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Biology - Chapter 10,11,12,13

Terms in this set (81)

By which process do prokaryotic cells divide?
Binary Fisson
Do prokaryotic cells divide via mitosis?
No
By which process do eukaryotic cells divide?
mitosis
What is the name of the process by which eukaryotic cells divide?
mitosis
In which phase of interphase do the chromosomes replicate?
Syntheis
In which phase of Interphase does a cell predominantly exist "doing its job as a cell?"
G1
Is interphase a stage of mitosis?
No
What are the 3 stages of interphase?
G1, S, G2
List all stages of the cell life cycle in order.
G1, S, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis
List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
In which stage of mitosis does the nuclear membrane break down and the centrioles divide?
prophase
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by "sister chromatids lining up along the central plane of the cell?"
metaphase
What is the term used for the imaginary plane along which the chromosomes line up during metaphase?
metaphase plate
In which stage of mitosis does a "cleavage furrow" form?
telophase
How many chromosomes does a human, diploid cell have?
46
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by "DNA replication?"
Synthesis Phase
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by "break down of the endomembrane system and condensing of the chromosomes?"
prophase
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by "spindle fibers pulling chromosomes toward opposite poles of the cell?"
anaphase
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by "formation of cleavage furrow and reformation of the endomembrane system?"
telophase
The process of a dividing cell pinching in half and actually splitting into two daughter cells is called what?
cytokinesis
What is cytokinesis?
division of the cytoplasm
Progression of the cell cycle is controlled by a group of enzymes called what?
Cyclin Dependent Kinases
In regards to the cell life cycle, what do "Cyclin Dependent Kinases" do?
controls the cell cycle
Initiation of mitosis is triggered by what group of signaling molecules?
growth factors
Which cellular process is stimulated by growth factors?
cell division
Which disease is, essentially, "unrestrained cell division?"
cancer
What is cancer?
uncontrolled cell division
Division of cells that produces gametes is called what?
meiosis
Which cell type undergoes meiosis in order to form gametes?
germ line cells
How many chromosomes does a human gamete have in its nucleus?
23
How many chromosomes do human germ-line cells have within their nuclei?
46
Sperm cells and egg cells (ova) are haploid sex cells referred to as _________________.
gametes
How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell have with its nucleus?
46
How many chromosomes does a human haploid cell have within its nucleus?
23
Successful fusion of a sperm cell and an ovum, initially, results in the formation of a structure called a __________________.
zygote
In which stage of meiosis are homologous pairs lined up along the equatorial plate of the dividing cell?
metaphase 1
In which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids lined up along the equatorial plate of the dividing cell?
metaphase 2
How many daughter cells, in total, are formed during meiosis (after cytokinesis-2)?
4 non identical daughter cells
Are the cells formed by meiotic division haploid or diploid?
haploid
List the stages of meiosis, in order.
Interphase, Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
How many chromosomes does a human somatic cell (body cell) have within its nucleus?
46
In which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell?
anaphase 2
Failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis is described by what term?
non-disjunction
What occurs when "non-disjunction" of chromosome happens?
the chromosome doesn't separate and an aneuploid gamete is formed
What is the term used to describe a gamete with an incorrect number of chromosomes?
Aneuploid Gametes
(T/F) Non-disjunction of chromosomes or sister chromatids often results in spontaneous abortion.
true
How many chromosomes, in total, are present in a somatic cell of an individual with Down's Syndrome (aka: Trisomy-21)?
47
How many pairs of autosomes may be found in the nucleus of a human somatic cell?
22 pairs
Non-sex chromosomes are referred to by what term?
autosomes
How many pairs of sex chromosomes may be found in the nucleus of a human somatic cell?
1 pair
How many X chromosomes does a human female have in one of her cells?
2
How many X chromosomes does a human male have in one of his cells?
1
How many Y chromosomes does a human female have in one of her cells?
0
How many Y chromosomes does a human male have in one of his cells?
1
What is an "allele?"
alternate forms of a gene
Alternate forms of a gene are called what?
alleles
If alleles for a trait are identical (eg.: both alleles for Brown eyes), they are called what?
homozygous
If alleles for a trait are different (eg.: one allele for Brown eyes and one allele for blue eyes), they are called what?
heterozygous
What does homozygous mean?
same alleles
What does heterozygous mean?
two different alleles
_______________ refers to "the physical expression of a trait."
phenotype
________________ refers to "the complete set of alleles present."
genotype
How many genes affect a monogenic trait?
1 gene
A ______________ trait is a trait that is encoded for by more than one gene.
polygenic
How many genes encode a polygenic trait?
multiple
A ______________ trait is one of multiple traits which are affected by a single gene.
polygenic
How many genes affect a pleiotropic trait?
multiple
A preferentially expressed trait is said to be _____________.
dominant trait
A trait, which is not expressed if a dominant trait is present, is said to be _________________.
recessive trait
Are recessive traits expressed if a dominant trait is present?
no
When a heterozygous organism expresses an intermediate appearance between the two homozygotes, it is said that ____________ - dominance has occurred.
incomplete dominance
When some aspect of multiple alleles is seen in the heterozygote, _________-dominance has occurred.
codominance
Is the expression of both A-antigen and B-antigen on red blood cells of an individual with type AB blood is an example of (co-dominance / incomplete dominance).
co-dominance
Write out the Law of Segregation.
Alleles with monogenic traits separate independently during gamete formation
The Law of ________________ states that alleles of a monogenic trait separate independently during gamete formation.
Segregation
Write out the Law of Independent Assortment.
When genes are on separate chromosomes they separate independently during gamete formation
Genetic disorders, which are due to genetic errors on the sex chromosomes, are said to be _____________- linked.
sex
Genetic disorders, which are due to genetic errors on the X chromosome, are said to be ____________- linked.
X
( T / F ) Recessive genetic disorders are expressed if a corresponding dominant allele is present.
false
List a couple some examples of genetic disorders.
red-green color blindness, hemophilia, albinism, sickle cell
What is an amniocentesis?
needle is fed through the abdomen of pregnant woman and amniotic fluid is pulled from the amniotic sac to have a more accurate visualization of the fetus's genetic code
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