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LAB 6 LOWER LIMBS

Terms in this set (164)

3 primary functions of the lower limb
- locomotion
- supporting body weight
- maintaining balance
Where is the hip joint located?
between pelvis and femur
Weight bearing bone of the leg
tibia- medial
Head of the femur
articulates with hip
fovea capitis
pit in the head of a femur- helps with orientation
Neck of the femur
helps distribute weight from head into shaft of femur
linea aspera
splits posterior femur into 2 halves
trochanter of femur
large, rough projection
epicondyles of femur
medial and lateral; located proximally to condyles; ligament attachment;
condyle of femur
rounded articular projection sit on top of tibia
intercondylar fossa
depression between the condyles of femur
condyle of tibia
flat articular surfaces that articulate movement- meet at the interconduylar eminence
Differences in the distal ends of tibia vs fibula
Tibia- has medial extension known as medial malleolus
fibula- lateral malleolus

- attached
proximal attachment of fibula and tibia
head of fibula- rounded and tight
distal attachment of fibula and tibia
more arrow/ diamond shaped
tibial tuberosity of tibia, function
attachment of patellar ligament/ tendon
- when quads contract, causes extension of knee
Largest joint in the body
knee, synovial hinge joint
knee joint kept stable by 3 ligaments:
- patella tendon
- medial collateral ligament- tibia
- lateral collateral ligament- fibula
patella tendon/ ligament
tendon that connects knee to thigh- a continuation of quadriceps tendon
Medial collateral ligament
Runs from medial epicondyle of femur to the tibia
Lateral collateral ligament
a ligament that attaches to the femur and the fibula; maintains stability of the lateral aspect of the knee joint
anterior cruciate ligament
a cruciate ligament of each knee that attaches the front of the tibia with the back of the femur and functions especially to prevent hyperextension of the knee and is subject to injury especially by tearing —called also ACL
posterior cruciate ligament
medial-to-lateral attachment on the tibia
Regions of the lower limb
gluteal, thigh, leg, foot
gluteal thigh action function
- extending thigh- sitting and standing
- rotating, abducting, medial rotating
3 compartments of the thigh
1. Anterior- extending knee and flexing hip
2. Medial- adducting
3. Posterior- contains muscles that extend hip and flex knee
Anterior compartment of the thigh function/ action
extending knee and flexing hip
medial compartment of the thigh function/ action
adducting
posterior compartment of the thigh function/ action
contains muscles that extend hip and flex knee
3 compartments of the leg
1. Anterior- deep fibular, dorsifelx
2. Lateral- superficial fib, eversion
3. Posterior- tibial, plantarflexion

- sciatic nerve--> common fib and fibular --> common fib --> superficial and deep fibular
medial compartment of the thigh action & innervation
adduct muscles in hip joint- octorator nerve
posterior compartment of the thigh action & innervation
hamstring group acts on hip to extend and knee to flex- able to do this bc attached to pelvis and leg
- sciatic nerve
anterior compartment of the thigh action & innervation
quadriceps group cross on knee to pulls on tibia to extend knee and hip flexion
- femoral nerve
Muscles of the anterior thigh- quads
- rectus femoris: helps with flexion of hip and extension of knee
- vastus medialis: straightens knee during extension
- vastus lateralis:
- vatuss intermedius: located behind rectus femoris
Muscles of the anterior thigh- hip flexors... where do they connect and what do they form
- psoas major
- iliacus
joint through inguinal ligament to become ilopsoas
- pectinous
- also sartorius
distal attachment of quads of anterior thigh
- attached through quadriceps tendon
- patella through tendon/ ligament
- continuation of quads to tibia or patella and tibia
quadriceps tendon
common tendon for quadriceps group, attaches to patella
muscles of posterior thighs are dominated by.... what are the muscles and where do they cross
hamstrings
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- long head of the biceps femoris

cross hip and knee
semitendinosus- posterior thighs action
Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip; belongs to the hamstring group
semimembranosus posterior thighs action
Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip; belongs to the hamstring group
- cross hip and knee
long head of the biceps femoris posterior thighs action
Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip; belongs to the hamstring group
- long- hamstring muscle
- short- not hamstring
point of attachment for hamstring muscles
ischial tuberosity
action of hamstring
flex knee and extend hip
short head of biceps femoris action
flexion of knee
3 compartments of the leg
1. Anterior
2. Lateral
3. Posterior
tibia and fibula are connected by
interosseous membrane
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (4) and innervation
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius

Deep Fibular Nerve
extensor digitorum longus action and innervation- anterior leg
Extends little toes
Deep Fibular Nerve
Fibularis tertius action and innervation- anterior leg
eversion, dorsiflexion
Deep Fibular Nerve
tibialis anterior action and innervation- anterior leg
dorsiflexes foot, and inverts foot
Deep Fibular Nerve
extensor hallucis longus action and innervation- anterior leg
dorsiflex foot, raise big toe
Deep Fibular Nerve
Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (2)
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
nerve located in the lateral compartment of the leg
superficial fibular nerve
eversion
nerve located in the posterior compartment of the leg
tibial nerve
plantarflexion
action of anterior portion of foot
dorsiflexion
medial malleolus
distal process on medial tibial surface
lateral malleolus
process forming the outer ankle- distal end of fibula
muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg (4)- superficial
Gastrocnemius medial and lateral, Plantaris, soleus
calcaneus bone and action- posterior compartment of the leg
heel bone
gastrocnemius medial and lateral action and innervation- posterior compartment of the leg
Plantar flexes foot at ankle; flexes leg at knee joint
Tibial nerve
Plantaris muscle action and innervation- posterior compartment of the leg
plantar flexion, flexion of leg at knee
tibial nerve
soleus muscle action and innervation- posterior compartment of the leg
plantar flexion of foot
tibial nerve
Muscles posterior compartment of the leg- deep (4)
Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus
tibial
tibialis posterior action and innervation- posterior compartment of the leg- deep
plantar flexes and inverts foot
tibial nerve
flexor digitorum longus action and innervation- posterior compartment of the leg- deep
flexes toes, plantarflexion
tibial nerve
flexor hallucis longus action and innervation- posterior compartment of the leg- deep
flexion of great toe
tibial nerve
nerve innervating the posterior leg
tibial nerve
3 compartments of the thigh/ lower limb & innervation
1. anterior- femoral
2. medial- obturator
3. posterior- sciatic
anterior compartment of the thigh innervation
femoral
assists in hip flexion and knee extension
medial compartment of the thigh innervation
obturator
adductor of thigh
posterior compartment of the thigh innervation
sciatic
hamstring muscles
extend hip and flex knee
anterior compartment of thigh contain which muscles
- quads
- rectus femurs
3 compartments of the leg & innervation
1. anterior- deep fibular nerve
2. lateral- superficial nerve
3. posterior- tibial nerve
anterior compartment of the leg innervation
deep fibular nerve
dorsiflexion of the ankle
lateral compartment of the leg innervation
superficial fibular nerve
eversion of foot and plantar flexion
posterior compartment of the leg innervation
tibial nerve
plantar flexor of ankle
blood exits the heart via
aorta
as aorta leaves thoracic cavity it becomes __
abdominal aorta
abdominal aorta carries- what does it split into
combined blood from thorax to reach lower limbs
splits into right common iliac and left common iliac
right common iliac and left common iliac supplies
right and left lower limbs
once right and left common iliac arteries reach pelvis, they split into
internal and external iliac
external iliac artery path
supplies lower limbs

As the external iliac artery passes under the inguinal ligament and into the thigh, it is renamed femoral artery
The femoral artery supplies the
anterior thigh

The deep femoral a. (aka deep artery of the thigh), supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh.
internal iliac artery path
branch from comm. to structures within true pelvis
blood vessels around can be divided into
those that arise from external vs internal iliac arteries (came from abdominal aorta)
external iliac artery pass where and what Is path
pass deep. inferior to inguinal ligament and becomes femoral artery
from femoral it becomes deep femoral artery
femoral artery supplies anterior and medial compartment of thigh
deep femoral supplies hip and posterior compartment of thigh --> superior gluteal artery
femoral artery supplies
anterior and medial compartment of thigh
deep femoral supplies
hip and posterior compartment of thigh
superior gluteal artery
came from internal iliac artery-- supplies glutes largest branch of the internal iliac artery
inferior gluteal
came from internal iliac artery--supplies gluteus maximus and hips
Piriformis
laterally rotates and abducts thigh
Parts of the femur
Greater and lesser trochanter
Body
Head
Medial and lateral condyle
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Patella surface
Neck
patella surface of femur
Medial and lateral epicondyles of femur
great trochanter of femur
large process on the femur for attachment of tendons and muscles
medial and lateral condyle of femur
head of femur
articulates with the acetabulum
neck of femur
lesser trochanter
femur
bones of the foot
tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
tarsals of foot
bones of the hip
ilium, ischium, pubis
pubis of thigh
ilium of thigh
ischium of thigh
bones of the thigh
femur and patella
bones of the Lower legs
tibia and fibula
Why is fibula on lateral side
its not weight bearing- we want stronger bone (fibula) to be in middle to support distribution of weight
Bones of the Foot: Tarsals
calcaneus
cuboid
talus
navicular
medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
lateral cuneiform - tarsal
medial cuneiform- tarsal
intermediate cuneiform- tarsal
navicular- tarsal
cuboid- tarsal
talus- tarsal function
articulates with the tibia
hallux
big toe
distal phalanx of hallux
importance of big toe
stability and balance
What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?
keeps the tibia from moving forward on the femur- prevents hyperextension of knee
What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)?
Prevents tibia from moving backwards on the femur- prevents hyper flexion of knee
Explain the "Unhappy triad"
This happens when the knee is extended and locked and then receives a blow on the lateral surface
The unhappy triad is a tear in the________, ______, and ________
ACL, Medial meniscus, and tibial, collateral ligament
Structures of the knee joint
slide 14
Ligaments of the knee joint
- Lateral patellofemoral: patella to femur
- Lateral patellar retinaculum
- Anterior ligament of fibular head
- tibial collateral ligament- medial- post
- lateral collateral ligament
- anterior cruciate ligmanet
- posterior meniscofemoral ligament
- fibular collateral ligament


posterior
- ACL
- PCL
function of the patella
protects knee joint- provide smooth surface for tendon to run across during flexion and extension
primary bones of knee joint
tibia, femur

Patella, Fibula
function of ligament
Connects bone to bone
What type of joint is the knee?
hinge- flexion, extension
Miniscus of the knee joint
- lateral and medial meniscus
Bones of the metatarsals and phalanges
1st and 5th metatatsals
proximal and distal phalanx of hallux
function fo hallux
lift big toe
proximal phalanges
middle phalanges
distal phalanges
tarsal bones
calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform
Muscles of the anterior thigh- action & innervation
flexion at the hip
extend at the knee

Sartorius- flexes hip and knee (starts at lateral side and crosses over to medial side)

quad
Rectus Femoris- Extends legs at knee joint, flexes thigh at hip joint

Vastus Medialis- Extends legs at knee joint

Vastus Intermedius- Extends legs at knee joint

Vastus Lateralis- Extends legs at knee joint

ALL FEMORAL
Muscles of the posterior thigh- action & innervation
extension at hip
flexion of knee

Biceps femoris-long head: Flexes at knee joint and extends thigh at hip- TIBIAL

Biceps femoris- short head: Flexes at knee joint- COMMON FIBULAR- NOT HAMSTRING

Semimembranosus: Flexes leg at knee and extends thigh at hip joint- TIBIAL

semitendinosus: Flex at knee, extend thigh at hip-TIBIAL
what nerve innervates muscles of anterior thigh
femoral nerve
long vs short muscle
long has longer tendon
What does the sciatic nerve branch into?
tibial and common fibular nerves
muscles of the anterior leg
Deep Fibular Nerve

Tibialis Anterior

extensor digitorum longus

extensor hallucis longus
tibialis anterior innervation and action- anterior leg
Dorsiflexes foot at ankle, inverts foot
deep fibular nerve
extensor digitorum longus innervation and action- anterior leg
EXTENDS TOES- abduct adducts
deep fibular nerve
Extensor Hallucis Longus innervation and action- anterior leg
Extends at great toe
muscles of the posterior leg - SUPERFICIAL innervation and action
Soleus- Plantarflexes foot at ankle

Lateral Head of Gastrocnemius- Plantar flexion foot at ankle, flexes leg at knee

Medial Head of Gastrocnemius- Plantar flexes foot at ankle; flexes leg at knee joint

Plantaris Muscle- Plantar flexion of foot at ankle joint, assists in flexion of leg at knee joint

TIBIAL
muscles of the posterior leg - DEEP innervation and action
Gastrocnemius

Soleus

popliteus

Flexor Halluces Longus

Flexor digitorum longus

Tibalis posterior
Three major nerves that supply the lower limb.
1. Femoral nerve- supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh.
2. Obturator nerve- supplies the muscles of the medial (adductor) compartment of the thigh.
3. Sciatic nerve- posterior This is really two nerves that are bundled into one nerve in the thigh (Tibial n. and Common fibular n.).
Femoral nerve- compartment and nerve
supplies the muscles of the ANTERIOR compartment of the thigh
- flex at hip and extend at knee
Sciatic nerve- what are the compartment, divisions, and action
POSTERIOR COMPT OF THIGH
- tibial and common fibular
- extension at hip and flexion at the knee
L4-S3
Obturator nerve
Medial compartment of the thigh- adductors
Tibial nerve and what does it branch into
supplies the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot (medial and lateral plantar nerves). As the tibial nerve passes medial to the ankle, it divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves.
Common fibular and what does it branch into
nerve supplies the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot.
- BRANCHES INTO SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP
lateral condyle of Tibia
articulates with lateral condyle of femur
head of fibula
Intercondlar eminence of tibula
articular surface of the medial tibial condyle
tibial tuberosity
As the popliteal a. enters the leg, it branches into the
branches into the anterior tibial a. and posterior tibial a.
popliteal fossa
the hollow at the back of the knee
superomedial and super-lateral boundary of popliteal fossa
helps reinforce posterior aspect of thigh- with hamstrings Biceps femoris- short head
Semimembranosus (medial side) (HAM)
Semitendinosus (HAM)
inferomedial and lateral border of popliteal fossa is made up of
medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius- components of superficial leg posterior
What are the 3 structures of the internal popliteal fossa
- popliteal artery (continuation of femoral artery which was first iliac)
- popliteal vein
- Nerves- tibial and common fibular
adductor hiatus
- Allows for the passage of the femoral vessels from the anterior thigh to the posterior thigh
- Femoral artery and vein pass through and become the popliteal artery and vein
when popliteal artery splits it becomes- where does it bring blood to
tibial artery
bring blood to medial malleolus and posterior tibial and give blood to ankle area/ posterior leg
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