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BCBA Examination

Terms in this set (434)

behavior is determined by specific conditions/variables

objective observation of the phenomena of interest based on thorough description, systematic and repeated measurement and precise quantification of the phenomena of interest.

experimental analysis

manipulate IV to observe changes DV

parsimony

all simple logical explanations for phenomenon under investigation must be ruled out before more complex explanations are considered (choose the simplest explanation that requires the fewest assumptions)

explain determinism as it relates to behavior analysis

in behavior analysis there is an assumption that behavior is lawfuland determined based upon specific conditions/variables

what is the difference between mentalistic and environmental explanations of behavior?

mentalistic is internal (thoughts feelings) environmental is external

what is experimental analysis of behavior?

the field of scientific investigation concerned with analysis of operant behavior

What is applied behavior analysis?

science in which the tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in the behavior

what are behavioral technologies?

clearly defined operative procedures that may be replicated by others based upon their descriptions

explain behavior in behavior analytic terms.

A-B-C three term contingency

Baer, Wolf & Risley 1968 - what are the dimensions of applied behavior analysis?

Applied - socially significant
Behavior- relevant (needs improvement), measureable, and whose behavior
Analytic - functional relationships exist - control

Behaviorism

the philosophy of the science of behavior.

determinism

the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as the result of other events

experiment

carefully conducted comparison of some dependent variable under two or more conditions in which only one independent variable at a time differs from conditions.

explanatory fiction

a fictitious variable that often is simply another name for the observed behavior that contributes nothing to an understanding of the variables responsible for developing or maintaining the behavior.

functional relation

specific change in one event can reliably be procedue by specific manipulations of another event (as in functional analysis)

hypothetical construct

presumed but unobserved entities that could not be manipulated in an experiment

mentalism

an approach to the study of behavior which assumes that a mental or inner dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension.

methodological behaviorism

a philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science

philosophic doubt

continued questioning of the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact (maybe the world isn't flat) - willingness to set aside most cherished beliefts to replace them with new knowledge.

radical behaviorism

a thoroughgoing for of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events such as thoughts or feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person (ontogeny) and the species (phylogeny)

replication

repeating of experiments (and/or repeating of independent variable conditions within experiments)

science

A systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world - to achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study

descriptive knowledge

collection of facts about the observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined for possible relations. (as in basic observation)

prediction

repeated observations reveal that two events consistently covary with each other (correlation) (as in repeated FBA observation)

control

the highest level of scientific understanding with the existence of functional relations

respondent behavior

reflexive behavior- involuntary behavior elicited immediately by a stimulus (light constricts pupils)

operant behavior

behavior that is influenced by stimulus changes that have occured in the past

automaticity of reinforcement

...behavior is modified by it's consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware she is being reinforced

aversive stimulus

stimulus conditions whose termination function as reinforcement

behavior

used in reference to a set of responses that share topographical dimensions or functions - the activity of living organisms and the organism's interaction with the environment

behavior change tactic

a technologically consistent method for changing behavior that has been derived from one or more basic principles of behavior

conditioned punisher

stimulus events or conditions that are present or that occur just before or simultaneous with the occurrence of other punishers

conditioned reflex

the product of a respondent conditioning: stimulus stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response

conditioned reinforcer

stimulus that have been paired with other reinforcers

antecedent

stuff that exist or occur prior to behavior of interest

conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

consequence

stimulus changes that follow a behavior of interest

contingency

refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables

contingent

reinforcement or punishment that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred

deprivation

the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer. It also refers to a procedure used for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer (withholding access for a specified period of time prior to a session)

discriminated operant

a behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than others

discriminative stimulus (SD)

a stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced.

environment

the conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or reference part of the organism exists.

extinction

the discontinuing of a previously reinforced behavior - the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of behavior until it reaches a pre-reinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur.

habituation

a decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus - most often used to describe a reduction of respondent behavior as a function of repeated presentation of the eliciting stimulus over a short span of time

higher order conditioning

development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus - also called secondary conditioning

history of reinforcement

an inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire

motivating operation

An environmental variable that A) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event and B) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object or event.

negative reinforcement

The frequency of a behavior increases because past responses have resulted in the withdrawal or termination of a stimulus

neutral stimulus

A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior

ontogeny

the history of a development of an individual organism during it's lifetime

operant behavior

behavior that is selected, maintained and brought under stimulus control as a function of it's consequences. Each person's repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment

operant conditioning

the basic process by which operant learning occurs. Consequences result in an increased or decreased frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future.

phylogeny

The history of a natural evolution of a species

positive reinforcement

occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions

principle of behavior

describes a functional relation between behavior and one or more of it's controlling variables with generality across individual organisms, species, settings behavior and time.

punisher

a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it

punishment

occurs when stimulus change immmediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions

reflex

a stimulus response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits. (bright light pupil contracts)

reinforcement

occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions

reinforcer

a stimulus change that increases the future frequency of the behavior that precedes it

repertoire

all of the behaviors a person can do

respondent behavior

the response component of a reflex

respondent conditioning

a stimulus stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits that conditioned response. Pavlov

respondent extinction

the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus gradually loses it's ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the person's repertoire

response

a single instance of a specific class or type of behavior

response class

A group of response of varying topography. All of which produce the same effect on the environment.

satiation

A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior. Often refers to a procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

selection by consequences

The fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; all forms of operant behavior, from simple to complex, are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's lifetime.

stimulus

an energy change that effects an organism through it's receptor cells.

stimulus class

a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (size, color) temporal (antecedent/consequent) and or functional (SD) dimensions.

stimulus control

a situation , A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.

stimulus-stimulus pairing

a procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus.

three-term contingency

Antecedent stimlus, behavior, and consequence

unconditioned punisher

a stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.

unconditioned reinforcer

A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.

unconditioned stimulus

the stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex. A stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning.

ABC recording/anecdotal observation

a form of direct continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive temporally sequenced account of all behaviors of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occurred in the client's natural environment.

behavior checklist

provides descriptions of specific skills usually in hierarchal order and the conditions under which each skill should be observed.

behavioral assessment

involves a full range of inquiry methods observation, interview testing and the systematic manipulation of antecedent and consequence variables to identify probable antecedent and consequence controlling variables

behavioral cusp

a behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments contingencies and stimulus controls.

Pivotal behavior

behavior that when learned produces corresponding modification or covariation in other adaptive untrained behaviors.

ecological assessment

a method for obtaining data across multiple settings and persons. It acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior.

function-based definition

designates responses as members of the targeted response class solely in terms of their common effect on the environment

habilitation

(adjustment) occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short- and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short- and long-term punishers are minimized

normalization

the belief that people with disabilities should be physically and socially integrated into the mainstream of society regardless of the degree or type of disability

reactivity

the effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behavior being measured. Most likely with obtrusive measurement procedures.

relevance of behavior rule

holds that only behaviors likely to produce reinforcement in the person's natural environment should be targeted for change

social validity

refers to the extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behaviors are produced

target behavior

the response class selected for intervention. Can be defined functionally or topographically

topography based definition

defines in, defines instances of the targeted response class by the shape or form of the behavior

artifact

an outcome or result that appears to exist because of the way it was measured but in fact does not correspond to what was observed.

celeration

the change (acceleration or deceleration) in the rate of responding over time based on count per unit of time (rate) expressed as a factor by which responding is accelerating or decelerating displayed with a trendline on a standard celeration chart

celeration time period

a unit of time (e.g., per week, per month) in which celeration is plotted on a Standard Celeration Chart

celeration trend line

this is measured as a factor by which rate multiplies or divides across the celeration time periods

count

a simple tally of the number of occurrences of behavior (always note time)

discrete trial

any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response

duration

a measure of the total extent of time in which a behavior occurs

event recording

measurement procedure for obtaining a tally or count of the number of times a behavior occurs

free operant

any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space, can be emitted at nearly any time; is discrete, it requires minimal time for completion, and it can produce a wide range of response rates. examples number of words read per minute

frequency/rate

a ratio of count per observation time. Often expressed as count per standard unit of time and calculated by dividing the number of recorded responses by the number of standard units of time in which observations were conducted. it's used interchangeably with rate.

interresponse time (IRT)

A measure of temporal locus; defined as the elapsed time between two successive responses.

magnitude

the force or intensity with which a response is emitted provides important quantitative parimeters used in defining and varifying the occurrence of some response classes.

measurement

the process of applying quantitative lables to observe properties of events using a standard set of rule. How scientists operationalize empiricism.

measurement by permanent product

a method of measuring behavior after it has occurred by recording the effects that the behavior produced on the environment

momentary time sampling

a measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals

partial interval recording

Time sampling method in which observation period is divided into brief time intervals, observer records whether the behavior occurs at any time during the interval

percentage

a ratio formed by combining the , a ratio formed by combining the same dimensional quantities (count, time) expressed as a number of parts per 100.

planned activity check (PLACHECK)

a variation of momentary time sampling in which the observer records whether each person in a group is engaged in the target behavior at specific points in time; provides a measure of "group behavior"

repeatability

Refers to the fact that a behavior can recur often through time (i.e., behavior can be counted); one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

response latency

A measure of temporal locus; the elapsed time from the onset of a stimulus (e.g., task direction, cue) to the initiation of a response.

temporal extent

Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time; one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived.

temporal locus

Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events (i.e., when in time behavior occurs can be measured); often measured in terms of response latency and interresponse time (IRT). One of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

time sampling

A measurement of the presence or absence of behavior within specific time intervals. It is most useful with continuous and high-rate behaviors.

topography

physical form or shape of a behavior

trials-to-criterion

a special form of event recording; a measure of the number of responses or practice opportunities needed for a person to achieve a pre-established level of accuracy or proficiency

whole-interval recording

A method of time sampling: Measures behavior in brief time periods--behavior must occur the ENTIRE TIME of the interval. Underestimates behavior

accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured

believability

the extent to which the researcher convinces self and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation (measures of IOA are the most often used index of believability in ABA)

calibration

any procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a measurement system and when sources of error are found to use that information to correct or improve the measurement system

continuous measurement

measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of a response class are detected during the observation period

discontinuous measurement

measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of member of a response class may not be detected

exact count-per-interval IOA

the percentage of total intervals in which two observers recorded the same count - most stringent description of IOA for most data sets

indirect measurement

occurs when the behavior that is measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest (considered less valid because inferences about the data are required)

interobserver agreement (IOA)

the degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events

interval-by-interval IOA

An index of the agreement between observers for data obtained by interval recording or time sampling measurement.

mean count-per-interval IOA

The average percentage of agreement between the counts reported by two observers in a measurement period comprised of a series of smaller counting times

mean duration-per-occurrence IOA

An IOA index for duration per occurrence data

measurement bias

nonrandom measurement error; a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently over or underestimate the true value of an event

naive observer

, An observer who is unaware of the study's purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period. Data obtained by a naive observer are less likely to be influenced by observers' expectations.

observed value

a measure produced by an observation and measurement system.

observer drift

Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error.

observer reactivity

influence on the data reported by an observer that results from the observer's awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports

reliability

refers to the consistency of measurement. the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values

scored-interval IOA

An interobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer recorded the occurrence of the behavior; calculated by dividing the number of intervals in which the two observers agreed that the behavior occurred by the number of intervals in which either or both observers recorded the occurrence of the behavior and multiplying by 100.

total count IOA

simplest and crudest indicator of IOA; compares the total count recorded by each observer per measruement period; percentage of agreement; SMALLER COUNT / LARGER COUNT x 100

total duration IOA

relevant index of IOA for total duration measurement; computed by dividing the shorter of the two durations reported by the observers by the longer duration and multiplying by 100

trial-by-trial IOA

An IOA index for discrete trial data based on comparing the observers counts (0 or 1) on a trial-by-trail, or iten by item, basis; yields a more conservative and meaningful index of IOA for discrete trial data than does total count IOA.

true value

A measure accepted as a quantitative description of the true state of some dimensional quantity of an event as it exists in nature

unscored-interval IOA

An interobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer recorded the nonoccurrence of the behavior

validity

the extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly related to the target behavior of interest and to the reasons for measuring it.

direct measurement

occurs when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation

bar graph

a simple and versatile graphic format for summarizing behavioral data. shares most of the line graph's features but does not have distinct data points representing successive response measures through time

cumulative record

a type of graph in which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis the steeper the slope the greater the response rate.

cumulative recorder

a device that automatically draws cumulative records that show the rate of response in real time.

data

the results of measurement. usually in quantifiable form. In ABA it refers to some quantifiable dimension of behavior

data path

the level and trend of behavior between successive data points. it's created by drawing a straight line from the center of each data point in a given data set to the center of the next data point in the same set

dependent variable

the variable in an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. In ABA it represents some measure of socially significant behavior

graph

a visual format for diplaying data. reveals relations among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables

independent variable

the variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher to see if changes in the independent variable reliably produce changes in the dependent variable.

level

the value on the vertical axis in which a series of behavioral measures converge

line graph

a two dimensional area formed by the intersection of two perpendicular lines. Any point within the plane represents a specific relation between the two dimensions described by the intersecting lines

local response rate

the average rate of response during a small period of time within a larger period for which an overall response rate has been given.

overall response rate

the rate of response over a given time period

scatterplot

a two dimensional graph that shows the relative distribution of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by the x and y axis. Data points on a scatterplot are not connected

semilogarithmic chart

a two dimensional graph with a logarithmic scaled Y axis so that equal distances on the vertical axis represent changes in behavior that are of equal proportion.

split-middle line of progress

a line drawn through a series of graphed data points that shows the overall trend in the data.

standard celeration chart

same as semilogarithmic chart with 6 cycles on the vertical axis

trend

the overall direction taken by a data path. Used in predicting future measures of the behavior

variability

the frequency and extent to which multiple measures of behavior yield different outcomes

visual analysis

A systematic approach for interpreting the results of behavioral research and treatment programs that entails visual inspection of graphed data for variability, level, and trend within and between experimental conditions.

A-B design

2 phase experimental design consisting of a pre-treatment baseline condition (A) followed by a treatment condition (B),

affirmation of the consequent

A three-step form of reasoning that begins with a true antecedent-consequent (if-A then-B) statement and proceeds as follows: (1) If A is true, then B is true; (2) B is found to be true; (3) therefore, A is true. Although other factors could be responsible for the truthfulness of A, a sound experiment affirms several if-A then-B possibilities, each one reducing the likelihood of factors other than the independent variable being responsible for the observed changes in behavior (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

ascending baseline

A data path that shows an increasing trend in the response measure over time.

baseline

a condition of an experiment in which the independent variable is not present

baseline logic

a term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single subject experimental designs; entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication.

confounding variables

Uncontrolled variables known or suspected to exert an influence one dependent variable

descending baseline

a data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time.

experimental control

A) the outcome of an experiment that convincing demonstrates a functional relationship B) the extent to which a research maintains precise control by presenting it, withdrawing it, and/or varying it's value and also by eliminating or holding constant all confounding/extraneous variables

experimental design

the particular type and sequence of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the presence and absence of the independent variable can be made.

experimental question

also call the research question, a statement of what the researcher seeks to learn by conducting the experiment. May be presented in question for. Is most often found in a published account as a statement of the experiments purpose

external validity

the degree to which a study's findings have generality to other subjects, settings and/or behaviors

extraneous variable

any aspect of the experimental setting that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation

internal validity

the extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables.

parametric analysis

an experiment designed to discover the differential effects of a range of values of an independent variable.

practice effects

improvements in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be obtained

prediction

a statement of the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement. One of three components of experimental reasoning

replication

repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity or repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings and/or behaviors

single-subject designs

a wide variety of research designs that use a form of experimental reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of the independent variable on the behavior of individual subjects

stable baseline

data the shows no evidence of an upward or downward trend

steady state responding

a pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time.

steady state strategy

repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influences on the behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition.

variable baseline

data points that do not consistently fall within a narrow range of values and do not suggest any clear trend.

verification

one of three components of experimental reasoning used in single subject research designs, accomplished by demonstrating that the prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had the independent variable not been introduced. Verifying the accuracy of the original prediction reduces the probability that some uncontrolled variable was responsible for the change in behavior.

A-B-A design

an experiment entailing one reversal,
3-phase design consisting of initial baseline phase (A) until steady state (B) implemented until behavior has changed and steady state, return to baseline (A) by withdrawing IV (B)",

A-B-A-B design

A-B-A design with addition of second intervention phase to see if initial treatment effects are replicated,

alternating treatments design

An experimental design in which two or more conditions are presented in rapidly alternating succession independent of the level of responding; differences in responding between or among conditions are attributed to the effects of the conditions

B-A-B design

A three-phase experimental design that begins with the treatment condition. After steady state responding has been obtained during initial treatment phase (B), the treatment variable is withdrawn (A) to see whether responding changes in the absence of the independent variable. The treatment variable is then reintroduced (B) in an attempt to recapture the level of responding obtained during the first treatment phase.

DRI/DRA reversal technique

An experimental technique that demonstrates the effects of reinforcement; it uses DRI or DRA as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition. During the DRI/DRA condition, the stimulus change used as reinforcement in the reinforcement condition is presented contingent on occurrences of a specified behavior that is either incompatible with the target behavior or an alternative to the target behavior.

DRO reversal technique

an experimental technique for demonstrating the effects of reinforcement by using differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement condition

irreversibility

a situation that occurs when the level of responding observed in a previous phase cannot be reproduced even though the experimental conditions are the same as they were during the earlier phase

multielement design

also knows as alternating treatments design

multiple treatment interference

the effects of one treatment on a subject's behavior being confounding by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study

multiple treatment reversal design

any experimental design that uses the experimental methods and logic of the reversal tactic to compare the effects of two or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another

(NCR) reversal technique

An experimental control technique that demonstrates the effects of reinforcement by using NCR as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition

reversal design

Any single subject design that includes the removal of treatment to determine if the subject reverts to baseline (ex. ABA, ABAB)

sequence effects

The effects on a subject's behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subject's experience with a prior condition.

withdrawal design

a term used by some authors as a synonym for A-B-A-B design; also used to describe experiemnts in which an effective treatment is sequenctially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of behavior changes.

changing criterion design

An experimental Design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment. Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion.

delayed multiple baseline design

A variation of the multiple baseline design in which an initial baseline, and perhaps intervention, are begun for one behavior (or setting, or subject), and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors are begun in a staggered or delayed fashion.

multiple baseline across behaviors design

A multiple base¬line design in which the treatment variable is applied to two or more different behaviors of the same subject in the same setting.

multiple baseline across settings design

A multiple baseline design in which the treatment variable is applied to the same behavior of the same subject across two or more different settings, situations, or time periods.

multiple baseline across subjects design

A multiple baseline design in which the treatment variable is applied to the same behavior of two or more subjects (or groups) in the same setting.

multiple baseline design

An Experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one of the behaviors while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behavior(s). After maximum change has been noted in the first behavior, the treatment variable is applied in sequential fashion to each of the other behaviors in the design.

multiple probe design

a method of analyzing the relation between the independent variable and the acquisition of a successive approximation or task sequence.

component analysis

Experimental designs that combine multiple baseline, reversal, and/or alternating treatment tactics can also provide the basis for comparing the effects of two or more independent variables

direct replication

An experiment in which the researcher attempts to duplicate exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

placebo control

A procedure that prevents a subject from detecting the presence or absence of the treatment variable. To the subject the placebo condition appears the same as the treatment condition: e.g., a placebo pill contains an inert substance but looks, feels, and tastes exactly like a pill that contains the treatment drug (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

procedural fidelity

(treatment integrity) the extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described and no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertently along with the planned treatment.

replication

the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion

systematic replication

An experiment in which the researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of an earlier experiment. A systematic replication that reproduces the results of previous research not only demonstrates the reliability of the earlier findings but also adds to the external validity of the earlier findings by showing that the same effect can be obtained under different conditions.

treatment drift

An undesirable situation in which the independent variable of an experiment is applied differently during later stages than it was at the outset of the study (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

treatment integrity

The extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described and no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertently along with the planned treatment (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Type I error

An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists. A false positive.

Type II error

An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a "false negative" (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

automatic reinforcement

Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (e.g., scratching an insect bite relieves the itch).

conditioned reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer.

generalized conditioned reinforcer

A conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

positive reinforcer

a reinforcing stimulus that serves to increase the likelihood of the response that produces it

Premack Principle

A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.

reinforcer assessment

Refers to a variety of direct, empirical methods for presenting one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and measuring their effectiveness as reinforcers.

response-deprivation hypothesis

A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement.

stimulus preference assessment

variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference vale (high v low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference value remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers.

unconditioned reinforcer

A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.

concurrent schedule of reinforcement

A complex schedule that consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more independent schedules, each of which leads to a reinforcer.

Multiple Schedule of Reinforcement

a procedure in which different reinforcement schedules are in effect in the presence of different stimuli presented in succession. Generally, each stimulus comes to evoke a pattern of responding that corresponds to whatever reinforcement schedule is in effect in the presence of that stimulus.

Progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement

the response requirements for reinforcement are increased systematically over time independent of the participant's behavior

non-contingent reinforcement

a schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered independent of any response

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior

A reinforcering stimulus is delivered contingent on the target behavior's not being emitted for a specified period of time

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior.

avoidance contingency

a contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus

escape contingency

contingency in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus-compare with avoidance contingency

negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

conditioned negative reinforcer

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers.

free-operant avoidance

A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus.

unconditioned negative reinforcer

A stimulus that functions as a negative reinforcer as a result of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny); no prior learning is involved (e.g., shock, loud noise, intense light, extreme temperatures, strong pressure against the body).

discriminated avoidance

A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.

adjunctive behaviors

Behavior that occurs as a collateral effect of periodic reinforcement for other behaviors; time-filling or interim activities (e.g., doodling, idle talking, smoking, drinking) that are induced by schedules of reinforcement, during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be delivered. Also called schedule-induced behavior.

alternative schedule (alt)

Provides reinforcement whenever the requirement of either a ratio schedule or an interval schedule—the basic schedules that make up the alternative schedule—is met, regardless of which of the component schedule's requirements is met first.

chained schedule of reinforcement (chain)

A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule.

compound schedule of reinforcement

A schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more elements of continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and extinction. The elements from these basic schedules can occur successively or simultaneously and with or without discriminative stimuli; reinforcement may be contingent on meeting the requirements of each element of the schedule independently or in combination with all elements.

concurrent schedule (conc)

a schedule of reinforcement in which two or more contingencies of reinforcement (elements) operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors

conjunctive schedule (conj)

Is in effect whenever reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for both a ratio schedule and an interval schedule of reinforcement. The first response following the conclusion of the time interval produces reinforcement IF the criterion number of responses have been completed (Source: CHH, p 320).

continuous reinforcement (CRF)

A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behavior.

differential reinforcement of diminishing rates (DRD)

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradually decreasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals (e.g., fewer than five responses per 5 minutes, fewer than four responses per 5 minutes, fewer than three responses per 5 minutes).

differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH)

schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals

differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)

a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement (a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (IRT), or (b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion.

fixed interval (FI)

an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made, an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

fixed ratio (FR)

a schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement

intermittent schedule of reinforcement (INT)

A contingency of reinforcement in which some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior produce reinforcement.

limited hold

situation in which reinforcement is available only for a finite time following the lapse of an FI or VI interval--if the target response does not occur within the time limit, reinforcement is withheld and new interval begins

matching law

The principle that the proportion of responses emitted on a particular schedule matches the proportion of reinforcers obtained on that schedule.

mixed schedule (mix)

A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; no discriminative stimuli are correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.

multiple schedule (mult)

A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.

postreinforcement pause

The absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement; an effect commonly produced by fixed interval (FI) and fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement.

progressive schedule of reinforcement

A schedule that systematically thins each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the individual's behavior; progressive ratio (PR) and progressive interval (PI) schedules are thinned using arithmetic or geometric progressions.

ratio strain

A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules; common effects include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses or cessation in responding.

schedule of reinforcement

A rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement; a description of a contingency of reinforcement.

schedule thinning

Changing a contingency of reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval; it results in a lower rate of reinforcement per responses, time, or both.

tandem schedule (tand)

A schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except, like the mix schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain.

variable interval (VI)

an operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

variable ratio (VR)

an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

behavioral contrast

The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.

conditioned punisher

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers.

discriminative stimulus for punishment (SDp)

"A stimulus that abates behavior because in the past that behavior has been punished in its presence."

generalized conditioned punisher

A stimulus change that, as a result of having been paired with many other punishers, functions as punishment under most conditions because it is free from the control of motivating conditions for specific types of punishment.

negative punishment

following an undesired response by removing a pleasant stimulus this is also called a time out and reduces the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring

overcorrection

A behavior change tactic based on positive punishment in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior directly or logically related to fixing the damage caused by the behavior

positive practice overcorrection

A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior, the learner is required to repeat a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior, a specified number of times; entails an educative component.

positive punishment

following an undesired response by adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring

punisher

A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

punishment

Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.

response blocking

A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior to prevent completion of the targeted behavior.

restitutional overcorrection

A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair the damage or return the environment to its original state and then to engage in additional behavior to bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was in prior to the misbehavior.

unconditioned punisher

a stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.

bonus response cost

A procedure for implementing response cost in which the person is provided a reservoir of reinforcers that are removed in predetermined amounts contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior

contingent observation

A procedure for implementing time-out in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of ongoing activities remains, but access to reinforcement is lost.

exclusion time out

A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior, the person is removed physically from the current environment for a specified period.

hallway time out

A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of an inappropriate behavior, the student is removed from the classroom to a hallway location near the room for a specified period of time. Not highly recommended because the student can obtain reinforcement in hallway

nonexclusion time out

A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior, the person remains within the setting, but does not have access to reinforcement, for a specified period.

partition time out

An exclusion procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior, the person remains within the time-in setting, but stays behind a wall, shield, or barrier that restricts the view.

planned ignoring

A procedure for implementing time-out in which social reinforcers - usually attention, physical contact, and verbal interaction - are withheld for a brief period contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior.

response cost

The contingent loss of reinforcers (e.g. a fine), producing a decrease of the frequency of behavior; a form of negative punishment

time out from positive reinforcement

The contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers fora specified time; a form of negative punishment

time out ribbon

A procedure for implementing nonexclusion time-out in which a child wears a ribbon or wristband that becomes discriminative for receiving reinforcement. Contingent on misbehavior, the ribbon is removed and access to social and other reinforcers are unavailable for a specified period. When time-out ends, the ribbon or band is returned to the child and time-in begins.

abative effect

..., A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation.

abolishing operation (AO)

..., A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event. For example, the reinforcing effectiveness of food is abolished as a result of food ingestion.

behavior-altering effect

..., an alteration in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation

conditioned motivating operation (CMO)

..., A motivating operation whose value altering effect depends on a learning history. For example, because of the relation between locked doors and keys, having to open a locked door is a CMO that makes keys more effective as reinforcers, and evokes behavior that has obtained such keys.

discriminative stimulus (SD) related to punishment

...

establishing operation (EO)

Any change in the environment which alters the effectiveness of a stimulus to serve as a reinforcer and increases the probability of responses that have previously produced that stimulus - (i.e. food deprivation).

evocative effect

..., An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation. For example, food deprivation evokes (increases) behavior that has been reinforced by food.

function-altering effect

..., A relatively permanent change in an organism's repertoire of MO, stimulus, and response relations, caused by reinforcement, punishment, an extinction procedure, or a recovery from punishment procedure.

motivating operation (MO)

..., An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that have been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event. same as EO

recovery from punishment procedure

..., The occurrence of a previously punished type of response without its punishment procedure. This procedure is analogous to the extinction of previously reinforced behavior and has the effect of undoing the effect of the punishment.

reflexive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-R)

..., a stimulus that alters a relation to itself (makes its own removal effective as reinforcement); a stimulus that has systematically preceded some form of worsening or improvement.

repertoire-altering effect

..., the altering of the FUTURE frequency of whatever behavior immediately preceded consequences (reinforcers, punishers, and response occurrence without consequence).

reinforcer-abolishing effect

satiation resulting in abolishing effects

reinfocer-establishing effect

...deprivation resuluting in evocative effects

surrogate conditioned motivating operation (CMO-S)

..., stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by being paired with another MO and has the same value-altering and behavior-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired

transitive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-T)

..., a stimulus that makes something else effective as reinforcement; a stimulus that alters the value of another stimulus.

unconditioned motivating operation (UMO)

..., A motivating operation whose value altering effect does not depend on a learning history. For example, food deprivation increases the reinforcing effectiveness of food without the necessity of any learning history.

unpairing

..., Two kinds: (a) the occurrence alone of a stimulus that acquired its function by being paired with an already effective stimulus, or (b) the occurrence of the stimulus in the absence as well as in the presence of the effective stimulus.

value-altering effect

..., either (a) an increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event, in which case the MO is an establishing operation (EO); or (b) a decrease in reinforcing effectiveness in which case the MO is an abolishing operation (AO).

antecedent stimulus class

A set of stimuli that share a common relationship. All stimuli in an antecedent stimulus class evoke the same operant behavior, or elicit the same respondent behavior.

arbitrary stimulus class

Antecedent stimuli that evoke the same response but do not resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect such as bigger or under (e.g., peanuts, cheese, coconut milk and chicken breasts are members of an arbitrary stimulus class if they evoke the response "sources of protein").

concept formation

A complex example of stimulus control that requires stimulus generalization within a class of stimuli and discrimination between classes of stimuli.

discriminative stimulus

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced. increases the momentary frequency of some behavior - signals the availability of reinforcement

feature stimulus class

Stimuli that share common physical forms or structures (e.g., made from wood, four legs, round, blue) or common relative relationships (e.g., bigger than, hotter than, higher than, next to).

matching-to-sample

A procedure for investigating conditional relations and stimulus equivalence. A matching to sample trial begins with the participant making a response that presents or reveals the sample stimulus; next, the sample stimulus may or may not be removed, and two or more comparison stimuli are presented. The participant then selects one of the comparison stimuli. Responses that select a comparison stimulus that matches the sample stimulus are reinforced, and no reinforcement is provided for responses selecting the nonmatching comparison stimuli.

reflexivity

A type of stimulus-to-stimulus relation in which the learner, without any prior training or reinforcement for doing so, selects a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus (e.g., A = A). Also called generalized identity matching.

stimulus control

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.

stimulus delta (S∆)

a stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past.

stimulus discrimination training

The conventional procedure requires one behavior and two antecedent stimulus conditions. Responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus condition, the SD, but not in the presence of the other stimulus, the SΔ.

stimulus equivalence

The emergence of accurate responding to untrained and nonreinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus-stimulus relations. A positive demonstration of the reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity is necessary to meet the definition of equivalence.

stimulus generalization

Process by which a conditioned response becomes associated with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization gradient

a graphic depiction of the extent to which behavior that has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stimuli. The gradient shows relative degree of stimulus generalization and stimulus control (or discrimination). A flat slope across test stimuli shows a high degree of stimulus generalization and relatively little discrimination between the trained stimulus and other stimuli; a slope that drops sharply from its highest point corresponding to the trained stimulus indicates a high degree of stimulus control (discrimination) and relatively little stimulus generalization.

symmetry

A type of stimulus-to-stimulus relationship in which the learner, without prior training or reinforcement for doing so, demonstrates the reversibility of matched sample and comparison stimuli (e.g., if A = B, then B = A).

transitivity

A derived (i.e., untrained) stimulus-stimulus relation (e.g., A = C, C = A) that emerges as a product of training two other stimulus-stimulus relations (e.g., A = B, B = C).

imitation

a behavior controlled by any physical movement that serves as a novel model excluding vocal-verbal behavior, has formal similarity with the model and immediately follows that occurrence of the model (e.g. with seconds of model presentation). An imitative behavior is a new behavior emitted following a novel antecedent event

clicker training

A term popularized by Pryor (1999) for shaping behavior using conditioned reinforcement in the form of an auditory stimulus. A handheld device produces a click sound when pressed. The trainer pairs other forms of reinforcement (e.g., edible treats) with the click sound so that the sound becomes a conditioned reinforcer.

differential reinforcement

Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension(s) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction

response differentiation

A behavior change produced by differential reinforcement: Reinforced members of the current response class occur with greater frequency, and unreinforced members occur less frequently (undergo extinction); the overall result is the emergence of a new response class.

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

successive approximation

The sequence of new response classes that emerge during the shaping process as the result of differential reinforcement; each successive response class is closer in form to the terminal behavior than the response class it replaces.

Backward Chaining

A teaching procedure in which a trainer completes all but the last behavior in a chain, which is performed by the learner, who then receives reinforcement for completing the chain. When the learner shows competence in performing the final step in the chain, the trainer performs all but the last two behaviors in the chain, the learner emits the final two steps to complete the chain, and reinforcement is delivered. This sequence is continued until the learner completes the entire chain independently.

backward chaining with leaps ahead

a backward chaining procedure in which some steps in the task analysis are skipped; used to increase the efficiency of teaching long behavior chains when there is evidence that the skipped steps are in the learner's repertoire

behavior chain

A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain; reinforcement for the last response in a chain maintains the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus changes produced by all previous responses in the chain.

behavior chain interruption strategy

An intervention that relies on the participant's skill in performing the critical elements of a chain independently; the chain is interrupted occasionally so that another behavior can be emitted.

behavior chain with a limited hold chaining

a contingency that specifies a time interval by which a behavior chain must be completed for reinforcement to be delivered

forward chaining

A method for teaching behavior chains that begins with the learner being prompted and taught to perform the first behavior in the task analysis; the trainer completes the remaining steps in the chain. When the learner shows competence in performing the first step in the chain, he is then taught to perform the first two behaviors in the chain, with the trainer completing the chain. This process is continued until the learner completes the entire chain independently.

task analysis

The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process.

total-task chaining

A variation of forward chaining in which the learner receives training on each behavior in the chain during each session.

escape extinction

Behaviors maintained with negative reinforcement are placed on this intervention when those behaviors are no longer followed by termination of the aversive stimulus; emitting the target behavior does not enable the person to get out of the aversive situation.

extinction (operant)

The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior (i.e., responses no longer produce reinforcement); the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior until it reaches a prereinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur.

extinction burst

an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented.

resistance to extinction

occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated

sensory extinction

the process by which behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement are placed on extinction by masking or removing the sensory consequence.

spontaneous recovery

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)

a procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)

a procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior

Differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement (a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (IRT), or (b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion. Practitioners use DRL schedules to decrease the rate of behaviors that occur too frequently but should be maintained in the leamer's repertoire.

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)

A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times (i.e., momentary DRO); sometimes called differential reinforcement of zero rates of responding or omission training).

fixed interval DRO (FI-DRO)

A DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at the end of intervals of fixed duration and delivered contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during each interval

fixed-momentary DRO (FM-DRO)

A DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by a fixed amount of time, and delivered contingent on the problem not occurring at those moments.

full session DRL

a procedure for impleneting DRL in which reinforcement is delivered at the end of the session if the total number of responses emitted during the session does not exceed a criterion limit

interval DRL

A procedure for implementing DRL in which the total session is divided into equal intervals and reinforcement is provided at the end of each interval in which the number of responses during the interval is equal to or below a criterion limit.

spaced-responding DRL

a procedure for implementing DRL in which reinforcement follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (IRT)

variable-interval DRO (VI-DRO)

A DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at the end of intervals of variable duration and delivered contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during the interval.

variable-momentary DRO (VM-DRO)

A DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by variable amounts of time in random sequence, and delivered if the problem is not occurring at those times.

antecedent intervention

A behavior change strategy that manipulates contingency-independent antecedent stimuli (motivating operation).

behavioral momentum

A metaphor to describe a rate of responding and its resistance to change following an alteration in reinforcement conditions.

fixed-time schedule

A schedule for the delivery of noncontingent stimuli in which a time interval remains the same from one delivery to the next.

functional communication training

An antecedent intervention in which an appropriate communicative behavior is taught as a replacement behavior for problem behavior usually evoked by an establishing operation (EO).

high-probability (high-p) request sequence

An antecedent intervention in which two to five easy tasks with a known history of learner compliance (the high-p requests) are presented in quick succession immediately before requesting the target task, the low-p request.

variable-time schedule

a reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered at varying intervals regardless of what the organism does

conditional probability

The likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance; computed by calculating (a) the proportion of occurrences of behavior that were preceded by a specific antecedent variable and (b) the proportion of occurrences of problem behavior that were followed by a specific consequence. Conditional probabilities range from 0.0 to 1.0; the closer the conditional probability is to 1.0, the stronger the relationship is between the target behavior and the antecedent/consequence variable.

contingency reversal

exchanging the reinforcement contingencies for two topographically different responses

descriptive functional behavior assessment

direct observation of problem behavior and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions

functional analysis

an analysis of the purposes (functions) of problem behavior, wherein antecedents and consequences representing those in the person's natural routines are arranged within an experimental design so that their separate effects on problem behavior can be observed and measured

functional behavior assessment (FBA)

a systematic method of assessment for obtaining information about the purposes (functions) a problem behavior serves for a person

functionally equivalent

Serving the same function or purpose; different topographies of behavior are functionally equivalent if they produce the same consequences.

indirect functional assessment

structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires used to obtain information from people who are familiar with the person exhibiting the problem behavior

audience

Anyone who functions as a discriminative stimulus evoking verbal behavior.

autoclitic

A secondary verbal operant in which some aspect of a speaker's own verbal behavior functions as an SD or an MO for additional speaker verbal behavior.

convergent multiple control

Occurs when a single verbal response is a function of more than one variable and what is said has more than one antecedent source of control.

copying a text

an elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a nonvocal verbal discriminative stimulus that has point to point correspondence and formal similarity with the controlling response.

divergent multiple control

Occurs when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than one responses.

echoic

An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the response.

formal similarity

A situation that occurs when the controlling antecedent stimulus and the response or response product (a) share the same sense mode (e.g., both stimulus and response are visual, auditory, or tactile) and (b) physically resemble each other.

generic (tact) extension

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares all of the relevant or defining features associated with the original stimulus.

impure tact

A verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by both an MO and a nonverbal stimulus; thus, the response is part mand and part tact. ex "I'm hungry"

intraverbal

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and that does not have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus.

listener

someone who provides reinforcement for verbal behavior. A listener may also serve as an audience evoking verbal behavior.

mand

an elementary verbal operant that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement

metaphorical (tact) extension

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares some, but not all, of the relevant features of the original stimulus.

metonymical (tact) extension

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares none of the relevant features of the original stimulus configuration, but some irrelevant yet related feature has acquired stimulus control.

multiple control

The are two types of multiple control (a) convergent multiple control occurs when a single verbal response is a function of more then one variable and (b) what is said of more then one antecedent source of control. Divergent multiple control occures when a single antecedent variable effects the strength of more then one responses.

point-to-point correspondence

A relation between the stimulus and response or response product that occurs when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response.

private events

Behavior that cannot be observed by others; only accessible to the organism

solistic (tact) extension

A verbal response evoked by a stimulus property that is only indirectly related to the proper tact relation.

speaker

Someone who engages in verbal behavior by emitting mands, tacts, intraverbals, autoclitics, and so on.

tact

An elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement.

textual

An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence, but not formal similarity, between the stimulus and the response product.

transcription

An elementary verbal operant involving a spoken verbal stimulus that evokes a written, typed, or finger-spelled response. There is point-to-point correspondence between the stimulus and the response product, but no formal similarity.

verbal behavior

behavior whose reinforcement is mediated by a listener; includes both vocal-verbal behavior and nonvocal-verbal behavior; encompasses the subject matter usually treated as language and topics such as thinking, grammar, composition, and understanding

verbal operant

The unit of analysis of verbal behavior is the functional relation between a type of responding and the same independent variables that control nonverbal bahevior, namely (a) motivating variables (b) discriminative stimuli and (c) consequences.

backup reinforcer

Tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens.

behavioral contract

A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program

contingency contract

A mutually agreed upon document between parties (e.g., parent and child) that specifies a contingent relationship between the competion of specified behavior(s) and access to specified reinforcer(s).

dependent group contingency

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of one member of the group or the behavior of a select group of members within the larger group.

group contingency

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of (a) a person within the group, (b) a select group of members within the larger group, or (c) each member of the group meeting a performance criterion.

hero procedure

Another term for a dependent group contingency (i.e., a person earns a reward for the group).

independent group contingency

a contingency in which reinforcement for each member of a group is dependent on THAT PERSON'S meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group

interdependent group contingency

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on each member of the group meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group.

level system

A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up (or down) through a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level. The performance criterion and sophistication or difficulty of the behaviors required at each level are higher than those of preceding levels; as participants advance to higher levels, they gain access to more desirable reinforcers, increased privileges, and greater independence.

self-contract

Contingency contract that a person makes with himself, incorporating a self-selected task and reward as well as personal monitoring of task completions and self-delivery of the reward.

token

An object that is awarded contingent on appropriate behavior and that serves as the medium of exchange for backup reinforcers.

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

habit reversal

..., A multiple-component treatment package for reducing unwanted habits such as fingernail biting and muscle tics; treatment typically includes self-awareness training involving response detection and procedures for identifying events that preced and trigger the response; competing response training; and motivation techniques including self-administered consequences, social support systems, and procedures for promoting the generalization and maintenance of treatment gains.

massed practice

..., A self-directed behavior change technique in which the person forces himself to perform an undesired behavior (e.g., a compulsive ritual) repeatedly, which sometimes decreases the future frequency of the behavior.

self-control

..., two meanings: a person's ability to "delay gratification" by emitting a response that will produce a larger delayed reward over a response that produces a smaller but immediate reward OR a person's behaving in a certain way so as to change a subsequent behavior. Skinner conceptualized self-control as a two-response phenomenon: The controlling response affects variables in such a way as to change the probability of the controlled response

self-evaluation

..., A procedure in which a person compares his performance of a target behavior with a predetermined goal or standard; often a component of self-management.

self-instruction

..., Self-generated verbal responses, covert or overt, that function as rules or response prompts for a desired behavior.

self-management

..., The personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior.

self-monitoring

..., A procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behavior and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior.

systematic desensitization

a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

behavior trap

An interrelated community of contingencies of reinforcement that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long-lasting behavior changes.

contrived contingency

Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behavior analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behavior change.

contrived mediating stimulus

Any stimulus made functional for the target behavior in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behavior in a generalization setting.

general case analysis

A systematic process for identifying and selecting teaching examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements in the generalization setting(s).

generalization

in operant conditioning, the tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was originally reinforced

generalization across subjects

Changes in the behavior of people not directly treated by an intervention as a function of treatment contingencies applied to other people.

generalization probe

Any measurement of a learner's performance of a target behavior in a setting and/or stimulus situation in which direct training has not been provided.

generalization setting

Any place or stimulus situation that differs in some meaningful way from the instructional setting and in which performance of the target behavior is desired.

indiscriminable contingency

A contingency that makes it difficult for the learner to discriminate whether the next response will produce reinforcement.

instructional setting

The environment where instruction occurs; includes all aspects of the environment, planned and unplanned, that may influence the learner's acquisition and generalization of the target behavior.

lag reinforcement schedule

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is contingent on a response being different in some specified way from the previous response or a specified number of previous responses.

multiple exemplar training

Instruction that provides the learner with practice with a variety of stimulus conditions, response variations, and response topographies to ensure the acquisition of desired stimulus controls response forms; used to promote both setting/situation generalization and response generalization.

naturally existing contingency

Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) that operates independent of the behavior analyst's or practitioner's efforts; includes socially mediated contingencies contrived by other people and already in effect in the relevant setting.

programming common stimuli

A tactic for promoting setting/situation generalization by making the instructional setting similar to the generalization setting; the two-step process involves (1) identifying salient stimuli that characterize the generalization setting and (2) incorporating those stimuli into the instructional setting.

response generalization

The extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behavior.

response maintenance

The extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion or all of the intervention responsible for the behavior's initial appearance in the learner's repertoire has been terminated.

setting/situation generalization

The extent to which a learner emits the target behavior in a setting or stimulus situation that is different from the instructional setting.

teaching sufficient examples

A strategy for promoting generalized behavior change that consists of teaching the learner to respond to a subset of all of the relevant stimulus and response examples and then assessing the learner's performance on untrained examples.

teaching loosely

Randomly varying functionally irrelevant stimuli within and across teaching sessions; promotes setting/situation generalization by reducing the likelihood that (a) a single or small group of noncritical stimuli will acquire exclusive control over the target behavior and (2) the learner's performance of the target behavior will be impeded or "thrown off" should he encounter any of the "loose" stimuli in the generalization setting.

confidentiality

Describes a situation of trust insofar as any information regarding a person receiving or having received services may not be discussed with or otherwise made available to another person or group, unless that person has provided explicit authorization for release of such information.

conflict of interest

when a professional individual has a private, or personal interest, sufficient enough to influence the pursuit of their official duties

ethical codes of behavior

Statements that provide guidelines for members of professional associations when deciding a course of action or conducting professional duties; standards by which graduated sanctions (e.g., reprimand, censure, expulsion) can be imposed for deviating from the code.

ethics

Behaviors, practices, and decisions that address such basic and fundamental questions as: What is the right thing to do? What's worth doing? What does it mean to be a good behavior analytic practitioner?

informed consent

When the potential recipient of services or participant in a research study gives his explicit permission before any assessment or treatment is provided. Full disclosure of effects and side effects must be provided. To give consent, the person must (a) demonstrate the capacity to decide, (b) do so voluntarily, and (c) have adequate knowledge of all salient aspects of the treatment.

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Your teachers asks how many uses you can think of for a pencil. She is testings our a. convergent thinking. b. intrinsic motivation. c. divergent thinking. d. prototypes. e. concept.

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PSYCHOLOGY

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