systematically mean?
study systems of grouped structures (body systems)
what approaches are used in biol 319?
We talk about them together (mainly systemic but some regional)
what does integrative a&p mean?
that they are studied together (at same time)
what 4 elements make up most of body's molecules by mass?
C- carbon
O- oxygen
H- hydrogen
N- nitrogen
most prominent molecule of the body by mass?
H2O (water)
what % of this body mass does the molecule comprise in the young adult?
How does this percentage vary throughout life?
67%
lowers because you get less water as you age
does this molecule consist of atomic makeup of one or more of the four most prominent elements mentioned above? which?
water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen
what four macromolecule types are integral to the makeup of a cell?
nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), fats/lipids, carbohydrates, proteins (made up of aas)
different levels one can study/learn/discuss anatomy and/or physiology?
chemical level, cell level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level
gross anatomy
structures that can be examined without a microscope (naked eye)
gross=large in German
Can gross anatomy be studied regionally?
yes - any way
Can gross anatomy be studied systemically?
yes - by body system (ie skeletal, muscular, digestive)
What is histology?
the microscopic study of tissues
what piece of equipment is needed to study histology? is this the only think a professional histologist would need? if not, what else?
good light microscope
they also use stains to bring out the features of the tissues they want to examine
have to slice tissue first into microscopic slices (use microtome)
also need an electron microscope
4 main tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
which 2 of these tissue types have lots of subdivision categories nested within them, compared to the remaining two?
epithelial tissue and connective tissue
does histology fit under the umbrella of anatomy? explain
yess, anatomy is the study of structure. Cells have unique structures.
Since histology is the study of tissues, and tissues are made of cells, this fits.
what piece of equipment is usually necessary for studying the detailed structure of cellular organelles? "ultra structure" of cells? why?
electron microscope
because you can't see any detail of organelles In light microscopes
once organelle is less than the shortest wavelength of visible light (<400nm), can't see it
(regard to previous question)
Rather than a beam of visible light, this instrument uses a beam of ____. Rather than using using glass to focus a beam, a ____ is used.
electrons, magnetic field
define "organ"
a structure in body composed of at least 2 tissues that has a specialized function
organs mentioned in class
bladder, kidneys, skin, heart
Is the urinary bladder an example of an organ?
yes
Are any other bones or skeletal muscles considered an organ? if so-what?
yes, biceps brachii of the arm and leg
classify whether organ or tissue
areolar connective tissue-T
Smooth muscle-T
the skin-O
the heart-O
the spinal cord-O
brain-O
gallbladder-O
pancreas-O
for the second slide of the first lecture, know about how smooth muscle is a component of the bladder
smooth muscle is the predominant tissue in the bladder, it is involuntary. It squeezes urine out of the bladder
what other tissued comprise the makeup of the bladder and what is the significance of each?
epithelial tissue: innermost, lines the bladder's surface: withstands friction
connective tissue: provides rigidity to bladder expansion, adds fibrous strength; keeps bladder from rupturing
know the other organs of the urinary system (what is another name of this system) along with a brief description of anatomy and physiology of the organs that comprise this system
Urinary system (aka) excretory system
organs that comprise it:
-kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
-kidneys (2): filter blood (blood in, urine out)
-ureters (2): transport the urine to bladder
-bladder: stores urine
-urethra: where urine exits the body
are there other organs in this system that also contain smooth muscle? if so, what is the function of smooth muscle in this (these) organs?
ureters are lined with smoothed muscle; they contract to take urine from kidney to bladder even when lying down
what initiates the feeling that one needs to urinate?
when the urinary bladder is full, the smooth muscle involuntarily contracts
can one consciously control smooth muscle contraction?
yes, you can voluntarily contract sphincter muscles (circular muscles) to counteract the bladder's contraction
explain how the bladder qualifies as an organ
to qualify as an organ, things have to be made up of at least 2 tissue types and serve a specific function. the bladder is made up of 3 tissue types (epithelial, connective, and smooth) and its function is to hold urine
assuming we count the reproductive system as two systems (depending on whether you are male or female). about how many systems comprise the human body?
12 systems
(1) integumentary
(2) skeletal
(3) muscular
(4) nervous
(5) endocrine
(6) cardiovascular
(7) lymphatic and immune
(8) respiratory
(9) digestive
(10) urinary
(11,12) reproductive
can the two systems with large overlapping functions be referred to as one "super-system" or amalgamated system. if so, which one(s)?
musculoskeletal system: the muscular and skeletal system work together to effect movement
muscles provide tension and skeleton provides something to pull against
the nerve system controls movement
what organ(s) make up the integumentary system?
skin (organ) and its associated structures (nails, hair)
by weight, how large is this compared to other organs of the body?
largest organ of the body (weighs about 11 pounds)
what are the "macroscopic" accessory structures that originates from the skin?
hair and nails
explain, to the extent gone over in class up to this point, how is the skin a vital organ?
the skin is extremely vital because it provides protection, detection, and regulation. It protects from bacteria, viruses, and serves as mechanical protection. it detects pain, pressure, temperature, and vibrations. it regulates heat and water
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
cardiac, smooth, skeletal
of the three muscle tissue types, which type is by far the predominant tissue type in organ that make up an entire body system?
skeletal muscle tissue
predominant tissue in all of the skeletal muscles (650 muscles)
what type of muscle tissue is understood to be the major tissue component of the "muscular system"?
skeletal muscle tissue
muscular system= skeletal muscle
what about the other two muscle tissue types?
there is no smooth muscle tissue or cardiac muscle tissue in the muscular system. cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart (cardiovascular system). Smooth muscle tissue is found in many systems
can the organs of the muscular system be under conscious control?
yes, skeletal muscle is voluntary (under conscious control)
can skeletal muscle be under unconscious control under any circumstance?
yes, there are some exceptions where skeletal muscle is involuntary. shivering for thermoregulation and spinal cord reflexes
ex. patellar ligament stimulation leg kicks when doc hits w/ triangular hammer are two exceptions
is the biceps brachii (of your arm) a tissue, an organ , or an organ system?
organ
a skeletal muscle is made up of skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and adipose tissue and serves specific functions
approximately how many skeletal muscles do humans have?
650
is the smooth muscle incorporated into the wall of the urinary bladder, a tissue, an organ, or an organ system? explain
tissue. it is made up of only smooth muscle tissue and in order to classify as an organ it needs to be made up of two tissue types
what system(s) does the muscular system most closely partner with for the purpose of executing purposeful, productive movements?
skeletal system (scaffolding)
nervous system (control)
besides the specific type of muscle tissue that makes up the muscular system, there exist two other types of muscle tissue
smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue
of these two tissue types, which is found only in one organ that resides in only one other system
cardiac muscle (involuntary) is only found in the heart which is an organ of the cardiovascular system
of these two tissue types, which is an important tissue component across a number of other systems
smooth muscle (involuntary)
name at least 4 such systems
cardiovascular systems
lymphatic and immune
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
define the peripheral nervous system
PNS; the nerves
define the central nervous system
CNS; the brain and spinal cord
where is the CNS located?
skull and vertebral column (where brain and spinal cord are)
what is the relationship of the CNS with the skeletal system?
CNS takes info sent and detected by PNS, processes it, sends out an impulse to control some part of the body and that impulse is distributed by the PNS
-CNS never sends impulses directly to the skeletal system
-it sends impulses to the muscular system and that controls the skeletal system
-skeletal system can send signals to the CNS (pain signals)
what is the relationship of the nervous system with the muscular system?
PNS distributes the impulses made from CNS to control some part of the body
what are the two organs that comprise the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
where is the PNS located?
all nervous tissues not in CNS
are nerves a part of the PNS OR CNS?
PNS
how many cranial nerve pairs are there compared with the number of spinal cord nerve pairs?
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal cord nerves
-each nerve is a 2 way street
what role do nerves play and how does this compare to the role of the CNS?
nerves take info to the CNS and then distribute the commands made by the CNS throughout the body
CNS makes decisions, nerves sends impulses out to the targets
is the nervous system a control system?
yes, the nervous system makes decisions and sends commands
spinal cord can make decisions w/o the brain. info gets to the spinal cord first then to the brain
anatomically, does the spinal cord extend all the way down to the tail bone?
the spinal cord ends around the waistline but its nerves continue to innervate the inferior portion
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