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Science

Terms in this set (250)

Hypothalamus secretes
releasing and inhibiting hormones
Function of inhibiting and releasing hormones
Stimulate Pituitary
Anterior pituitary (base of brain; controls growth and development) secretes
Adrenocorticotropic hormones
Thyroid Stimulating hormone
Follicle Stimulating hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Prolactin
Growth Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
stimulates thyroid gland
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates production of ova (females) and sperm (males).
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates ovaries (females) and testes (males)
Prolactin (PRL)
Stimulates milk production
Growth Hormone (GH)
Stimulates growth and metabolic functions
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Promotes retention of water by kidneys
Oxytocin (OT)
Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells.
Melatonin
Sleep cycles; biorhythms
Triiodothyronine (T3)
metabolism
Thyroxine (T4)
regulates metabolism and temperature
Calcitonin
Inhibits the release of Calcium from bones.
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Stimulates release of calcium from bones, back into blood.
Thymosin
stimulates T-cell development
Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
Stress response; increase blood glucose, decrease immune response; metabolism.
Aldosterone
Regulates Na content in blood
Epinephrine
fight
Nonrepinephrine (NE)
flight
Estrogen in males
Stimulates egg maturation, controls secondary sex characteristics.
Progesterone in males
Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg.
Testosterone in males
Regulates sperm production and secondary sex characteristics.
Erthropoietin (EPO)
Regulates cellular hypoxia
Renin
Promotes production of angiotensin
Angiotensin II
Vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Increase blood glucose
Insulin (beta cells)
decreases blood glucose levels
Gastrin
Response to food; stimulates production of gastric juices.
Secretin
Response to acidity in small intestine; stimulates secretion by liver and pancreas.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Production of Bile salts
Atrial Natriurectic Peptide (ANP)
Increase renal NA excretion, decrease DCF
Chief Cells
Convert pepsinogen to pepsin
Goblet cells
mucus secreting cells
Pariatal cells
HCI production
Peyer's patches
Lymphatic tissue found in ileum to protect GI tract from pathogens.
Salivary amylase production site
salivary glands
Pancreatic amylase production site
pancreas
Maltase production site
Small intestine
Pepsin production site
gastric glands (chief cells)
Trypsin production site
pancreas
Peptidase production site
Small intestine
Nuclease production site
Pancreas
Nuclosidase production site
Pancreas
Lipase production site
Pancreas
Bile Salt production site
Liver >> Gallbladder
Epidermis
Most superficial layer of skin. Replaced every 4-6 weeks
What skin layer doesn't contain blood vessels?
Epidermis
1st layer of epidermis skin
Stratum Corneum
2nd Layer of epidermis skin
Stratum Lucidum
3rd Layer of epidermis skin
Stratum Granulosum
4th Layer of epidermis skin
Stratum Spinosum
5th Layer of epidermis skin
Stratum Basale
Stratum Corneum
top layer of epidermis, with dead keratinocytes
Stratum Lucidum
Clear layer of epidermis, colorless protein eleidin
Stratum Granulosum
Thin layer of epidermis, granular layer
Stratum Spinosum
Spiny layer of epidermis, thickest layer, contains keratinocytes, immune dendritic cells, and sensory cells.
Stratum Basale
Basal layer of epidermis, Bottom layer that contains melanocytes.
Dermis
Directly below Epidermis; mostly connective tissue.
What skin layer contains blood vessels?
Dermis
What skin layer contains sensory receptors?
Dermis
What skin layer contains Hair Follicles?
Dermis
What skin layer contains Sebaceous glands?
Dermis
What skin layer contains Sweat glands?
Dermis
What skin layer contains Elastin and collagen fibers?
Dermis
Hypodermis
contains fat and connective tissue and connects the skin to the rest of the body.
Excorine glands
release their secretions into passageways called ducts
Holocrine glands
glands that release entire cells, connected to hair follicle.
Sebaceous glands
Secrete sebum; an oily mixture of lipids and proteins; waterproofs skin, protects from pathogens.
Eccrine glands
not connected to hair follicles. They're activated by high body temperature. located throughout body.
Sudoriferous glands
glands that secrete sweat to the outside of the body; also assist in body temperature regulation
Apocrine glands
Secrete an oily solution ( fatty acids, triglycerides, and proteins),
Where are apocrine glands found?
Armpits, groin, palms, and soles of feet.
Kidneys
Regulates fluid balance and filters waste from blood.
Renal cortex
the outer region of the kidney that contains millions of nephrons
Glomerulus
capillary in nephron
Bowman's capsule
Encapsulates the glomerulus
Renul medulla
Middle layer of kidneys
Proximal convoluted tubule
Water, glucose, ions and other organic molecules are reabsorbed back into the blood stream.
Distal convoluted tubule
Urea and drugs are removed from blood. Ph is adjusted H+ ions.
Renal Pelvis
inner region of the kidney; space/funnel within kidney that collects urine
Males
produce, maintain, and transfer sperm and semen into female reproductive tract.
External organs of males
Penis, scrotum, and testes.
Scrotum
Protects testes; keeps optimal temperature for spermatogenesis.
Testes
Male gonads; produce sperm and testosterone.
Internal organ of males
Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Ejaculatory Ducts, Urethra, Seminal Vesicles, and Bulborethral Glands.
Epidymis
Stores sperm as it matures
Vas Deferens
Mature sperm move from epididmyis to Vas Deferens to the ejaculatory duct.
Seminal Vesicles
secrete alkaline fluids with protein and mucus into ejaculatory duct.
Prostate gland
Secretes milky white fluid with proteins and enzymes as part of semen.
Bulbourethal (Cowper's) Gland
Secrete a fluid to neutralize the acidity in the urethra.
hormones in males
LH, FSH, and Testosterone.
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) in males
Stimulates spermatiogenesis
LH (luteinizing hormone) in males
Stimulates testosterone production
Testosterone
Male sex characteristics
Who produce ova?
Females
Who transfer ova to fallopian tubes for fertilization?
Females
Who receive sperm from males?
Females
Who provide a protective, nourishing environment for developing embryo?
Females
External organs in females
Labia Majora, Labia Minora, Bartholins glands, and Clitoris.
Labia Majora and Labia Minora both
Close and protect the vagina
Bartholin's glands
secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina
Clitoris
Contains erectile tissue and nerve endings for sensual pleasure.
Internal organs in females
Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, and Vagina.
Ovaries
female gonads; produce ova, and secrete estrogen and progesterone.
Fallopian tubes
Carry mature eggs from the ovaries to the uterus; site of fertilization.
Uterus
Fertilized egg implants on the uterine wall; protects and nourishes developing embryo until birth.
Vagina
Muscular tube from cervix to outside of body, receives semen, site of intercourse and birth canal.
Hormones in females
Estrogen,Progesterone,Follicle Stimulating Hormone,Luteinizing Hormone,Oxytocin, and Prolactin.
Estrogen in females
Stimulates egg maturation; female sex characteristics
Progesterone in females
Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg.
FSH in females stimulates
Oogenesis
LH (luteinizing hormone) in females
stimulates estrogen production
Oxytocin (OT)
Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells
Prolactin
stimulates milk production
Immune system function
protects the body against invading pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.
Lymphatic system contains
lymph, lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph nodes.
Skeletal muscle contracts the lymph one way through the lymphatic system to lymphatic ducts.
Dumps back it back into venous supply by lymph nodes.
Red Marrow
produces red blood cells
Leukocytes
white blood cells
Lymph nodes are located
in the neck, armpit, and groin.
Lymph nodes
small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed
Where is lymph tissue found?
Tonsils,thymus, spleen, gut associated lymph tissue (GALT)
Tonsils are located in the
pharynx
Tonsils function
protect against pathogens entering via mouth or throat.
Thymus
maturation chamber for immune T cells formed in bone marrow.
Spleen
Cleans blood of dead cells and pathogens.
Peyer's patches located in the
Ilieum of small intestine
Peyer's patches function
protects GI tract from pathogens.
Skin
primary defense for the body against pathogens and infection
Ciliated mucous membrane
Cilia protect respiratory system
Glandular secretions
Exocrine- destroy bacteria
Gastric secretions
gastric acid destroys pathogens
Normal Bacterial Populations
compete with pathogens in the gut and vagina
General Immune Defenses
skin, ciliated mucous membranes, glandular secretions, gastric secretions, normal bacterial population.
Types of WBC
macrophage, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes.
Macrophage
Phagocytes that alert T-cells to the presence of foreign substances.Largest,longest living phagocyte,engulf and destroy pathogens and found in lymph.
T lymphocytes
directly attack cells infected by viruses and bacteria. Include Helper T, Killer T, Memory T, and Suppressor T.
B lymphocytes
target specific bacteria for destruction. Plasma cells: antibody production.
Helper T cells
activate B-cells to make antibodies and other chemicals.
Suppressor T cells
stop other T-cells when the battle is over.
Memory T cells
remain in the blood on alert in case the invader attacks again
Killer (cytotoxic) T cells
destroy cells infected with a pathogen, virus, or tumor.
Leukocytes
white blood cells- produced in red marrow.
Monocyte
an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
Dendritic Cell
Present antigens to T cells
Granulocyte
white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil
Neutrophil
Short living phagocyte; responds quick to invaders
Basophil
Alerts body of invasion
Eosinophil
Large, long living phagocyte; Defend against multicelluar invaders.
T lymphocytes are responsible for
cell-mediated immunity
B lymphocytes
form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
Natural killer cells
A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.
Antibody mediated response
response is to an antigen.
cellular mediated response
response is to an already infected cell.
Antigen
Foreign particle that stimulates the immune system.
Antibody
A protein that acts against a specific antigen
1st step of immune system
Macrophage engulfs antigen and presents fragments on it surface.
2nd step of immune system
A helper T Cell joins the Macrophage.
3rd step of the immune system
Killer/Cytotoxic T and B cells are activated.
4th step of immune system
Killer/Cytotoxic cells search and destroy cells presenting the same antigen.
5th step of immune system
B cells differentiate into plasma cell and memory cells.
Innate Immune system
Born with it, non specific response
Ex-skin,hair,mucus,earwax,secretions, etc.
Adaptive Immune system
Responds to specific antigens.
Activate by Antigen and Helper T cells
Naturally acquired active immunity
Exposure to pathogen without immunization.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Occurs during pregnancy and during breast feeding.Antibodies are passed from mother to child.
Artifically acquired passive immunity
Build immunity via vaccination
Artifically acquired passive immunity
Immunization given during outbreak or emergency.Quick, short lived protection.Antibodies come from another person or animal.
Skeletal system function
movement, protection, and metabolism
Bone
Hard calcified material that makes up the skeletal system.
Long bones
long compact hollow shafts containing marrow.Ends are spongy with air pockets.
EX) Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Tibia, Fibula
Short bones
Wider than they are long
EX) Metatarsals, Clavicle
Flat bones
Not hollow, but contain marrow
EX) Scapula, Ribs, Sternum
irregular bones
Nonsymmetrical shape
EX) Skull, Knee, Elbow, Vertebra
Ligament
Connects bone to bone
Tendon
Articulates MUSCLE to BONE
Hyaline cartilage
Covers articulating surface of bones.Prevents bone on bone grinding.
Synovial Joint
Contain lubricating synovial fluid
Pivot joint
rotating bone turns around an axis. NECK
Ball and Socket Joint
shoulder and hip
Hinge joint
elbow and knee
Osteocytes
bone cells
Osteoclast
multi nucleate cell that removes/absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.
Osteoblast
mono nucleate cell that builds cells
Periosteum
Fibrous sheath that covers bone and contains nerve and blood vessels.
Osteon
Cylindrical structure that comprise, synthesize, and compact bone.Composed of Calcium and phosphate rich Hydroxyapatite embedded in collagen matrix.
Collagen
Primary structural protein of connective tissue.
Canaliculi
Small channel or duct in ossified bone
Cartilage
Tough, elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body (Ear).
Haversian Canal
Channels in bone that contain BV and Nerves.
Lamellae
Layers of the bone, tissues, or cell walls.
Lining Cells
Flattened bone cells that come from osteoblasts.
Volkmann Canal
Channels in bone that transmit BV and communicate with Haversian Canals.
Osteoporosis
causes brittle, fragile bones.
Brittle Bone Disease
Group of Diseases that affect the collagen (defect in the matrix) and results in fragile bones
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Progressive disease the causes joint inflammation and pain.
Cardiovascular/Circulatory system function
Movement of blood and lymph around the body, which permits nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication, and protection.
Loops of closed double loop circulatory
systemic, and pulmonary loop
Pulmonary Loop
Deoxygenated blood from Rt. Ventricle to lungs and returns Oxygenated blood to Lt. Atrium
Systemic Loop
Oxygenated blood from Lt. Ventricle to body, returning Deoxygenated blood to Rt. Atrium.
Systole
Contraction of ventricles (heart expels blood)
Diastole
Relaxation of ventricles (heart refills with blood)
SA node (sinoatrial node)
"Pacemaker" controls contractions via electrical signals.
Blood Pressure
Fluid pressure generated by cardiac cycle (sys/dias)
Artery
Blood vessel that carries blood AWAY from heart
Aorta
large artery branching off heart to the rest of
the body.
Vein
Blood vessel that carries blood TO the heart.
Vena Cava
All veins empty here prior to entering the
heart.
Arteriole
small artery
Venule
small vein
Capillary
Small blood vessel that connects arterioles to
venules.
Heart
Muscle that pumps blood throughout the body
Blood
Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
RBC components
Disc shaped cells that carry Hemoglobin and O
2.
WBC components
Immune defense
Platelets components
blood clotting
Plasma components
Liquid portion of blood (mostly water)
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack; Death of the heart muscle due to inadequate blood supply.
Stroke
"Brain Attack." Damage to the brain due to inadequate blood supply.
Aneurysm
Localized abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall that causes an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon. Hemorrhage occurs when it bursts.
Atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries. Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup on artery walls
Anemia
Not enough healthy RBC
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
Tachycardia
fast heart rate
Bradycardia
slow heart rate
Hypertension
High blood pressure. Systole is over 140 mmHg; Diastole is over 90 mmHg.
Respiratory system function
transporting O2 from the atmosphere into the body's cells and moving CO2 in the other direction.
Lungs
5 Lobes (2 left, 3 right). Main structure of respiratory system.
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs; site of O2 and CO2 exchange. Occurs by diffusion (passive transport)
Bronchi
The main passageways directly attached to the lungs.
Bronchiole
Small passages that connect bronchi to alveoli.
Trachea
Windpipe, connects Larynx to lungs.
Larynx
voice box
Pharynx
throat. Located behind mouth, also part of GI system
Diaphragm
Dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that serves as the main muscle of respiration and
plays a vital role in the breathing process.
Pleura
Membrane around lungs, inside chest cavity
Perfusion
Passage of fluid to an organ or tissue
Surfactant
A fluid secreted by alveoli; reduces surface tension-Prevent lung collapse.
Tidal Volume
The amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation.
Ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
Inhalation
Diaphragm contracts downward, ribs push out, lungs fill with air.
Exhalation
Diaphragm relaxes upward, ribs relax, air pushes out.
Hyperventilation
More CO2 than the body can produce (breathing out more than in)
Hypoventilation
Breathing at an abnormally slow rate, resulting in an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Neuromuscular system functions
Controls voluntary and involuntary
movement.
Nerve
Long bundles of axons that transmit signals from the CNS.
Synapse
The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
Neurotransmitter
A chemical substance that is released from
the AXON TERMINAL by the arrival of a nerve impulse.
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