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Terms in this set (178)

hardware, software, firmware
What are the 3 major parts of a computer?
hardware
The physical components of the compute system
software
The logical parts of the computer
i.e. apps
firmware
Software that is embedded on hardware
binary
What is the basis for all computer logic
base 2
What base is binary?
8 bits
How many bits are in a byte?
Speed in b/sec
bits are used to denote what?
storage capacity
Bytes ares used to denote what?
1024
1000 is the Base 10 number rounded for this Base 2 number
power fluctuations, climate, dirt and debris
What are the major hazards to a computer?
brownout, blackout, spike, surge, noise
Types of power fluctuations
brownout
Reduced voltage level of AC power
blackout
complete loss of AC power
spike
Dramatic increase in voltage that only last a few milliseconds
surge
An increase in voltage that is less dramatic than a spike and last longer
noise
Man made or atmospheric interference
humidity, heat, dryness
What are climate considerations for a computer and equipment?
surge protector, uninterrupted power supply, standby power supply, redundant power supply
What are protective computer devices?
surge protector
A device that connects a computer to an electrical outlet. The device protects the computer against sudden increases in electrical power. Designed to limit voltage delivered to computer by grounding excess electricity
uninterrupted power supply (UPS)
A device that provides battery backup when the electrical power fails or drops to an unacceptable voltage level. Supplies power if there's a reduction in voltage
standby power supply (SPS)
Will only supply power to the computer when there is a complete loss of AC power
redundant power supply
Used on high availability systems to ensure power is maintained at all times
operating system (OS)
Software that supports a computers basic functions. Including controlling hardware access, managing files, folders and applications, and providing user interface.
windows 10
What is the primary OS for the Marine Corps?
FAT 32, NTFs, ReFs
What 3 primary file systems does Windows use?
FAT 32 (File Allocation Table)
older file structure, limited to partitions of 32 GB, folder level security only
NTFs (New Technology File System)
newer file structure, supports partitions up to 2TB, advanced security settings
ReFs (Resilient File System)
newest file system, supports partitions up to 1 YB, ability to detect and repair corrupt files automatically
graphical user and command line interface
What are the two types of interfaces?
graphical user interface (GUI)
A visual display on a computer's screen that allows you to interact with your computer more easily by clicking graphical elements.
command line interface (CLI)
An interface that accepts text commands at a prompt, usually for immediate execution with immediate display of output.
computer case (tower)
Supports and protects internal hardware
form factor
What will vary size and layout?
full and low profile
What are the two types of case profiles?
motherboard
a printed circuit board containing the principal components of a computer or other device, with connectors into which other circuit boards can be slotted. Dictates the type of CPU and other hardware that can be used
Standoffs
What are motherboards installed on to keep them from short circuiting with the case?
bus
What provides an electrical pathway between each device?
power supply
converts AC power from the wall outlet into the lower voltages of DC power required to power all components of the computer
power supply unit (PSU)
supplies power to the internal components of the computer. i.e. motherboard, hard drive, optical drives =
110 Watts- USA
220 Watts- World
What is the Red Switch Wattage in America vs the rest of the world?
central processing unit (CPU)
executes commands from a computer's hardware and software; the principal computer chip that contains several processing components, which determines the computer's operating speed meausured in hertz; the "brain" of a computer, communicates directly with the RAM
hard disk drive (HDD)
The computer's nonvolatile, primary storage device for permanent storage of software and documents. Measured in Bytes
optical disk drive
A disk drive that uses laser beams to read and write bits of information on the surface of an optical disc. Generally measured in write speed (x1, x16, x64)
random access memory (RAM)
Computer location where instructions and data are stored on a temporary basis. This memory is volatile. Can be accessed quickly. Measured in Bytes
read only memory (ROM)
Permanent storage; instructions are burned onto chips by the manufacturer.
programmable read only memory (PROM)
Form of digital memory where the setting of each bit is locked on a chip by a fuse or antifuse. Used to store programs permanently. The device cannot be erased, so it must be replaced by soldering back on if changes are deemed necessary in the system Original type of ROM.
erasable read only memory (EPROM)
ROM that can be erased and re-written with UV light. Chip had to be removed to be erased. Second Generation of ROM
electronically erasable read only memory (EEPROM)
Can be erased without equipment. Found in thumb drives, memory cards, solid state drives (SSD). The 3rd Generation of ROM
expansion cards
A circuit board inserted into a slot on the motherboard to enhance the capability and expand the functionality of the computer.
graphic cards (GPU), network interface card (NIC), sound card
What are examples of expansion cards?
PCMIA, PC Card, PC Express Card
What are the expansion cards for a laptop?
heat sink and fan
What are the two computer cooling devices?
heat sink
A piece of metal, with vertical cooling fins, that can be attached to or mounted on an integrated chip (such as the CPU) to dissipate heat. conducts heat away from a device
fan
blows hot air out of a case
CPU
What generally produces the most heat?
CMOS battery
Allows a computer with no power to keep track of time, remember boot settings, and retain change made to BIOS
basic input/ output system
What is BIOS?
ROM
Where is the BIOS stored?
POST (power-on self test)
A basic test routine included in the BIOS that is run when the computer first starts. Failures are indicated by displayed errors and specific beep codes.
peripheral component interconnect (PCI) and peripheral component interconnect enhanced (PCIe)
Ports for expansion cards
power and data
What are the two types of internal cabling?
molex power cable
4 pin, round holes, legacy connector for Hard Drives and Optical Drives
Berg power connector
four pins, square holes, legacy connector fro floppy drives and fans
fans
What do Berg power connectors power?
15 pin SATA power cable
What powers Hard drives and Optical drive?
7 pin Sata data cable
What connects optical drives and hard drives?
motherboard power cable
provides power to the motherboard and has 4, 20, 24 pin variants
PATA data cable
Parallel advanced technology attachment, uses ribbon cable, is legacy cable, has 40 pins, connects optical, floppy, and hard disk drives
first pin
What does the PATA cable red line identify?
serial ports
Modems, Legacy router interfield, communication port. Used to connect radios and switches. Maximum length of 50 Ft
1 bit
How many bits can a serial port transmit at a time?
DB-9 female connector and the DB-25 male connector
What are the two types of serial ports?
universal serial bus (USB) port
standard interface that connects peripheral devices to a computer. Designed to replace serial and parallel connections. Can support up to 127 separate devices
USB, Micro-USB, Mini-USB
What are the primary types of USB?
12 Mbps
How fast can USB 1.1 transmit?
480 Mbps
How fast can USB 2.0 transmit?
5 Gbps
How fast can USB 3.0 transmit?
AMD and Intel
What are the different CPU manufactures?
data bus width
amount of data a CPU can receive in a single moment. Only 32 bit and 64 bit processors on market today
32 bit processors can only address 4 GB of RAM, 64 bit processors can address 16 Exabytes of RAM
x86
What is the name for a 32 bit processor?
overclocking
forcing the processor to work faster than designed. Generates lots of heat and easily damages the CPU
throttling
Power reduction/thermal control capability allowing CPUs to slow down during low activity or high heat build-up situations. Conserves heat and battery life, common on laptops.
dual core
Integration of two core processors into one physical chip, thus doubling the amount of complex calculations at once.
quad core
Integration of four cores into one physical chip
zero insertion force (ZIF) socket
A socket that uses a small lever to apply even force when you install the CPU into the socket.
thermal paste
A special compound used between CPUs and heat sinks. It fills in microscopic gaps and helps draw heat from the CPU into the heat sink where it is dissipated.
Everything that is used on a computer is loaded into the RAM, stores files needed by the CPU.
What does the RAM do?
VRAM
What are graphic cards known as?
individual memory chips
difficult to upgrade, required soldering
memory modules
memory chips sold on circuit boards, no more soldering, easy to upgrade
single inline memory modules (SIMM)
Use a single connection for each pin
dual inline memory module (DIMM)
uses dual connections for each pin, orientation is important
double data rate (DDR)
What does DIMM use?
DDR2 and DDR3,
2 types of DDR
There are specific pins and voltages. The bottom notch has varying location
Why can't RAM types be paired together?
small outline- DIMM (SO-DIMM)
A type of DIMM used in laptops and printers
windows, Mac OS, unix, linux
Types of operating systems
network operating systems (NOS)
Supports multiple users, run multiuser apps, robust and redundant increased security
boot image
What is needed to install an OS?
primary, active, extended
What are three types of partitions on a Basic Disk?
partition
creating on or more regions on a disk
primary partition
4 per Hard Disk Drive, cannot be subdivided
active partition
1 per Hard Disk Drive, must be a primary partition, where your OS is located
extended partition
1 per Hard Disk Drive, can be subdivided into logical drives
dynamic and basic
What are the two types of disk?
spanned, striped, mirrored, RAID-5
Types of partitions on a dynamic disk
master boot record (MBR)
Used to locate active partition and begin OS initialization
formatting
The process that prepares hard disk space by applying a file system for files to be stored
hard disk drive space must be partitioned and formatted
What must happen prior to loading an OS?
users to search for files and folders on the computer using the search feature
What does the start menu allow?
registry
Hierarchical database used by Windows operating systems, stores information and settings for a system
HKEY_
What do registry files begin with?
drive mapping
the assignment of a letter to a logical drive
ipconfig
What is the command prompt for IP configuration
ping ip
What is the compound prompt to ping
workgroup
logical group of computers with no central control
domain
logical group of computers that share a central directory database
client
individual computer
server
a computer that controls and manages access to a centralized resource in a network
driver
software that allows hardware to properly interact with the computer
command prompt
command line app used in windows.
all devices on computer
What can you see with device manager?
to delete unused and temporary files
What does disk clean up allow?
slack space
empty space created by data being deleted from the Hard Disk Drive
c drive
Where are users profiles found?
naming scheme
What should you follow when naming a computer?
make sure you are authorized, have privileges, and that it was acquired through appropriate channels
What should you do before installing software on a DoD computer?
network
a group of computers connected together logically and physically
IP addresses
What do computers use to connect?
domain and workgroup
What are the types of networks?
peer-to-peer, only clients on network
What is the setup for workgroup networks?
centralized control and sharing resources
What is the setup for domain networks?
IP addresses and hostname
What do computers need to connect to a network?
IPv4
consists of 4 octets of 8 bits, decimal
IPv6
consists of 8 groups of 4 hex digits, hexadecimal
dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)
dynamically assigns IP address information to network devices. Usually only used on NIPR
preferred DNS server
Primary DNS server within your domain
alternate DNS server
secondary DNS server used for redundancy
peripheral devices
A device that connects to a computer to enable the user to input, output, store, and share data.
output devices
devices that provide the user information
monitors, speakers, projectors, printers
What are the types of output devices?
light crystal display (LCD)
consist of two polarizing filters with a crystal solution inbetween, electronic current aligns the crystals
light emitting diode (LED)
Organic compound that reacts with electricity by producing light. Has the potential for flexible/ curved designs
resolution
the number of horizontal and vertical pixels on a display screen
pixel
Short for "picture element" , an area of illumination on a display screen, more the better
refresh rate
the frequency at which an image is refreshed
hertz
What is refresh rate measured in?
RGB
3 shielded cables with RCA jacks, analog video signals
video graphic array (VGA)
3 row 15 pin female connector that provides analog output to a monitor
digital visual interface (DVI)
24 or 29 pin female connector that provides digital output to a monitor.
both analog and digital signals
DVI-I provides
only digital signals
DVI-D
high-definition mulitmedia interface (HDMI)
provides digital video and audio signals
printer capacity
Measure of how much paper, ink, and toner a device can hold
printer speed
This is measured in ppm (pages per minute)
printer color
Measured in CMYK- Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key or Black and White
black
What color does key stand for?
printer quality
This is measured in dots per inch (dpi)- resolution
printer reliability
mean time before failure (MTBF), includes warranty and servicing support
total cost of ownership (TCO)
The amount the device cost the organization before, during, and after the purchase
toner , in form of powder
What is used by laser printers?
ink cartridge
What is used by inkjet printers?
print spooler
Software that manages sending jobs to the printer, sends images from disk on printer ( what makes printers classified)
Inkjet
Sprays ink through small nozzles to form words and images on paper. High quality, easy to use, low initial cost, high too; expensive replacements, wet ink, nozzle clogging
solid-ink printers
Uses solid-ink sticks that are melted and sprayed through nozzles onto drums . Easy to use, lots of colors, many paper types; expensive and slow
laser printers
Uses laser to create images, works on electric charges; High quality and fast
input devices
Devices that allow a user to interact with the computer
keyboards, mouse, touch screen, scanner, CAC reader, external devices, KVM switch
Types of input devices
scanner
A device that converts printed documents into digital file formats.
card reader
reads CACs, used by DoD access NIPR and SIPR
KVM switch
Allows you to connect multiple computers to a single set of input/output devices.
USB-HID
What do most input devices use to connect?
USB dongle
Device inserted into a USB port that adds additional features to the base system. Usually used on laptops
security
This is defined as the state of being free from danger or threat
confidentiality, integrity, availability, non-repudiation, authentication
What is CIANA?
personnel security
system of policies and procedures that mitigate the risk of workers exploiting their legitimate access to an organizations assist fro unauthorized purposes
physical security
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